Anatomy 2 Exam 1 Ch.17-19

Sort these vessel types in the order of blood flow, starting with those that first carry blood away from the heart and finishing with those that eventually return blood to the heart.

1. Aorta 2. Elastic Arteries 3. Muscular Arteries 4. Largest Arterioles 5. Tiniest Arterioles 6. Capillaries 7. Venules 8. Veins

Place the following in the order that they would be encountered as you moved from the inside of the ventricular chamber to the thoracic cavity: Cardiac skeleton, Parietal pericardium, Fibrous pericardium, Endothelial cell layer, Epicardium, Pericardial fluid

1. Endothelial cell layer 2. Cardiac skeleton 3. Epicardium 4. Pericardial fluid 5. Parietal pericardium 6. Fibrous pericardium

Which organs would benefit from having fenestrated capillaries that can pass larger molecules

1. Kidneys 2. Small Intestine 3. Endocrine glands

Mean Arterial Pressure

= Diastolic Blood Pressure + Pulse Pressure/3

During the late ventricular systole, ventricular pressure is ____________ than atria and ____________ than great vessels A. Greater; greater B. Greater; less C. Less; greater D. Less; less

A. Greater; greater

Which of the following pumps deoxygenated blood A. Pulmonary pump B. Systemic pump C. Atria D. Ventricle

A. Pulmonary Pump

Elastic Arteries

A.K.A. conducting arteries Includes the aorta and its principle branches Have large lumens to collect large volumes of blood from the heart

Muscular Arteries

A.K.A. distributing arteries Have the largest tunica media of any blood vessel type; possess a great ability to vasoconstrict Branch extensively to deliver blood to arterioles throughout the body

Atrioventricular valves

Allow flow INTO the ventricle

Semilunar valves

Allow flow OUT of the ventricle

Cardiac Output

Amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in a period of time Cardiac Output (CO)= Stroke Volume (SV) X Heart Rate (HR)

B. Apex

Anatomically, the inferior portion of the heart is also known as the: A. Base B. Apex C.Mediastinum D.Pericardium

Like skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle cells:

Are striated

Does the QRS complex also include atrial repolarization or depolarization

Atrial Repolarization

Which pericardium is closest to the heart? A. Parietal B. Visceral

B. Visceral

Atria

Blood comes into the heart through the

high; low

Blood flows from regions of ______________ pressure to regions of ______________ pressure.

Which of the following is a similarity between cardiac and skeletal muscle? a. Cardiac muscle requires extracellular calcium. b. Cardiac muscle does not make tetanic contractions. c. Cardiac muscle has a refractory period. d. Cardiac muscle is not organized into motor units. e. Cardiac muscle is not innervated by motor neurons.

C. Cardiac muscle has a refractory period.

Which part of a cardiac action potential is primarily mediated through the inward movement of calcium? A. Resting membrane potential B. Depolarization C. Transient repolarization D. Plateau phase

C. Transient Repolarization

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum stores _______________ and is very important for contractions

Calcium

Why is it so important structurally that the capillary only have 1 layer (tunica intima)?

Capillaries is where all the diffusion is going to occur (transfer of Oxygen to CO2). If you had multiple layers that would reduce the efficiency of the gases to pass through the capillaries. So its important that you have a thin layer so that passage can be more efficient.

A pathological accumulation of fluid in the pericardium is called

Cardiac tamponade

Depolarization is associated with

Contraction

An ECG measures: a. Action potentials in contractile myocytes only b. Action potentials in the conduction system only c. Contraction of the atrial and ventricular myocytes d. All electrical signals generated by the heart

D. All electrical signals generated by the heart

Contractile myocytes are different than pacemaker cells because: a. Contractile myocytes are capable of generating their own action potentials b. Pacemaker cells are innervated by motor neurons c. Contractile myocytes are located in the myocardium d. Pacemaker cells are low in abundance

D. Pacemaker cells are low in abundance

Someone with AB Blood type can receive blood from A. A blood type B. B blood type C.O blood type D.All of the above

D.All of the above

What affects resistance more? A. Changes in Radius B. Changes in Length

Depends on the degree of change in the radius

R- Wave

Depolarization of anterior region of ventricle

S- Wave

Depolarization of inferior portions of ventricle

P- Wave

Depolarization of the Atria (Contraction of the atrium)

Q- Wave

Depoloarization of septal region of ventricle

The specific types of intercellular junctions found in the intercalated discs that create physical connections between cardiac myocytes are ______________.

Desmosomes

B. combat multinuclear parasites

Eosinophils: A.are polymorphonuclear B.combat multinuclear parasites C.are efficient killers of bacteria D.stain dark blue with basic dyes

T or F: A patient with a non-functional SA node will be unable to contract the ventricles of her heart

False

True or False: The QRS complex can be associated with atrial repolarization

False; Ventricular Depolarization (Contraction of the Ventricle)

True or False: The QRS complex corresponds to ventricular repolarization

False; corresponds to ventricular depolarization

Cardiac Arrhythmias

Family of disorders characterized by abnormal electrical activity caused by the breakdown in coordination of the electrical conduction system. Could lead to changes in pumping activity, producing a variety of effects, from harmless to fatal

Using the diagram below, place the following events of the cardiac cycle in order, beginning with the first atrial systole.

First atrial systole Atrial diastole/Early ventricular systole Late ventricular systole Early ventricular diastole Late ventricular diastole Second atrial systole

Blood Pressure

Force exerted onto a given area of the vessel wall by the blood contained within it, measured in mm Hg

Resistance

Friction encountered by blood, impeding its flow

Systolic Pressure

Generated when the heart is contracting Healthy: 120

Hypertonic

High solute concentration; because you've gotten rid of the water the concentration of the plasma proteins are larger Water will flow in a direction of higher concertation of solute

D. 4

How many chambers are there in the human heart? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

Aortic Valve

If you are in the left ventricle where would you go next?

Which of the following would be observed in a ventricular myocyte of a patient taking a Beta-adrenergic receptor agonist?

Increased calcium loading into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

As far as blood vessels, what is only present in the arteries?

Internal, external elastic lamina

B. vascular spasm → platelet → coagulation → clot retraction

List the correct order of steps for hemostasis A. platelet → vascular spasm → coagulation → clot retraction B. vascular spasm → platelet → coagulation → clot retraction C. vascular spasm → coagulation → platelet → clot retraction D. clot retraction → platelet → coagulation → vascular spasm TERM ENGLISH

Structure and Function of Arteries

Need to handle larger amounts of pressure from the heart Have thicker walls, smaller lumens than veins

d. Cardiac myocytes have a single nucleus

One difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle is that: a. Cardiac myocytes do not have sarcomeres b. Cardiac myocytes tend to be larger than skeletal muscles c. Cardiac myocytes use glucose as a fuel source d. Cardiac myocytes have a single nucleus

Valves

One-directional blood flow is due to ______________, which are located throughout the heart and veins.

Refractory Period

Period associated where the cardiac myocyte (muscle) can't contract again

Increased flow through the vena cava would cause an increase in ______________.

Preload

Leukopoiesis

Process where a hematopoietic stem cell can become either a red blood cell or a white blood cell

The intracellular kinase that is directly responsible for the changes in the strength and speed of cardiac contraction is ______________.

Protein Kinase A

Repolarization is associated with

Relaxation

Mitral Valve

Rupture of the chordae tendinae sometimes occurs in patients with endocarditis (inflammation of the endocardium). This disorder would most likely require surgery on which of the following valves?

The correct path of the action potential traveling through the conductive system of the heart is:

SA node Internode pathways AV node Bundle of His L&R bundle branches Purkinje fibers

Tiniest Arterioles

Simply endothelium surrounded by 1-2 fiber layers of smooth muscle

Function of capillaries

Site of gas and nutrient exchange: only tunica initima is present, and it is permeable

Arterioles

Smallest artery type

Venules

Smallest of vessels carrying blood back to the heart Have all three tunics, but very thin

Heart Murmur

Sounds your heart makes when its not functioning properly

Largest Arterioles

Still contain all three tunics Resemble small muscular arteries

Pulse Pressure

Systolic- Diastolic

B. Depolarization

The Sodium Channel is activated in which phase of Action Potential? A. Resting Membrane Potential B. Depolarization C. Transient Repolarization D. Plateau Phase

E. Transient Repolarization and Plateau Phase

The calcium channel is activated in which phases of action potential? A. Resting Membrane Potential B. Depolarization C. Transient Repolarization D. Plateau Phase E. Transient Repolarization and Plateau Phase

B. Endocardium

The deepest layer of the heart is the A. Myocardium B. Endocardium C. Epicardium

deoxygenated; pulmonary

The right side of the heart pumps ______________ blood through the ______________ circulation. deoxygenated; pulmonary

QRS Complex

Ventricular Depolarization (Contraction of the Ventricle)

T-Wave

Ventricular Repolarization

Blood Flow

Volume of blood moving through a vessel, tissue, organ or entire circulation per unit of time

Transport of blood gases, nutrients, ions, hormones, and other molecules through arteries, veins, and capillaries. Buffering of pH, temperature, and osmolarity. Defense against bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, as well as dead and damaged body tissues. Clotting of blood to prevent fluid loss through damaged circulatory vessels.

What are the 4 functions of blood

Blood is a liquid connective tissue that is located within veins, arteries, capillaries, and organs like the heart and spleen.

What is blood?

Left Atrium

What spills blood into the left ventricle?

Diastolic Pressure

When the heart is relaxing and the pressure is reduced Healthy: 80

Myocardial Infarction

When the myocardium doesn't get enough oxygen

Valve Stenosis

When the valves get stiff or altered

Albumin

Which is the most abundant plasma protein

C. albumin

Which is the most abundant plasma protein? A. globulin B. fibrinogen C. albumin D. thrombocytes

C. Use primarily anaerobic metabolism

Which of the following is NOT a feature of cardiac muscle? A. Short and Wide B. Membranes are fused together C. Use primarily anaerobic metabolism D. Striations are less pronounced

D. Contain bi-lobed nuclei

Which of the following is not a feature of an erythrocyte? A. Biconcave shape B. Unable to synthesize proteins C. Anucleate D. Contain bi-lobed nuclei

A. contain bi-lobed nuclei

Which of the following is not a feature of an erythrocyte? A. contain bi-lobed nuclei B. biconcave shape C. unable to synthesize proteins D. anucleate

B. Systemic Pump

Which of the following pumps oxygenated blood? A. Pulmonary Pump B. Systemic Pump C. Atria D. Ventricles

A. Resting Membrane Potential

Which phase of a cardiac action potential is primarily mediated through inward rectifier potassium channels (KIR)? A. Resting Membrane Potential B. Depolarization C. Transient Repolarization D. Plateau Phase

During this phase of the cardiac cycle, pressure inside the right ventricle increases until it becomes equal to the pressure inside the pulmonary artery. a. isovolumetric contraction b. early diastole c. isovolumic relaxation d. late ventricular systole e. atrial systole

a. isovolumetric contraction

Electrical coordination of the atria and ventricles is due to: a. pacemaker cells in the atria being in the refractory period while ventricles are depolarizing b. sharing of ions thru desmosomes c. a delay in conduction thru SA node d. the cardiac skeleton

a. pacemaker cells in the atria being in the refractory period while ventricles are depolarizing

An increase in ESV (end systolic volume) represents: a. An increase in cardiac function b. A decrease in cardiac function c. A decrease in end diastolic volume d. An increase in end diastolic volume

b. A decrease in cardiac function

At what point are the atria repolarizing? a. P wave b. QRS c. T wave

b. QRS

At what point are the ventricles depolarizing? a. P wave b. QRS c. T wave

b. QRS

Pacemaker cells are located in the ______________; Contractile cells are located in the______________. a. epicaridum; myocardium b. myocardium; myocardium c. endocardium; myocardium d. myocardium; epicardium e. myocardium; endocardium

b. myocardium; myocardium

The primary function of the papillary muscles is to: a. close the AV valves before ventricular systole b. prevent eversion of tricuspid valve c. shunt blood from right to left atria in fetal heart d. decrease radius of arteriolese. increase venous return to heart

b. prevent eversion of tricuspid valve

Which of the following would increase stroke volume? (SV) a. activation of HCN channels b. activation of vagus c. activation of cardiac nerve

c. activation of cardiac nerve

Cardiac anastomoses: a. put inward pressure on the heart b. connect aorta to pulmonary artery during development c. increase likelihood of myocardial infarction d. provide alternative paths for blood flow

d. provide alternate paths for blood flow

Cardiac Reserve

difference between cardiac output at rest and during exercise

Pumping of blood is the sum of the _________________________________________

force generated by individual cardiac myocytes.

Excitation Contraction Coupling

process that couples together the excitation of cardiac myocytes with the actual contraction

Stroke volume

refers to the volume of blood ejected PER BEAT from the left or right ventricle

Filtration

the movement of fluid from the lumen of the vessel into interstitial fluid; movement of water coming out of the vessel

Total peripheral resistance (TPR)

used to describe forces impeding blood flow throughout the entire circulation