Anatomy 2 Unit 2 Chapter 20

_________________ capillaries have pores within each endothelial cell.

Fenestrated*

Which statement accurately compares filtration and reabsorption? -Filtration is driven by concentration gradients, whereas reabsorption depends on hydrostatic pressure. -Filtration happens at the venule end of a capillary bed and reabsorption happens in feeder arterioles. -The direction of filtration can be either into or out of the blood, but reabsorption always involves fluids entering the blood. -Filtration involves bulk flow of fluid out of the blood, whereas reabsorption is bulk flow back into the blood.

Filtration involves bulk flow of fluid out of the blood, whereas reabsorption is bulk flow back into the blood.

Which carries blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava? -Hepatic portal vein -Hepatic veins -Inferior mesenteric vein -Splenic vein -Superior mesenteric vein

Hepatic veins

What causes closure of the foramen ovale at birth? -A rise in fetal oxygen levels, which triggers growth of the epithelial lining -Higher pressure in the left atrium, which causes interatrial septum flaps to close -Rapid myocardial tissue growth stimulated by pregnancy hormones -Migration of connective tissue from the right atrioventricular valve -An increase in endothelial mucous production, which forms a plug

Higher pressure in the left atrium, which causes interatrial septum flaps to close

An increase in blood flow that follows a temporary disruption of blood flow is known as reactive _________.

Hyperemia *

The contraction of skeletal muscles plays an important role in the movement of blood in the veins. -True -False

True

The higher the degree of vascularization in a tissue, the greater the potential for local blood flow. -True -False

True

The liver receives oxygenated blood from the common hepatic artery and deoxygenated blood from the hepatic portal vein. -True -False

True

The cyclical process of contracting and relaxing of the precapillary sphincters is called _________________.

Vasomotion *

Which are found in the capillary wall? a: Endothelium b: Subendothelial layer c: Internal elastic lamina d: Intercellular clefts e: External elastic lamina f: Basement membrane -a, c, d, e, f -a, d, f -b, d, e, f -a, b, d, e, f -a, b, d, f

a, d, f

The cardiac center of the brainstem includes the -vasomotor center, from which parasympathetic pathways extend. -cardioinhibitory center, from which sympathetic pathways extend. -All of the choices are correct. -cardioacceleratory center, from which sympathetic pathways extend. -cardioacceleratory center, from which parasympathetic pathways extend.

cardioacceleratory center, from which sympathetic pathways extend.

Valves in veins -are found only in the largest veins. -are the leading cause of high blood pressure. -make the use of a skeletal muscle pump unnecessary for venous blood flow. -cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction. -are formed of the tunica media.

cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction.

High carbon dioxide levels and low pH in blood of the carotid arteries will stimulate -chemoreceptors to activate the vasomotor center. -baroreceptors and chemoreceptors to activate the cardioinhibitory center and inhibit the vasomotor center. -baroreceptors to activate the vasomotor center. -baroreceptors to activate the cardioinhibitory center and inhibit the cardioacceleratory center. -chemoreceptors to inhibit the vasomotor center.

chemoreceptors to activate the vasomotor center.

As the popliteal vein travels up the leg, it curves to the anterior portion of the thigh and is renamed the ________________ vein.

femoral*

Excitation of the vasomotor center results in -redistribution of blood flow away from the skeletal muscles and toward the skin. -decreased autonomic activity that decreases heart rate and constricts blood vessels. -increased autonomic activity that increases heart rate and dilates blood vessels. -increased parasympathetic activity and predominantly more vasodilation than vasoconstriction. -increased sympathetic activity and predominantly more vasoconstriction than vasodilation.

increase sympathetic activity and predominantly more vasoconstriction than vasodilation.

The force per unit area that blood places on the inside wall of a blood vessel -is called the blood pressure. -is greater during diastole. -is called the pulse. -is greater in the inferior vena cava than in the common iliac vein. -increases the further the vessel is from the heart.

is called the blood pressure.

Blood colloid osmotic pressure is largely due to -the high amount of water in the blood, and it promotes diffusion out of the capillaries. -the high amount of water in the blood, and it promotes filtration from arterioles. -the proteins in the blood, and it promotes filtration. -the pressure generated by the heart, and it favors osmosis into the arteriole end of the capillary bed. -the proteins in the blood, and it promotes reabsorption.

the proteins in the blood, and it promotes reabsorption.

To prevent excessive blood loss following tissue damage, local chemicals such as -nitric oxides are released to trigger vasoconstriction. -bradykinins are released to trigger vasoconstriction. -vasopressins are released to trigger vasodilation. -prostaglandins are released to trigger vasodilation. -thromboxanes are released to trigger vasoconstriction.

thromboxanes are released to trigger vasoconstriction.

In the fetus, the blood from the umbilical vein is shunted away from the liver and sent to the inferior vena cava through the ductus ______________.

venosus *

If someone's blood pressure were listed as 110/65 mmHg, then their mean arterial pressure (MAP) would be -90 mmHg. -110 mmHg. -80 mmHg. -100 mmHg. -70 mmHg.

80 mmHg

If someone's blood pressure were listed as 125/75 mmHg, then their pulse pressure would be -40 mmHg. -125 mmHg. -5/3. -100 mmHg. -50 mmHg.

50 mmHg

Precapillary sphincters will -control blood flow into the true capillaries. -cause blood to flow directly from the metarteriole into the postcapillary venule. -open when the tissue needs nutrients. -close when the tissue's needs have been met. -All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

The formation of new blood vessels is a process known as __________.

Angiogenesis*

The aorta contains specialized sensory nerve endings that respond to stretch of the vessel wall. These pressure-sensitive structures are called aortic arch _________.

Baroreceptors *

Imagine a patient who loses lots of blood and therefore has less stretch of their aorta with each heartbeat. What reflex will result? -Baroreceptors increase firing, the cardioinhibitory center increases firing, and the heart slows significantly to prevent further bleeding. -Baroreceptors decrease firing, the cardioacceleratory center increases firing, and cardiac output will exhibit a compensatory increase. -Baroreceptors decrease firing, the cardioinhibitory center and vasomotor centers increase firing, the heart slows, and blood is redirected. -Baroreceptors increase firing, the vasomotor center increases firing, and skin blood vessels will dilate to cause a compensatory increase in flow.

Baroreceptors decrease firing, the cardioacceleratory center increases firing, and cardiac output will exhibit a compensatory increase.

Imagine yourself sitting in an awkward position in an uncomfortable chair that is depriving part of your leg from normal blood flow. This deprivation of adequate perfusion will result in what sort of local changes in your leg? -Buildup of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions will cause vasodilation. -Decreases in carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions will cause vasodilation. -Buildup of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions will cause vasoconstriction. -Decreases in oxygen and potassium will cause vasoconstriction. -Increases in oxygen and potassium will cause vasodilation.

Buildup of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions will cause vasodilation.

Because of their role in material exchanges, the _______________ are considered to be the functional units of the cardiovascular system.

Capillaries*

The _____________ vein runs alongside the lateral aspect of the upper limb and eventually drains into the axillary vein.

Cephalic *

Which is the most common type of capillary? -Venules -Fenestrated -Sinusoids -Continuous -Discontinuous

Continuous

Increases in angiotensin II levels cause decreases in blood pressure. -True -False

False

_______________ arteries emerge from the superficial and deep palmar arches to supply the fingers.

Digital *

Most of the venous blood of the cranium drains through large vessels known as the _____________ venous sinuses.

Dural*

An increase in blood vessel diameter would lead to a decrease in blood flow. -True -False

False

During a dangerous situation, the sympathetic nervous system causes widespread vasoconstriction, raising systemic blood pressure. This is an example of the myogenic response. -True -False

False

The hepatic ______________ system is a venous network that drains the GI tract and delivers blood to the liver.

Portal *

The azygos vein merges with the _____________ vena cava.

Superior *

What causes much of the blood in the fetal right atrium to be shunted to the left atrium through the foramen ovale? -The fetus is in an antigravity situation provided by the amnionic fluid. -There is a valve that directs the blood that way. -The umbilical arteries have valves. -The blood pressure in the right atrium is greater than in the left atrium. -The blood pressure in the left atrium is greater than in the right atrium.

The blood pressure in the right atrium is greater than in the left atrium.

Epinephrine, aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone each cause an increase in blood pressure. -True -False

True

Pulmonary veins carry blood toward the left atrium of the heart. -True -False

True

Tendons and ligaments have -a low degree of vascularization, therefore low perfusion and slow healing. -a high degree of vascularization, therefore low perfusion and slow healing. -a high degree of vascularization, therefore high perfusion and slow healing. -a high degree of vascularization, therefore high perfusion and rapid healing. -a low degree of vascularization, therefore high perfusion and rapid healing.

a low degree of vascularization, therefore low perfusion and slow healing.

Sinusoids are found in a: bone marrow b: spleen c: small intestine d: kidney e: liver f: muscle g: skin -f, g -a, b, e -b, c, d, g -c, d -b, c, e, f

a, b, e

Angiogenesis -involves building new muscle tissue and decreasing the amount of blood vessels in a region. -allows for an increase in the perfusion of a local tissue. -is a momentary chemical control of local blood flow. -involves muscular constriction of arterioles to alter local perfusion.

allows for an increase in the perfusion of a local tissue.

Renin converts -angiotensin II to angiotensin I. -antiotensin I to antiotensin II. -antidiuretic hormone to angiotensinogen. -angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. -antidiuretic hormone to angiotensin.

angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

If someone suffered from hypertension, such that the blood pressure in their capillaries was elevated, then net filtration pressure would -be lower than normal. -be higher than normal.

be higher than normal

If someone were to have abnormally low levels of protein in their blood, then net filtration pressure would -be lower than normal. -be higher than normal.

be higher than normal

As blood moves from the arterial end to the venous end of a capillary, net filtration pressure -decreases, as blood hydrostatic pressure decreases. -remains the same, as rises in blood osmotic pressure are offset by declines in tissue osmotic pressure. -decreases, as blood colloid osmotic pressure decreases. -increases, as blood hydrostatic pressure rises. -increases, as blood colloid osmotic pressure rises.

decreases, as blood hydrostatic pressure decreases.

Umbilical arteries carry _______ blood. -deoxygenated -lymph but not -oxygenated

deoxygenated

The pulmonary trunk carries -deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle toward the lungs. -deoxygenated blood from the lungs to the right atrium of the heart. -oxygenated blood from the left ventricle toward the lungs. -oxygenated blood from the lungs toward the left atrium of the heart. -oxygenated blood from the right ventricle toward the lungs.

deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle toward the lungs.

Oxygen and carbon dioxiode are transported between the blood and interstitial fluid by way of -diffusion from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration. -pinocytosis using fluid-filled vesicles. -exocytosis and endocytosis by endothelial cells. -active transport (using ATP) by protein carriers of endothelial cells.

diffusion from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration.

Peripheral resistance is -directly related to vessel length and inversely related to vessel radius. -directly related to both vessel length and radius. -inversely related to vessel length and directly related to vessel radius. -inversely related to both vessel length and radius.

directly related to vessel length and inversely related to vessel radius.

The largest arteries of the body are classified as -muscular arteries. -arterioles. -elastic arteries. -muscular and elastic because they have the same dimensions. -None of the answers is correct.

elastic arteries.

As a venous pathway moves closer to the heart, the veins -get smaller. -show no change in their lumen size. -get larger.

get larger.

As an arterial pathway moves farther from the heart, the arteries -get smaller. -show no change in their lumen size. -get larger.

get smaller.

The driving force propelling blood through the circulatory system is the difference in blood pressure from the beginning of a blood vessel to its end. This difference is known as the blood pressure _________.

gradient*

Systolic blood pressure is recorded -in arteries and is the minimum pressure that is recorded during ventricular relaxation. -in veins and is the minimum pressure recorded during atrial relaxation. -in veins and is the maximal pressure recorded during atrial contraction. -in arteries and is the maximal pressure that is recorded during ventricular contraction. -in both arteries and veins and is the maximum pressure recorded during diastole of the heart.

in arteries and is the maximal pressure that is recorded during ventricular contraction.

A portal system -is a simple circulatory system with an areriovenous anastomosis. -is one in which circulation to a large organ involves only one artery and one main (portal) vein. -includes a functional end artery that makes an arterial anastomosis. -is one in which blood flows through two capillary beds before being sent back to the heart. -is one in which multiple arteries converge on one organ or body region.

is one in which blood flows through two capillary beds before being sent back to the heart.

After birth, the remnant of the umbilical vein becomes the -ligamentum arteriosum. -ligamentum venosum. -medial umbilical ligament. -fossa ovalis. -ligamentum teres.

ligamentum teres.

Net filtration pressure (NFP) is equal to the -blood hydrostatic pressure minus the tissue hydrostatic pressure. -osmotic pressure in the tissue minus the hydrostatic pressure in the blood. -blood pressure times the total peripheral resistance. -colloid osmotic pressure in the blood divided by resistance in the tissue. -net hydrostatic pressure minus the net colloid osmotic pressure.

net hydrostatic pressure minus the net colloid osmotic pressure.

Aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide have ________ effects on blood pressure. -opposite -similar

opposite

Considering the bulk flow that occurs at capillary beds, the lymphatic system is needed to -reabsorb excess fluid from the interstitial fluid. -regulate colloid osmotic pressure so that filtration levels do not decline. -connect arterioles to venules and provide a shunt from the true capillaries. -filter additional fluid to the interstitial fluid.

reabsorb excess fluid from the interstitial fluid

If someone were to decrease their food intake and increase aerobic exercise, they might lose adipose tissue and condition their muscles. These changes would also influence their blood vessels, as there would be -regression of blood vessels in adipose tissue and angiogenesis in skeletal muscle. -changes in the diameter of blood vessels, but no angiogenesis nor regression. -angiogenesis in both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. -angiogenesis in adipose tissue and regression of blood vessels in skeletal muscle. -regression of blood vessels in both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.

regression of blood vessels in adipose and angiogenesis in skeletal muscle.

Circulation to the spleen demonstrates a(n) -anastomosis, as one artery delivers blood and one vein drains the organ. -simple pathway, as its two capillary beds are separated by a portal vein. -simple pathway, as one artery delivers blood and one vein drains the organ. -anastomosis, as its two capillary beds are separated by a portal vein.

simple pathway, as one artery delivers blood and one vein drains the organ.

Tissue damage can trigger local release of histamine, which can -stimulate release of nitric oxide, a vasodilator. -stimulate release of nitric oxide, a vasoconstrictor. -inhibit release of nitric oxide, a vasodilator. -inhibit release of nitric oxide, a vasoconstrictor.

stimulate release of nitric oxide, a vasodilator.

At a capillary bed, a vasoconstrictor -stimulates precapillary sphincters and decreases local blood flow. -dilates local arterioles, thereby increasing pressure and increasing local blood flow. -inhibits precapillary sphincters to relax and decreases local blood flow. -constricts local arterioles, thereby increasing pressure and increasing local blood flow. -constricts precapillary sphincters and thereby increases local blood flow.

stimulates precapillary sphincters and decreases local blood flow.

Atherosclerosis involves a -sustained increase in blood pressure that leads to compensatory vasodilation. -sustained decrease in resistance that leads to decreases in arterial pressure to maintain adequate blood flow. -sustained increase in blood flow that leads to decreases in venous resistance to keep blood pressure constant. -sustained increase in resistance that leads to increases in arterial pressure to maintain adequate blood flow. -sustained decrease in blood flow that leads to increases in arterial diameter to lower resistance and raise pressure.

sustained increase in resistance that leads to increases in arterial pressure to maintain adequate blood flow.

The ________ is composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells. -tunica media -tunica externa -tunica intima -tunica interna -None of the answers is correct.

tunica media

In arteries, the thickest layer of the wall is the -tunica externa. -tunica media. -tunica intima. -tunica adventitia. -None of the answers are correct because all the layers are of the same dimension.

tunica media.

Formed primarily of tunica intima and strengthened by elastic and collagen fibers, the _________________ in veins prevent blood from pooling.

valves*

A network of small arteries called the ___________ provides a blood supply to the tunica externa of very large vessels. -distributing arteries -fenestrated arteries -vasa vasorum -companion vessels -thoroughfare channels

vasa vasorum

Angiotensin II causes -increased heart rate, vasodilation, and less urine formation. -decreased heart rate, vasoconstriction, and increased urine formation. -decreased thirst, vasodilation, and increased urine formation. -vasoconstriction, decrease urine formation, and increased thirst. -vasoconstriction, increased urine formation, and decreased thirst.

vasoconstriction, decrease urine formation, and increased thirst.

Atrial natriuretic peptide stimulates -vasoconstriction, sodium retention, and therefore increased blood pressure. -vasoconstriction, decreased urine output, and therefore decreased blood pressure. -vasodilation, decreased urine output, and therefore increased blood pressure. -vasodilation, increased urine output, and therefore decreased blood pressure. -vasoconstriction, increased urine output, and therefore increased blood pressure.

vasodilation; increased urine output, and therefore decreased blood pressure