Anatomy 67B exam 2

is one in which blood flows through two capillary beds before being sent back to the heart

A portal system

100

A venule becomes a vein when its diameter is greater than ____ micrometers.

smaller; nucleic acid within a protein capsid

A virus is ______ than a bacterial cell, and a virus is composed of a _________________.

antibody, which is a protein molecule

An immunoglobulin is a(n)

on the surface of a cell so that a T-lymphocyte can be exposed to it

Antigen presentation involves the display of an antigen

immune cells; helper T-lymphocytes; cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

Antigen-presenting cells are ________________, and they display antigens to both ________________ and ______________.

false

Arteries carry blood toward the heart, while veins carry blood away from the heart.

pushes against the semilunar valves and opens them

As blood is pumped out of the heart and into the major arteries leaving the heart, it

sustained increase in resistance that leads to increases in arterial pressure to maintain adequate blood flow

Atherosclerosis involves a

veins

Because lymphatic vessels have three tunics (intima, media, and externa) and valves, they structurally resemble

heart rate multiplied by stroke volume

Cardiac output equals the

simple pathway, as one artery delivers blood and one vein drains the organ

Circulation to the spleen demonstrates a(n)

monocytes

Dendritic cells of the skin are derived from

2

During a cardiac cycle, how many of the four chambers contract at any one time?

calcium is entering potassium is leaving ventricular cells

During the S-T segment, what is occurring within cardiac muscle cells?

depolarized as potassium exits and calcium enters

During the plateau phase of a cardiac muscle cell's action potential, the membrane stays

the semilunar valves open and the AV valves close

During ventricular contraction

true

Eosinophils and lymphocytes are both types of leukocytes.

capillaries

Gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occur between the __________ and the tissues of the body. Group of answer choices

failed external innate immunity, but successful internal innate immunity

If someone had a cut in their skin through which a bacterium entered, but that bacterium was then destroyed by a neutrophil, this would be an example of

in external secretions such as tears, saliva, and mucus

IgA is primarily found

baroreceptors decrease firing, the cardioacceleratory center increases firing, and cardiac output will exhibit a compensatory increase

Imagine a patient who loses lots of blood and therefore has less stretch of their aorta with each heartbeat. What reflex will result?

buildup of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions will cause vasodilation

Imagine yourself sitting in an awkward position in an uncomfortable chair that is depriving part of your leg from normal blood flow. This deprivation of adequate perfusion will result in what sort of local changes in your leg?

true

In addition to creating a physical barrier to pathogen entry, mucus contains antimicrobial substances such as IgA.

repolarization of the ventricles

In an ECG, what does the T wave represent?

atria depolarize

In an EKG, the P wave is generated when the

tunica media

In arteries, the thickest layer of the wall is the

proteins; chemical messengers

In terms of their chemical structure, cytokines are _______; their function is to serve as _________.

true

Lymph contains protein.

true

Lymph contains red blood cells.

glycoproteins synthesized on the rough endoplasmic reticulum

MHC class I molecules are

in the rough endoplasmic reticulum

MHC class I molecules present peptide fragments that are either "self" or "nonself"; in either case, the fragment becomes bound to the molecule while

true

MHC class II molecules are loaded with exogenous antigen after the antigen has been digested into fragments within a phagolysosome

aerobic metabolism using many mitochondria and rich supply of myoglobin

Metabolically, cardiac muscle relies on

false

Most bacterial species are pathogenic.

calcium comes in through fast voltage-gated channels

Once an SA nodal cell reaches threshold, the depolarization phase occurs during which

diffusion from areas of higher concetration to lower concentration

Oxygen and carbon dioxiode are transported between the blood and interstitial fluid by way of

close when the tissue's needs have been met, open when the tissue needs nutrients, control blood flow into the true capillaries, cause blood flow directly from the matarteriole into the postcapillary venule

Precapillary sphincters will

low and blood flows very slowly through pulmonary capillaries, maximizing gas exchange

Pulmonary arteries are wider than systemic arteries. Therefore, pulmonary circuit blood pressure is

true

SA nodal cells are autorhythmic.

bone marrow, spleen, liver

Sinusoids are found in

tunica media

The ________ is composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells.

radial; ulnar

The arteries that anastomose and form the two arterial arches in the palm are the _____ and _____ arteries.

floor of the right atrium

The atrioventricular (AV) node is located in the

posterior and superior

The base of the heart faces in the _____________ directions.

passes above the inguinal ligament

The femoral vein becomes the external iliac vein when it

false

The great saphenous vein is a deep vein and the popliteal vein is a superficial vein.

permit the passage of blood in one direction

The heart valves

nutrients and toxins absorbed from the gastrointestinal system into the blood

The hepatic portal system allows for the processing of

concave anteromedial border

The hilum of the spleen is part of its

elastic arteries

The largest arteries of the body are classified as

IVC

The left renal vein, right renal vein, right suprarenal vein, and right gonadal vein merge directly into the

immunity and fluid balance

The lymphatic system's two main functions are to assist in

fast voltage-gated sodium channels and slow voltage-gated calcium channels

The membrane of a contractile cardiac muscle cell contains

somewhat susceptible to heart attack, because it relies so exclusively on aerobic metabolism

The metabolic pathways of cardiac muscle make it

IgG

The most prevalent antibody in blood and lymph is

pressure changes of alternating contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle

The opening and closing of the heart valves is caused by

knee joint

The popliteal artery supplies the

deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle toward the lungs

The pulmonary trunk carries

artery

The pulmonary trunk receives blood from the right ventricle and conducts it toward the lung. The pulmonary trunk is a(n)

brachial, deep

The radial and ulnar veins fuse to form ________ veins; all of these veins are _______ veins.

true

The receiving chambers of the heart are the atria, and the forcefully pumping chambers of the heart are the ventricles.

isovolumetric relaxation

The shutting of the semilunar valves occurs during which phase?

false

The spleen is considered a primary lymphatic structure

lymphocytes are proliferating in germinal centers

The term "swollen glands" is usually meant to refer to lymph nodes in which

external iliac arteries

The vessels that supply the lower limbs are the

2

Typically, there are __________ papillary muscles that project from the wall of the left ventricle and attach to the tendinous cords that support the left AV valve.

deoxygenated

Umbilical arteries carry _______ blood.

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

What are the five main classes of immunoglobulins found in humans?

left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries

What branches arise directly from the celiac trunk?

higher pressure in the left atrium, which causes interatrial septum flaps to close

What causes closure of the foramen ovale at birth?

the blood pressure in the right atrium is greater than in the left atrium

What causes much of the blood in the fetal right atrium to be shunted to the left atrium through the foramen ovale?

SA node

What part of the cardiac conduction system is located in the posterior wall of the right atrium, adjacent to the entrance of the superior vena cava?

it will not have an extremely prolonged effect on target cells

When a chemical messenger has a short half-life, it means that

vasodilation so that they function as blood reservoirs

When physical exertion has ended and the body is at rest, veins demonstrate

contraction of the right ventricle

Which action leads to the closure of the right atrioventricular valve?

endothelium, intercellular clefts, basement membrane

Which are found in the capillary wall?

there is a unidirectional blood flow, arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins carry blood toward the heart

Which can be used to characterize blood flow in the human body?

pulmonary viens

Which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

systemic circuit

Which circuit of the cardiovascular system is responsible for sending blood to the kidneys, stomach, and pelvic regions?

MHC class II

Which class of major histocompatibility molecules is specific to antigen-presenting cells?

projects slightly anterioinferiorly toward the left side of the body

Which correctly describes the heart's apex?

interstitial fluid

Which fluid does lymph most closely resemble?

right atrium/right ventricle

Which heart chambers contain deoxygenated blood?

filters lymph

Which is not a function of the spleen?

continuous

Which is the most common type of capillary?

spleen

Which lymphatic organ contains red pulp and white pulp?

muscular arteries

Which of the artery types contain the internal and external elastic laminae?

external innate immunity, internal innate immunity, adaptive immunity

Which of the following lists the body's first, second, and third lines of defense in order?

right atrium and right ventricle

Which pair is located more anteriorly in a heart in normal position?

the variable region

Which part of an antibody attaches to an antigen?

femoral a., popliteal a., anterior tibial a., dorsalis pedis a.

Which path of arteries would a blood cell follow on its way from the thigh to the foot?

S-T segment

Which segment of the ECG reflects the plateau phase of ventricular muscle cells' action potentials?

total blood flow equals cardiac output and can vary significantly over time with activity levels

Which statement accurately describes total blood flow?

one that is large, complex, foreign, and abundant

Which type of antigen would have the greatest immunogenicity?

natural killer cells

Which type of cell attacks a variety of unwanted cells and causes those cells to undergo apoptosis?

eosinophils

Which type of cell is the most effective to attack multicellular parasites such as tapeworms?

aortic semilunar valve

Which valve prevents the backflow of blood into the left ventricle when the ventricles relax?

mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

With respect to the lymphatic system, what do the letters in the acronym MALT stand for?

splenic sinusoids

Within the red pulp of the spleen are enlarged capillaries called _________, which have a discontinuous basal lamina that allows blood cells to enter and exit easily.