Anatomy and Physiology 2: Chapter 20: Cardiovascular System: Vessels and Circulation

fill in the blanks, then put the sentences into logical order to discuss the cardiovascular system

A major function of the cardiovascular system is to transport fluids. To fulfill this purpose, you have the following structures: The heart, provides pressure to pump the fluids into the large and elastic aorta, which will carry the blood to the body. The vessels leaving the heart will branch and become smaller in diameter, these are the arteries. The vessels will continue to branch and get smaller into arterioles. Eventually, they will become the capillaries, which are the sites of gas, nutrient, and waste exchange.

blood pressure is influenced by 3 primary variables, which are ____ peripheral resistance, and ______

cardiac output, blood volume

what is the term that describes an artery and vein that travel together and supply the same body region

companion vessels

the largest veins travel with:

elastic arteries

Most veins contain numerous _______ to prevent blood from pooling in the limbs and assist blood moving back to the heart

valves

at rest, about 55% of blood is held within the systemic ______ that function as the body's blood reservoirs

veins

which class of blood vessel returns blood to the heart?

veins

the companion vessels to the arterioles are the:

venules

what are the 2 mechanisms that help blood get back to the heart during exercise and how does that affect heart function?

-skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump -EDV is higher, SV is higher. cardiac output is higher

Describe the 5 components of the Reflex Arc.

1. Sensory Receptor Stimulated 2. Afferent Neurons transmit signal to spinal cord. 3. Signals transmitted to interneurons in Spinal cord or to reflex center in brain. 4. Efferent Nerves transmit return signal to Anterior Motor Neurons 5. Signal reaches Motor neurons, muscle activates/moves

which vessels are the 3 main arterial branches emerging from the aortic arch?

1. left subclavian artery 2. left common carotid artrey 3. brachiocephalilc trunk

the 3 layers of the walls of arteries and veins are the ____

1. tunica intima (innermost layer) 2. tunica media (middle layer) 3. tunica externa (outermost layer)

when a person is at rest, approximately how much blood is being held within the veins, the body's blood reservoirs?

55%

label each letter

A-metarteriole B-true capillaries C-thoroughfare channel D-postcapillary venule

label the letters on the picture

A-tunica intima B-endothelium C-tunica media D-elastic fibers

during pulmonary circulation, ____ ____ is removed from the blood and enters the alveoli of the lungs

carbon dioxide

Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.

Blood flow is directly related to the pressure gradient. Thus, as the blood pressure gradient increases, total blood flow increases, and as the blood pressure gradient decreases, total blood flow lessens (assuming resistance remains the same). An increase in cardiac output will increase the pressure gradient, and a decrease in cardiac output will decrease the pressure gradient.

Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.

If an individual has a systolic blood pressure of 110 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure of 70 mm Hg:Pulse pressure for this person would be calculated as: 110 mm Hg - 70 mm Hg = 40 mm Hg. If another individual has a systolic blood pressure of 117 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure of 87 mm Hg:Mean arterial pressure for this person would be calculated as: 87 mm Hg + 1/3 30 mm Hg = 97 mm Hg

T or F: blood transported to and from the spleen is an example of a simple blood flow pathway

T

Complete each sentence by dragging the proper label into the appropriate position. The ________ is the first vessel blood enters upon exiting the heart. The _______________ expand and recoil with every heartbeat due to a histologically dominant network of elastic tissue in the tunica media. Just prior to entering capillary beds, __________ have become extremely thin and present only a few layers of smooth muscle. The site of gaseous exchange, or _____________, are characterized by extremely thin walls with only endothelium and basal lamina, which better suits diffusional requirements. After exiting the capillary, __________ contain no muscle and are the first vessel that blood enters on its way back to the heart. The __________ ________ contain abundant but irregularly spaced smooth muscle with frequent valves present in the tunica interna. The superior vena cava is an example of a _____ ______ that includes smooth muscle circularly and longitudinally arranged in the tunica media and externa respectively.

The aorta is the first vessel blood enters upon exiting the heart. The large (elastic) arteries expand and recoil with every heartbeat due to a histologically dominant network of elastic tissue in the tunica media. Just prior to entering capillary beds, arterioles have become extremely thin and present only a few layers of smooth muscle. The site of gaseous exchange, or capillaries, are characterized by extremely thin walls with only endothelium and basal lamina, which better suits diffusional requirements. After exiting the capillary, venules contain no muscle and are the first vessel that blood enters on its way back to the heart. The medium veins contain abundant but irregularly spaced smooth muscle with frequent valves present in the tunica interna. The superior vena cava is an example of a large vein that includes smooth muscle circularly and longitudinally arranged in the tunica media and externa respectively.

Complete each sentence by dragging the proper label into the appropriate position.

The highest pressure exerted on the arterial walls during the heart cycle is referred to as systolic blood pressure. When one-third of pulse pressure is added to the diastolic pressure, a good estimate of mean arterial pressure is obtained. The diastolic blood pressure is measured when the heart is relaxing and represents the lowest pressure exerted in the walls of the arteries during the heart cycle. Subtracting the SBP from the DBP results in pulse pressure which is directly proportional to the overall strength of one's pulse.

Select the correct word from the list to complete each sentence regarding the relationship between blood flow, vessel radius, and resistance.

The smaller the radius of a vessel, the greater the resistance. As the radius of a vessel increases, the resistance decreases. As the resistance decreases, the blood flow increases. The larger the radius of a vessel, the less the resistance. Blood flow to an organ will decrease with vasoconstriction. Blood flow to an organ will increase with vasodilation.

Select the correct word from the list to complete each sentence in regards to blood pressure measurement.

When the cuff pressure is high enough to keep the brachial artery closed, no blood flows through it and no sound is heard. When cuff pressure decreases and is no longer able to keep the artery closed, blood is pushed through, producing turbulent blood flow and a sound. Systolic pressure is the pressure at which the first Korotkoff sound is heard. At first, the artery is closed during diastole but as cuff pressure continues to decrease, the artery partially opens. Turbulent blood flow during systole produces pulse sounds, although the pitch of the sounds changes as the artery becomes more open. Nonturbulent flow is reestablished and no sounds are heard. Diastolic pressure is the pressure at which the sound disappears.

Factors that can contribute to thrombus development include all of the following except: physical activity. stasis of blood flow. endothelial inflammation. high levels of clotting factors.

a

The term 'thromboembolus' refers to: a thrombus that has broken free and is now moving along in the flow of blood. an area of dead tissue that results from an embolus becoming lodged in an organ's major blood vessel. a blood clot that results from platelet activation. a blood clot that results from clotting factor activation.

a

what are the 3 types of arteries? which is responsible for vasoconstriction/dilation

a. elastic: conducting arteries b. muscular: vasoconstriction and dilation c. arterioles: maintain vasomotor tone, regulate systemic blood pressure and flow. stay constricted to keep blood pressure

what are the 2 pressure types affecting capillaries: which dominates the arterial side and what's the net result? venous side, net result? are flows equal?

a. hydrostatic: primary force driving fluid transport between capillaries and tissues. arterial side b. osmotic: movement of fluid from interstitial fluid back into capillaries. venous side

write formulas for pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure

a. pulse pressure=systolic BP-diastolic BP b. mean arterial pressure=[(diastolic BP x 2) + systolic BP] /3

list the 3 tunics of blood vessels which contains smooth muscle?endothelium?

a. tunica intima: innermost layer of vessel. endothelial layer made up of simple squamous. b. tunica media: middle layer. circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells with elastic fibers. responsible for vasoconstriction and dilation c. tunica externa: outermost layer, areolar CT with elastic and collagen fibers. helps anchor vessel to other structures

what are the 3 factors that affect peripheral resistance

a. viscosity: (~5 x more viscous than water) higher or lower viscosity b. vessel length: higher or lower length c. lumen size: major way resistance regulated. bigger or smaller size

in what vessel type does blood flow the slowest? what causes it? why is it necessary

capillaries-allows time for gas and nutrient exchange

list 3 hormones that raise blood pressure

aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, angiotensin II

which are elastic arteries

aorta and common carotid artery

the 2 main peripheral chemoreceptors are the ___ and ____

aortic bodies and carotid body

blood pressure is highest in the ______

arteries

which blood vessels become progressively smaller and branch as they extend away from the heart?

arteries

the smallest type of arteries are the:

arterioles

list 1 hormone that lowers blood pressure

atrial natriuretic peptide

A common site for the initiation of thrombus formation is: within the long, uninterrupted sections of veins. just behind the valve cusps or the leg veins. at the site of vessel bifurcation.

b

A person becomes sick when an embolus lodges in a major pulmonary vessel because: the activated clotting factors of the embolus causes a runaway activation of other clotting factors which eventually leads to the entire vascular system becoming one large intact thrombus. the lodged embolus blocks the flow of blood into a portion of the lung and thereby effectively removes that segment of the lung from participating in gas exchange. the scraping movement of the embolus along the endothelium of the vessels causes injury, inflammation and pain.

b

specialized nerve endings that respond to the stretch in blood vessel walls are called

baroreceptors

when checking your pulse, you are feeling the rhythmic pulsations of ____ through your arteries

blood

which artery in the upper limb is compressed by the sphygmomanometer when taking a blood pressure reading?

brachial

the veins that drain the head, neck, and upper limbs merge to form the left and right ____ veins

brachiocephalic

An embolus is a space occupying entity moving in the flow of blood which can be composed of: bone chips. air. all listed choices. a blood clot. a bullet.

c

The term for a pathological blood clot that forms in the intact vascular system is: platelet aggregate. infarction. thrombus. embolus.

c

arteries, veins, and ____ make up the three classes of blood vessels

capillaries

the smallest blood vessels in the cardiovascular system are the:

capillaries

capillaries only have 2 components, what are they

endothelial layer on basement membrane

T or F: large solutes may diffuse via the endothelial cells or intercellular clefts

f

select the chemicals that act as vasodilators

histamine and bradykinin and nitric oxide

what are the effectors for medium termed responses

hormones-atrial naturetic peptide, angiotensin II

the veins inferior to the diaphragm merge to collectively form the _____ vena cava

inferior

match the organ to the substance secreted from that organ: kidney liver lungs angiotensinogen-converting enzyme renin angiotensinogen

liver-angiotensinogen kidney-renin lungs-angiotensinogen-converting enzyme

the space within a vessel through which blood flows is the ____

lumen

vasodilators are substances that ______

relax precapillary sphincters and dilate capillaries

the pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood away from the _____ side of the heart to the _____, and then returns the newly oxygenated blood to the ____ side of the heart

right lungs left

the right and left brachiocephalic veins merge to form the ______ vena cava

superior

the highest blood pressure generated in arteries is during ventricular systole when the artery is maximally stretched; this value is recorded as the ____ pressure

systolic