Anatomy and Physiology 2 - Unit 3 Quizzes

Why is it possible to deliver more O2 to vigorously working cells without increasing respiration rate or cardiac output? a) Because between a PO2 of zero and a PO2 of 40, hemoglobin saturation changes very rapidly and a greater degree of unloading will occur with even small changes of PO2. b) Because once one molecule of O2 is bound to hemoglobin, the other molecules bind much more rapidly. c) It isn't; a small decrease in PO2 has very little effect on hemoglobin unloading. d) Because CO2 released from the vigorously working cells enhances O2 binding to hemoglobin.

a) Because between a PO2 of zero and a PO2 of 40, hemoglobin saturation changes very rapidly and a greater degree of unloading will occur with even small changes of PO2.

The relationship between the pressure and volume of gases is given by ________. a) Boyle's law b) Henry's law c) Dalton's law d) Charles' law

a) Boyle's law

______ is the most potent chemical influencing respiration. a) CO2 b) H2O c) O2 d) N

a) CO2

The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________. a) Dalton's law b) Charles' law c) Henry's law d) Boyle's law

a) Dalton's law

The pressure exerted by each gas in a mixture is proportional to its percentage. This is ________. a) Dalton's law of partial pressures b) Boyle's law of partial pressures c) Henry's law of gas percentages d) the law of gas proportionality

a) Dalton's law of partial pressures

Select the correct statement about the neural mechanisms of respiratory control. a) The pons is thought to be instrumental in the smooth transition from inspiration to expiration. b) The dorsal respiratory group neurons depolarize in a rhythmic way to establish the pattern of breathing. c) The pontine respirator group (PRG) continuously stimulates the medulla to provide inspiratory drive. d) The ventral respiratory group is contained within the pons.

a) The pons is thought to be instrumental in the smooth transition from inspiration to expiration.

Select the statement that is true concerning primary teeth. a) There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children have all 20. b) There are 32 primary teeth, and most children lose these teeth due to decay because they are never very strong. c) There are 24 primary teeth, and no new primary teeth appear after 13 months. d) There are 27 primary teeth, and the molars are permanent.

a) There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children have all 20.

For what metabolic reason does respiration occur? a) To supply cells with O2 for ATP synthesis. b) To offload metabolic toxins from body fluids. c) To decrease blood O2 and increase blood CO2. d) Solely to increase blood O2 levels.

a) To supply cells with O2 for ATP synthesis.

A baby is admitted to the hospital with a history of projectile vomiting after each feeding. On examination, it is found that the sphincter controlling food passage from the stomach to the duodenum is thickened and does not open readily. Because of the baby's loss of gastric juice, his blood probably indicates ________. a) alkalosis b) dysphagia c) ketosis d) acidosis

a) alkalosis

Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange? a) alveoli b) alveolar ducts c) alveolar sacs d) respiratory bronchioles

a) alveoli

Air moves into the lungs during inspiration due to the force of _____. a) atmospheric pressure b) the abdominal muscles c) the external intercostal muscles d) the diaphragm

a) atmospheric pressure

Which of the following is not found on the right lobe of the lung? a) cardiac notch b) horizontal fissure c) middle lobe d) oblique fissure

a) cardiac notch

Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the _________. a) ciliated mucous lining in the nose b) abundant blood supply to nasal mucosa c) porous structure of turbinate bones d) action of the epiglottis

a) ciliated mucous lining in the nose

During an asthma attack, bronchioles become severely _____. Taking epinephrine causes them to _____. a) constricted; dilate b) mucus-filled; empty of mucus c) dilated; constricted d) two of these

a) constricted; dilate

Which of the following does not influence the increase in ventilation that occurs as exercise is initiated? a) decrease in lactic acid levels b) psychic (central) stimuli c) simultaneous cortical motor activation of the skeletal muscles and respiratory center d) proprioceptors

a) decrease in lactic acid levels

The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ________. a) digestion b) absorption c) secretion d) ingestion

a) digestion

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________. a) inspiratory reserve b) vital capacity c) reserve air d) expiratory reserve

a) inspiratory reserve

Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged? a) lipids b) proteins c) starches d) carbohydrates

a) lipids

Respiratory control centers are located in the ________. a) medulla and pons b) pons and midbrain c) midbrain and medulla d) upper spinal cord and medulla

a) medulla and pons

Which of these is not a component of saliva? a) nitric oxide b) lysozyme c) a cyanide compound d) defensins

a) nitric oxide

Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by ________. a) the vagus nerve and enteric plexus b) the rubrospinal tracts c) the reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts d) somatic neurons in the spinal cord

a) the vagus nerve and enteric plexus

Nerve impulses from ________ will result in inspiration. a) the ventral respiratory group b) the chemoreceptor center c) the preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus d) Broca's center

a) the ventral respiratory group

Which of the choices below is not a functional process performed by the respiratory system? a) transport of respiratory gases b) external respiration c) pulmonary ventilation d) pulmonary respiration

a) transport of respiratory gases

There are some 20 known pathogens found in the large intestine; our Ig ________ antibody-mediated response restricts them from going beyond the mucosa and causing problems. a) M b) A c) D d) E

b) A

Select the correct statement about digestive processes. a) Enterogastrone is a hormone that helps increase gastric motility. b) Chyme entering the duodenum can decrease gastric motility via the enterogastric reflex. c) All commonly ingested substances are significantly absorbed by the mucosa of the stomach. d) Pepsin is an enzyme produced by the stomach for the purpose of starch digestion.

b) Chyme entering the duodenum can decrease gastric motility via the enterogastric reflex.

Which of the following is not a form of lung cancer? a) adenocarcinoma b) Kaposi's sarcoma c) small cell carcinoma d) squamous cell carcinoma

b) Kaposi's sarcoma

Select the correct statement about the pharynx. a) The palatine tonsils are embedded in the lateral walls of the nasopharynx. b) The auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx. c) The laryngopharynx blends posteriorly into the nasopharynx. d) The pharyngeal tonsil is located in the laryngopharynx.

b) The auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx.

If transpulmonary pressure were to suddenly decrease, predict the response by the lungs. a) The lungs would adhere to the parietal pleura and would crumple like an accordion. b) The lungs would immediately collapse. c) The lungs would not recoil and air would remain trapped in them. d) The lungs would remain unchanged.

b) The lungs would immediately collapse.

Select the correct statement about the neural mechanisms of respiratory control. a) The dorsal respiratory group neurons depolarize in a rhythmic way to establish the pattern of breathing. b) The pons is thought to be instrumental in the smooth transition from inspiration to expiration. c) The pontine respirator group (PRG) continuously stimulates the medulla to provide inspiratory drive. d) The ventral respiratory group is contained within the pons.

b) The pons is thought to be instrumental in the smooth transition from inspiration to expiration.

For what metabolic reason does respiration occur? a) Solely to increase blood O2 levels b) To supply cells with O2 for ATP synthesis c) To offload metabolic toxins from body fluids d) To decrease blood O2 and increase blood CO2

b) To supply cells with O2 for ATP synthesis

The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________. a) respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts b) alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes c) atria and alveolar sacs d) respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs

b) alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes

Which of the following determines lung compliance? a) muscles of inspiration b) alveolar surface tension c) flexibility of the thoracic cage d) airway opening

b) alveolar surface tension

How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood? a) chemically combined with the heme portion of hemoglobin b) as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells c) as carbonic acid in the plasma d) chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells

b) as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells

Which of the following is not a mechanism of CO2 transport? a) as bicarbonate ion in plasma b) attached to the heme part of hemoglobin c) 20% of CO2 is carried in the form of carbaminohemoglobin d) 7-10% of CO2 is dissolved directly into the plasma

b) attached to the heme part of hemoglobin

The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________. a) distribute hormones b) collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage c) carry toxins to the venous system for disposal through the urinary tract d) return glucose to the general circulation when blood sugar is low

b) collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage

The chloride shift occurs in red blood cells to _____. a) convert chloride ions to bicarbonate ions b) counterbalance the exodus of bicarbonate ions from red blood cells c) provide chloride to the enzyme carbonic anhydrase d) counterbalance the exodus of H+ from the red blood cells

b) counterbalance the exodus of bicarbonate ions from red blood cells

Gas emboli may occur because a ________. a) person holds his breath too long b) diver holds his breath upon ascent c) person breathes pure oxygen in a pressurized chamber d) pilot holds her breath upon descent

b) diver holds his breath upon ascent

Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation? a) tuberculosis b) emphysema c) coryza d) pneumonia

b) emphysema

Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs (intrapulmonary pressure) is a) less than the pressure in the atmosphere b) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere. c) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere. d) greater than the intra-alveolar pressure.

b) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________. a) warming the air before it enters b) interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid c) protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations d) humidifying the air before it enters

b) interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called ________. a) lamina propia b) mesenteries c) mucosal lining d) serosal lining

b) mesenteries

Which of the following does not influence hemoglobin saturation? a) carbon dioxide b) nitric oxide c) temperature d) BPG

b) nitric oxide

In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________. a) not present except where it is combined with carrier molecules b) only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in dissolved form c) about equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin d) greater than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin

b) only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in dissolved form

Which of the following produce intrinsic factor? a) mucous neck cells b) parietal cells c) zymogenic cells d) enteroendocrine cells

b) parietal cells

Which center is located in the pons? a) inspiratory b) pontine respiratory group (PRG) c) expiratory d) pacemaker neuron center

b) pontine respiratory group (PRG)

If an incision has to be made in the small intestine to remove an obstruction, the first layer of tissue to be cut is the ________. a) muscularis externa b) serosa c) submucosa d) mucosa

b) serosa

Infant respiratory distress syndrome occurs because premature infants lack the ability to produce _____, which ______. a) alveoli; causes them to become hypoxic b) surfactant; lowers surface tension c) cilia; clear mucus from the trachea d) mucus; traps bacteria

b) surfactant; lowers surface tension

You have just eaten french fries, buttered toast, ice cream, and whole milk. Which of the following organs would be most active in helping you to digest this food? a) the buccal glands b) the liver c) the thyroid gland d) the parotid gland

b) the liver

The larynx contains ________. a) a cricoid cartilage also called the Adam's apple b) the thyroid cartilage c) lateral cartilage ridges called false vocal folds d) an upper pair of avascular mucosal folds called true vocal folds

b) the thyroid cartilage

Possible causes of hypoxia include ________. a) taking several rapid deep breaths b) too little oxygen in the atmosphere c) getting very cold d) obstruction of the esophagus

b) too little oxygen in the atmosphere

Which of the following enzymes is specific for proteins? a) lipase b) trypsin c) amylase d) dextrinase

b) trypsin

The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________. a) tidal volume b) vital capacity c) expiratory reserve volume d) inspiratory capacity

b) vital capacity

Peristaltic waves are ________. a) churning movements of the gastrointestinal tract b) waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another c) segmental regions of the gastrointestinal tract d) pendular movements of the gastrointestinal trac

b) waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another

Hemoglobin molecules are fully saturated when bound to _____ molecule(s) of O2. a) 3 b) 2 c) 4 d) 1

c) 4

Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation. a) A decrease in compliance causes an increase in ventilation. b) Surfactant helps increase alveolar surface tension. c) As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required. d) A lung that is less elastic will require less muscle action to perform adequate ventilation.

c) As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required.

Why is it possible to deliver more O2 to vigorously working cells without increasing respiration rate or cardiac output? (may need to refer to hemoglobin saturation chart) a) It isn't; a small decrease in PO2 has very little effect on hemoglobin unloading. b) Because once one molecule of O2 is bound to hemoglobin, the other molecules bind much more rapidly. c) Because between a PO2 of zero and a PO2 of 40, hemoglobin saturation changes very rapidly and a greater degree of unloading will occur with even small changes of PO2. d) Because CO2 released from the vigorously working cells enhances O2 binging to hemoglobin.

c) Because between a PO2 of zero and a PO2 of 40, hemoglobin saturation changes very rapidly and a greater degree of unloading will occur with even small changes of PO2.

The ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the following to occur? a) This type of food would cause secretion of gastrin to cease, causing digestive upset. b) The acid secretions from the stomach would be sufficient to digest this food. c) Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum. d) Severe indigestion would occur, caused by the lack of sufficient digestive enzymes.

c) Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum.

________ is locally regulated in the blood by the active form of vitamin D, which acts as a cofactor. a) Iron b) Sodium c) Calcium d) Phosphorus

c) Calcium

The pressure exerted by each gas in a mixture is proportional to its percentage. This is ______. a) Henry's law of gas percentages b) Boyles's law of partial pressures c) Dalton's law of partial pressures d) the law of gas proportionality

c) Dalton's law of partial pressures

Select the correct statement about the regulation of gastric secretion. a) The presence of food in the stomach prevents hormonal control of gastric secretion. b) Vagus stimulation of the stomach results in decreased secretion of gastric juice. c) Gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered the mouth. d) Gastric secretion is enhanced by very low pH (below a pH of 2).

c) Gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered the mouth.

Which statement about CO2 is incorrect? a) CO2 concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood. b) Its concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilation. c) More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs. d) Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH.

c) More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.

If transpulmonary pressure were to suddenly decrease, predict the response by the lungs. a) The lungs would not recoil and air would remain trapped in them. b) The lungs would adhere to the parietal pleura and would crumple like an accordion. c) The lungs would immediately collapse. d) The lungs would remain unchanged.

c) The lungs would immediately collapse.

As the bronchial tree terminates in bronchioles, the principal material comprising their walls is smooth muscle. What functional purpose does this smooth muscle provide? a) The walls of the bronchioles prove patent airways to the alveoli. b) The walls of the bronchioles allow for gas exchange before air actually enters the alveoli. c) The presence of smooth muscle allows the walls of the bronchioles to constrict and provides control over air flow. d) Two of these.

c) The presence of smooth muscle allows the walls of the bronchioles to constrict and provides control over air flow.

The Bohr effect describes _____. a) the conformational structures of hemoglobin as it picks up oxygen in the lungs b) enhanced cooperation of oxygen binding to hemoglobin in the lungs c) a shift to the right in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve d) a shift to the left in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

c) a shift to the right in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal? a) trypsin b) gastrin c) amylase d) cholecystokinin

c) amylase

There are three phases of gastric secretion. The cephalic phase occurs ________. a) immediately after food enters the stomach, preparing the small intestine for the influx of a variety of nutrients b) when the meal is excessively high in acids and neutralization is required c) before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight, or thought d) at the end of a large meal, and the juices secreted are powerful and remain in the GI tract for a long period of time

c) before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight, or thought

Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2? a) pulmonary ventilation b) internal respiration c) blood pH adjustment d) external respiration

c) blood pH adjustment

Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of ________. a) mastication b) fermentation c) catabolism d) anabolism

c) catabolism

The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________. a) basal metabolic rate is higher at high altitudes b) temperature is lower at high altitudes c) concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes d) concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is higher at higher altitudes

c) concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes

Surface area in the nasal cavity is increased by the presence of _______. a) microvilli b) olfactory folds c) conchae d) choanae

c) conchae

Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation. a) pneumonia b) tuberculosis c) emphysema d) coryza

c) emphysema

Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is a) less than the pressure in the atmosphere. b) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere. c) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere. d) greater than the intra-alveolar pressure.

c) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

The terminal portion of the small intestine is known as the ________. a) jejunum b) pyloric sphincter c) ileum d) duodenum

c) ileum

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________. a) pH (alkalosis) b) pH (acidosis) c) increase of carbon dioxide d) loss of oxygen in tissues

c) increase of carbon dioxide

Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________. a) difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure b) pressure within the pleural cavity c) pressure within the alveoli of the lungs d) negative pressure in the intrapleural space

c) pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

Gastrin is a digestive hormone that is responsible for the stimulation of acid secretions in the stomach. These secretions are stimulated by the presence of ________. a) simple carbohydrates and alcohols b) starches and complex carbohydrates c) protein and peptide fragments d) fatty acids

c) protein and peptide fragments

Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing? a) rising carbon dioxide levels b) arterial pH resulting from CO2 retention c) rising blood pressure d) atrial Po2 below 69 mm Hg

c) rising blood pressure

For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ________. a) the thickness of the respiratory membrane is not important in the efficiency of gas exchange. b) at least 3 micrometers thick c) between 5 and 6 micrometers thick d) 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick

d) 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick

6. Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood. a) During normal activity, a molecule of hemoglobin returning to the lungs one molecule of O2. b) During conditions of acidosis, hemoglobin is able to carry oxygen more efficiently. c) Increased BPG levels in the red blood cells enhance oxygen-carrying capacity. d) A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal.

d) A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal.

Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood: a) During normal activity, a molecule of hemoglobin returning to the lungs carries one molecule of O2. b) Increased BPG levels in the red blood cells enhance oxygen-carrying capacity. c) During conditions of acidosis, hemoglobin is able to carry oxygen more efficiently. d) A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal.

d) A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal.

Why is the rate of CO2 exchange roughly equivalent to that of O2 despite its less steep pressure gradient? a) CO2 is actively transported into the alveoli. b) CO2 binds to O2 and moves across the respiratory membrane simultaneously. c) CO2 diffuses much more rapidly out of the cells. d) CO2 is more soluble in water than is O2.

d) CO2 is more soluble in water than is O2.

Select the correct statement about absorption. a) Carbohydrates diffuse across the villus epithelium and are then actively transported into blood capillaries. b) Eighty percent of ingested materials have been absorbed by the end of the large intestine. c) Amino acid transport is linked to chloride transport. d) If intact proteins are transported across the villus epithelium, an immune response may be generated.

d) If intact proteins are transported across the villus epithelium, an immune response may be generated.

Which of the following is not possible? a) Resistance equals pressure gradient over gas flow. b) The amount of gas flowing in and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the difference in pressure or pressure gradient between the external atmosphere and the alveoli. c) Gas flow equals pressure gradient over resistance. d) Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance.

d) Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance.

How is it possible to remove a section of lung without damaging neighboring sections? a) Lungs are actually composed of multiple separate structures each served by its own bronchus. b) Surgeons cauterize any freshly cut portion of the lung to seal it. c) It isn't possible to perform this type of surgery on lungs. d) The bronchopulmonary segments are separated from each other by connective tissue septa.

d) The bronchopulmonary segments are separated from each other by connective tissue septa.

The nose serves all the following functions except ________. a) as a passageway for air movement b) cleansing the air c) warming and humidifying the air d) as the initiator of the cough reflex

d) as the initiator of the cough reflex

A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsification agents, and phospholipids is ________. a) intestinal juice b) gastric juice c) pancreatic juice d) bile

d) bile

Red blood cells contain the enzyme ____, which catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid. a) oxidase b) catalase c) carbon dioxide acidase d) carbonic anhydrase

d) carbonic anhydrase

The most violent coughing is initiated when foreign objects contact the ______ of the trachea. a) mucosa b) trachealis muscle c) tracheal rings d) carina

d) carina

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________. a) active transport b) filtration c) osmosis d) diffusion

d) diffusion

Which of the following are types of papillae on the tongue that contain taste buds? a) fungiform, circumvallate, and filiform b) palatine and circumvallate c) circumvallate and filiform d) fungiform and circumvallate

d) fungiform and circumvallate

The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the ________. a) bile canaliculuc b) pancreatic acini c) portal vein d) hepatopancreatic ampulla

d) hepatopancreatic ampulla

The enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule is called ________. a) diffusion b) denatured c) active transport d) hydrolysis

d) hydrolysis

Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon? a) external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax b) diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax c) diaphragm contracts, internal intercostals would relax d) internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract

d) internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract

What stomach secretion is necessary for normal hemoglobin production in RBCs? a) HCl b) gastric lipase c) pepsinogen d) intrinsic factor

d) intrinsic factor

Which of the following is not characteristic of the large intestine? It ________. a) has haustra b) does not contain villi c) exhibits external muscular bands called teniae coli d) is longer than the small intestine

d) is longer than the small intestine

Men tend to have deeper voices than women because their vocal cords _____. a) are shorted and narrower b) have a narrower opening c) have a wider opening d) longer and thicker

d) longer and thicker

From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen. a) serosa, mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis externa b) muscularis externa, serosa, mucosa, and submucosa c) submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, and mucosa d) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

d) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

Which of the following does not influence hemoglobin saturation? a) temperature b) BPG c) carbon dioxide d) nitric acid

d) nitric acid

Which of the choices below is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin? a) partial pressure of oxygen b) partial pressure of carbon dioxide c) temperature d) number of red blood cells

d) number of red blood cells

People who have their adenoids removed to cut down on snoring are having their ______ removed. a) nasal septum b) choanae c) conchae d) pharyngeal tonsil

d) pharyngeal tonsil

Which of the following is not a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier? a) tight junctions of epithelial mucosa cells b) replacing of damaged epithelial mucosa cells c) thick coating of bicarbonate-rich mucus d) rennin

d) rennin

Even the most forceful exhalation leaves air in the lungs; this is called the ____ and is needed to ____. a) vital capacity; remove adequate CO2 b) functional residual capacity; keep alveoli patent c) tidal volume; acquire adequate CO2 d) residual volume; keep alveoli patent

d) residual volume; keep alveoli patent

The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to ________. a) replace mucus in the alveoli b) protect the lungs from bacterial invasion c) trap dust and other debris d) secrete surfactant

d) secrete surfactant

Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs? a) the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures b) compliance and transpulmonary pressures c) compliance and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid d) the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

d) the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

Unlike inspiration, expiration is a passive act because no muscular contractions are involved. Expiration, however, depends on two factors. Which of the choices below lists those two factors? a) combined amount of CO2 in the blood and air in the alveoli b) the negative feedback of expansion fibers used during inspiration and the outward pull of surface tension due to surfactant c) the expansion of respiratory muscles that were contracted during inspiration and the lack of surface tension on the alveolar wall d) the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid

d) the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid

8. Inspiratory capacity is ________. a) air inspired after tidal inhalation b) the total amount of exchangeable air c) functional residual capacity d) the total amount of air that can be inspired after tidal expiration

d) the total amount of air that can be inspired after tidal expiration

Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________. a) thalamic control b) stretch receptors in the alveoli c) composition of alveolar air d) voluntary cortical control

d) voluntary cortical control