Anatomy and Physiology Ch. 9

Synarthrosis

A ____ is an immobile joint.

Speed of movement, distance moved, and direction of applied force

Levers have the ability to alter which of the following? -Speed of movement -Distance moved -Direction of applied force -Energy of movement

Capitulum, head

One part of the elbow joint is the humeroradial joint where the ____ of the humerus articulate with the ____ of the radius.

Eversion

Some orthopedists and runners use the term foot pronation to describe ____.

Lateral collateral and fibular collateral

The ligament on the lateral side of the knee is called the ____ ligament. -Lateral collateral -Medial collateral -Fibular collateral -Tibial collateral

Osteoarthritis

The most common type of arthritis is ____.

Glenohumeral joint and hip joint

Which are classified as a ball-and-socket joint? -Thumb joint -Glenohumeral joint -Hip joint -Knee joint

Knee joints, glenohumeral, elbow, temporomandibular

Which are classified as synovial joints? -Knee joints -Glenohumeral -Elbow -Temporomandibular -Bodies of intervertebral joints

Hyperextension

____ is the extension of a joint beyond 180 degrees.

Sprain

A ____ is a stretching or tearing of ligaments without fracture or disclosure of the joint.

Synovial

A ____ joint has a fluid-filled joint cavity between articulating surfaces of the bones

Hinge

A ____ joint is a uniaxial joint in which the convex surface if one bone fits into the concave depression of the other bone.

Fibrous

A ____ joint occurs where bones are held together by dense regular connective tissue.

Os coxae

A common misconception with a 'broken hip' is that the ____ ____ is broken. Which is false.

Meniscus

A fibrocartilage in a joint (such as the pads located on the condyles of the tibia) is called a ____.

Fibrous

A joint in which articulating bones are joined by dense regular connective tissue is classified as a ____ joint.

The acromion appears more pointed

A noticeable surface deformity of a glenohumeral would be what?

First class

A playground teeter-totter is a common example of which class of lever system?

Acromioclavicular

A shoulder separation is the dislocation of the _____ joint.

Articular disc

A(n) ____ ____ partitions the sternoclavicular joint into two separate synovial cavities, increasing the mobility of the joint.

Amphiarthrosis

All symphyses are classified as ____, meaning they are slightly mobile.

Synchondrosis

An articulation in which bones are joined by hyaline cartilage is called a ____.

Medial meniscus

Because the tibial collateral ligament is attached to the ____ ____, it may be injured as well from a hit on the lateral side.

Flexion

Bending your fingers toward your palm to make a fist is an example of ____.

Gomphosis

Braces on this joint place mechanical stress on the osteoblasts and osteoclasts to modify the alveolus. Name the joint.

Nervous system

By monitoring stretch at a joint, the ____ ____ can detect changes in out posture and adjust body movements.

Costochondral

Costochondritis is caused by inflammation of the ____ joints, ad results in localized chest pain.

Does not

Cracking your knuckles ____ ____ cause arthritis.

Temporomandibular

Damage to the ____ joint may include headaches and sinus pressure.

Pain, stiffness, and swelling

Each form of arthritis presents he same symptoms; ____, _____ and ____. -Pain -Sprains -Fractions -Stiffness -Swelling

Condylar

Example of ____ joints are the metacarpophalangeal joints of fingers 2 through 5, most commonly called the 'knuckles.'

Symphysis

Fibrocartilage of a ____ resists compression and acts as a shock absorber.

Amphiarthrotic

How are syndesmoses classified in terms of mobility?

Synarthrosis

How is gomphosis characterized, in terms of movement?

Hyperextended

If you extend your arm and hand with the palm facing inferiorly, and then raise the back of your hand as if admiring a new ring on your finger, the wrist is said to be ____.

Second

Imagine a brick is sitting in the middle of a long board. You lift up one end of the board and allow the other end to pivot on the ground as you lift. You are lifting the bring using a ____ class lever system.

First

In the body, the atlanto-occipital joint is the function of a ____ class lever system.

Fibrocartilage

In the pubic symphysis, the two pubic bones are joined by a pad of ____.

Malleolus and malleolus

In the talocrural joint, the medial ____ of the tibia and lateral ____ of the fibula keep the talus from sliding side to side.

Medial blows to the knee are rare and the ligament is very strong

Injury to the fibular collateral ligament is fairly rare because -Lateral blows to the knee are rare -Medial blows to the knee are rare -The ligament is very strong -The ligament is very weak

Glenohumeral

Joints associated with movement of the shoulder include the sternoclavicualr joint, the acromioclavicular joint, and the ____ joint.

Synchondroses

Most costochondral joints between the ribs and the costal cartilage are classified as what types of joints?

Ulna; trochlea

One part of the elbow joint is where the trochlear notch of the ____ articulates with the ____ of the humerus.

Articular cartilage

Osteoarthritis is termed 'wear and tear arthritis' and is especially painful because bone rubs against bone as the ____ ____ breaks down first.

Costochondritis

Repeated coughing or overexertion during exercise may cause ____, resulting in localized chest pain.

Intercarpal joint and intertarsal joint

Select any examples of a plane joint. -Glenohumoral joint -Intercarpal joint -Intertarsal joint -Interosseous membrane

Intertarsal joint and intercarpal joint

Select any examples of plane joint. -Intertarsal joint -Interosseous membrane -Intercarpal joint -Glenohumoral joint

True

T/F: If you sit down and extend your leg at the knee, the weight if your leg acts as the resistance in a third class lever system.

True

T/F: In a shoulder separation, the acromion will appear unusually prominent.

False

T/F: Rheumatoid arthritis is typically seen in younger and middle-aged adults and is much more prevalent in men.

False

T/F: The acromioclavicular joint is known to be a relatively unstable joint.

False

T/F: The only gomphosis in the human body is between the radius and the ulna.

True

T/F: When the epiphyseal plate closes, a synchondrosis no longer exists.

Hyperextended

The ACL can be injured when the leg is ____.

Sensory nerves

The ____ ____ detect painful stimuli in the joint and report the amount of movement in the joint.

Retinacular fibers

The ____ ____ reflect around the neck of the femur to provide additional stability to the hip joint capsule.

PCL

The ____ becomes taut when it is flexed and prevents hyper flexion of the knee joint.

Temporomandibular

The ____ joint is the only mobile joint between skull bones.

Anterior

The ____cruciate ligament runs from the posterior femur to the anterior side of the tibia.

acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular

The acromioclavicular joint is strengthened by two ligaments, the ____ ligament, and the ____ ligament.

Synovial cavity

The arrow is pointing to the ____ ____ which contains the synovial fluid.

Synovial

The articulation between the sternum and the costal cartilage of ribs 2-7 is not a synchondrosis it is a ____ joint.

Synovial

The atlantoaxial joint between the first two cervical vertebrae is classified as a ____ joint.

Second

The axle of a wheelbarrow is he fulcrum in a ____ lever system.

Third

The biceps brachii muscle applies the effort in a ____ class lever system.

Joint cavity

The bones in a synovial joint are separated by a space called a ____ ____.

Pubic symphysis

The cartiliginous joint between the two pubic bones is called the ____ ____.

Head, acetabulum

The coxal joint is the articulation between the ____ of the femur and the ____ of the os coxae.

Medial

The deltoid ligament is also called the ____ ligament.

Glenoid cavity

The glenohumeral joint is between the head of the humerus and the ____ ____ of the scapula.

Less

The hip joint is more stable and ____ mobile than the glenohumeral joint because it supports the body weight.

Suture

The immobile joint between the bones of the skull is called a ____.

Synovial membrane

The joint capsule has an inner layer called the ____.

Tibiofemoral

The knee actually has two articulations, the ____ joint and the patellofemoral joint.

Medial collateral and tibial collateral

The ligament that supports the knee on the medial side is called the ____ ligament. -Fibular collateral -Medial collateral -Lateral collateral -Tibial collateral

Over-inversion

The most common type of ankle sprain is due to ____.

Third

The most common type of lever system in the body is the ____ class lever system.

Reposition

The opposite motion to "opposition" is ____.

Patellofemoral

The patella moves along the patellar surface of the femur in the ____ joint.

Joint

The place of contact between bone and cartilage or between bones and other bones is called a(n) ____.

Acromioclavicular

The plane joint between the acromion and the lateral end of the clavicle is the ____ joint.

Biomechanics

The practice of applying mechanical principles to biology is known as ____.

Articular cartilage

The repetitious compression/relaxation that occurs during exercise is vital for maintaining healthy ____ ____, which covers the ends of the articulating bones in a synovial joint.

Supraspinatus and infraspinatus and subscapularis and teres minor

The rotator cuff muscle includes which of the following? -Supraspinatus and infraspinatus -Subscapularis and teres minor -Teres major and deltoid -Latissimus dorsi and triceps brachii

Occipital, sphenoid

The spheno-occipital synchondrosis is found between the ____ and the ____ bone.

Saddle

The sternoclavicular joint is between the sternal end of the clavicle, the manubrium of the sternum, and the first costal cartilage is a _____ type of synovial joint.

Elevation

The superior movement of the mandible while closing the mouth is an example of ____.

Abducted

The tibial collateral ligament is frequently injured when he leg is forcibly ____ at the knee.

Spinal flexion, spinal extension, and lateral flexion

The types of movement that can occur between the vertebrae in the cervical and lumbar regions of the vertebral column are which of the following? -Spinal flexion -Spinal extension -Adduction and abduction -Lateral flexion

Posterior drawer test

To test for PCL injury, a physician gently pushes on the tibia while the knee is flexed. This is commonly called a '____ ____ ____' and too much posterior movement indicates a PCL tear.

Synovial fluid

What acts as a shock absorber when synovial joints are moving and pressure in the joint increases?

Supination

What is it called when the forearm rotates the palm anteriorly?

Pronation

What is it called when the forearm rotates the palm to the posterior?

Acromioclavicular joint

What joint is found at the location indicated by the arrow?

Synostoses

When bones have completely fused across the suture line, they become ____.

Synostoses

When bones have completely fused across the suture line, what used to be sutures are now called ____.

Adduction

When you bring your raised arm or thigh back toward the body midline, you are performing an ____.

Flexion

When you raise your arm anteriorly, it is called ____ of the shoulder.

Between the radius and ulna and between the tibia and fibula

Where are syndesmoses found in the body? -Between the radius and ulna -Between the carpals -Between the tibia and fibula -Between the vertebrae

Between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone

Where do you find synchondroses that are specific only to children?

Knee joint, elbow joint, and interphalangeal joints

Which are examples of hinge joints? -Knee joint -Intertarsal joints -Elbow joint -Interphalangeal joints -Intercarpal joints

Medial meniscus, anterior cruciate ligament, and tibial collateral ligament

Which are injured in the "unhappy triad" of knee injuries? -Medial meniscus -Lateral meniscus -Anterior cruciate ligament -Tibial collateral ligament

Epiphyseal plate and between rib/sternum

Which are locations of synchondroses? -Between pelvic bones -Between vertebrae -Epiphyseal plate -Between rib/sternum

The articular capsule is thick and the bony surfaces interlock very well

Which are reasons for the high stability of the elbow joint? -The joint has five articulations -The articular capsule is thick The bony surface of the elbow interlock very well

Between tibia and talus and between talus and fibula

Which of the following articulations are found in the talocrural (ankle) joint? -Between the tibia and talus -Between the tibia and calcaneus -Between talus and fibula

Shoulder

Which of the following is the most mobile joint?

Fulcrum between point of effort and point of resistance and effort arm and resistance arm may be the same length

Which of the following is true of a fist class lever system? -Fulcrum between point of effort and point of resistance -Effort arm and resistance arm may be same length -Effort arm is always shorter than resistance arm

A small force balances a larger resistance and the effort arm is always longer than resistance arm

Which of the following is/are true of second class lever system? -A small force balances a larger resistance -Point of effort is aways between fulcrum and point of load -The effort is always longer than resistance arm

Syndesmosis

Which type of joint would one find between the radius and the ulna?

Fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage

Which type(s) of cartilage can be found in cartilaginous joints? -Elastic cartilage -Fibrocartilage -Hyaline cartilage

Hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage

Which type(s) of cartilage can be found in cartilaginous joints? -Elastic cartilage -Hyaline cartilage -Fibrocartilage

Tendon sheaths

____ ____ are elongated bursae that wrap around tendons where there may be excessive friction.

Fat pads

____ ____ are often found distributed along the periphery of synovial joints and acts as packing material to provide protection for the joint.

Tendons

____ are composed of dense regular connective tissue and attach muscles to bones.

Ligaments

____ are composed of dense regular connective tissue that connect one bone to another.

Sutures

____ are immobile (synarthrotic)fibrous joints that are found between the bones of the skull.

Rheumatoid

____ arthritis is an autoimmune disorder.

Ligaments

____ connect bones together and reinforce more synovial joints.

Plantar

____ flexion occurs when a ballerina stands on her tiptoes.

Inversion

____ involves turning the sole of the foot medially.

Circumduction

____ is a sequence of movements in which the proximal end of the appendage remains relatively stationary while the distal end makes a circular motion.

Gliding

____ is a simple movement in which two opposing surfaces slide slightly back-and-forth or side-to-side with respect to one another

Supination

____ is shown in the figure. The palm of the hand is turning from a posterior position to an anterior position.

Depression

____ is the inferior movement of a part of the body.

Pronation

____ is the medial rotation of the forearm so that the palm of the hand is directed posteriorly or interiorly.

Flexion

____ is the movement in an anterior-posterior plane that decreases the angle between the articulating bones.

Extension

____ is the movement in an anterior-posterior plane that increase the angle between the articulating bones.

Adduction

____ means to 'move toward' and is the medial movement of a body part toward the midline of the body.

abduction

____ menas to 'move away' and is lateral movement of a body part away from the body midline.

Dorsiflexion

____ occurs when the ankle joint is bent such that the superior surface of the foot and toes moves toward the leg.

Supination

____ occurs when the forearm rotates laterally so the palm faces anteriorly or superiorly.

Medial

____ rotation turns the anterior surface of the femur or humerus medially.

Synovial fluid

_____ ____ lubricates the articular cartilage of articulating bones in a synovial joint.