Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 17

this hormone's primary function is to regulate metabolism? a. calcitonin b. thyroid hormone c. growth hormone d. glucagon

B. Thyroid hormone regulates the basal metabolic rate of the body.

the pancreas is composed of a. endocrine and exocrine tissue b. endocrine tissue only c. exocrine tissue only d. neither endocrine or exocrine tissue

A

All of the following hormones are released from the hypothalamus to control the anterior pituitary gland except a. growth-releasing hormone b. antidiuretic hormone c. prolactin-releasing hormone d. corticotropin-releasing hormone

B

a tropic hormone released from the anterior pituitary is a. glucagon b.growth hormone c. melatonin d. epinephrine

B

the action of hydrophyillic hormones may include all of the following except a. activation or inihibiton of enzymatic pathways b. formation of hormone-responsive element. c. muscle contraction or relaxation d. stimulation of cellular secretions

B

Thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates the a. anterior pituitary to release its hormones b. hypothalamus to release its hormones c. thyroid gland to release its hormones d. all of these are correct

C

the enzymatic pathways for synthesizing glycogen from individual glucose molecules occurs in liver and muscle cells and is called a. glycogenolysis b. gluconeogenisis c. glycogenisis d. lipogenesis

C

What are the primary target organs/tissues of cortisol? describe the effect on each.

Cortisol stimulates gluconeogenisis in the liver and lipolysis in adipocytes. subsequently it causes the catabolism of proteins and release of amino acids from all other tissues.

Glucocorticoids (cortisol) are produced int he adrenal cortex to help regulate a. Na and D levels in body fluids b. blood pressure c. calcium levels in the blood d. glucose levels in the blood

D

which of the following are components of intracellular enzyme cascades initiated by hydrophyllic hormones? a. g proteins b. cAMP c. protein kinase enzymes d. all of these are correct

D. G protein-coupled receptors, cAMP, and protein kinases are all involved in second messenger systems.

Which of the following is not a general process controlled by the endocrine system? a. development, growth, and metabolism b. control of reproductive activities c. maintenance of homeostasis of blood composition d. programmed cell death/destruction of aged cells

D. the endocrine system is not directly involved in programmed cell death.

How do GHRH, GH, and IGF function together regulate growth?

Growth hormone is released from the anterior pituitary in response to growth hormone-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus. growth hormone stimulated the release of insulin-like growth factor from the liver, with both hormones having a synergistic effect on target cells. As levels of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor increase in the blood, they provide for negative feedback by inhibiting further release of growth hormone-releasing hormone from the pituitary gland.

where are lipid-soluble hormone receptors located? what is the general cellular change that occurs with binding of a lipid-soluble hormone?

Lipid-soluble hormone receptors are usually located within the cytosol or nucleus. when formed, the hormone-receptor complex usually binds to DNA to initiate transcription.

what are the primary target tissues/organs of TH? describe the effect on each.

Thyroid hormone increases protein synthesis and glucose uptake in all cells, especially neurons where it stimulates the production of the sodium-potassium pump. They also increased glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver and lypolysis i adipose tissue.

what general changes occur to the ability of endocrine glands to produce hormones as we age?

aging reduces the efficiency of the endocrine system functions, and often normal levels of hormones decrease.

What is the relationship of hormone synthesis to the concentration of that hormone in the blood?

as the rate of synthesis and release increases, the concentration of the hormone within the blood increases

what is the stimulus, receptor, control center, and effector response to the release of insulin? indicate what happens t the nutrient levels in the blood.

beta cells in the pancreas detect increased levels of blood glucose and respond by releasing insulin. insulin causes the uptake of glucose by tissues of the body, thereby lowering the levels of glucose in the blood. as blood glucose levels decrease, beta cells stop the release of insulin. in this scenario, blood glucose levels are the stimulus pancreatic beta cells are both the receptor and the control center, and insulin is the effector.

discuss the homeostatic system involving insulin

beta cells in the pancreas detect increased levels of blood glucose, and respond by releasing insulin. insulin causes the uptake of glucose by tissues of the body, thereby lowering the levels of glucose in the blood. as blood glucose levels decrease, beta cells stop the release of insulin.

which of these hormones causes release of glucose into the blood: growth hormone, thyroid hormone, cortisol, insulin, or glucagon?

glucagon causes the release of glucose into the blood

Identify the nutrient (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids) that enters the blood as a result of (a) glycogeolysis and gluconeogenisis, (b) lipolysis, and (c) protein catabolism.

glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis result in increased blood glucose, lypolysis introduces fatty acids and glycerol into the blood, and protein catabolism results in increased amino acids in the blood

what are the three primary target organs/tissues of GH and IGF? describe the effect on each.

growth hormone and insulin-like hormone increased protein synthesis, mitosis, and cell differentiation-especially in cartilage, bone, and muscle. They also increased glycogenolysis and gluconeogenisis in the liver and lypolysis in adipose tissue.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH) stimulates the adrenal cortex to release its hormones. This is an example of what type of stimulation (a) hormonal (b) humoral, or (c) nervous?

hormonal stimulation

explain the tree mechanisms used to stimulate hormone release from a target cell to initiate an endocrine reflex.

hormone release may be stimulated through stimulation by the nervous system (nervous), by other hormones (hormonal), or in response to levels of molecules in the blood (humoral).

identify the three chemical classes of hormones and give an example of each. most hormones belong to which class?

hormones may be steroids such as cortisol, proteins such as parathyroid hormone, or biogenic amines such as norephinephrine. steroid hormones are most common.

explain how the hypothalamus oversees and controls endocrine system function of the anterior pituitary

hormones produced in the endocrine tissue of the hypothalamus travel through the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system to the anterior pituitary gland, where they stimulate the release of trophic hormones

is the stimulus for insulin and glucagon release from the pancreas hormonal, humoral, or nervous?

humoral

What is the relationship of CRH, ACTH, and cortisol?

in response to stress corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is released from the hypothalamus into the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system. CRH causes the release of adrenocortiocptropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary. ACTH causes the release of cortisol from the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. increasing levels of coritsol inhibit the release of CRH and ACTH.

One of the general functions of the endocrine system is to maintain homeostasis of blood composition and volume. identify the hormones that regulate the following; (a) blood glucose (b) blood calcium (c) blood sodium?

insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose levels, Vitamin D, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone affect blood calcium levels. Atrial natriuretic hormone and aldosterone regulate blood sodium levels.

explain the function of carrier proteins in transporting lipid-soluble hormones in the blood, and how these hormones interact with cells.

lipid-soluble hormones do not readily dissolve within the aqueous environment of the blood, and are transported by carrier molecules. hormone molecules continuously bind to the carrier molecule, detach from the carrier, and float free within the blood. carrier proteins also protect hormone molecules from early destruction.

why are carrier proteins necessary for lipid-soluble hormones?

lipid-soluble hormones do not readily dissolve withing the aqueous environment of the blood. Thus, their transport in the blood requires carrier proteins.

describe how local hormones differ from circulating hormones

local hormones do not enter the circulatory or lymphatic systems, and only affect the surrounding tissue. circulating hormones enter circulation and travel through the body.

Diabetes mellitus is noted by sustained high blood glucose levels. which of the four functions listed is the most directly affected?

maintaining the homeostasis of blood compositon, specifically blood glucose levels, is affected during diabetes mellintus

How is ADH released from the posterior pituitary when the hypothalamus detects and increade in blood osmolarity (concentration)?

neurosecretory cells within the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus produce ADH, and transport the hormone in secretory vesicles along axons to terminal buds in the posterior pituitary gland, from where they can be released.

explain how the hypothalamus oversees and controls endocrine system function of the posterior pituitary

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones are produced by neurons within the hypothalamus, transported through axons of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract to the posterior pituitary gland, where thy are stored and eventually released as endocrine secretions

why is the pancreas considered both and exocrine gland and an endocrine gland?

pancreatic acini produce pancreatic juice as an exocrine secretion into the digestive tract. Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas produce the endocrine hormones insulin and glucagon.

leukotrienes from damaged tissue cause smooth muscle in local blood vessels to vasodialate (increase the diameter of the vessel lumen) is this an example of (a) autocrine stimulation or (b) paracrine stimulation? Explain.

paracrine stimulation

What is the specific role of the protein kinase enzymes in the signal transduction pathway initiated by water-soluble hormones?

protein kinases phosphorlyate molecules, either activating or deactivating them.

identify which of the following hormone categories is lipid-soluble; (a) reproductive hormones produced in the gonads, (b) adrenal cortex hormones, and (c) thyroid hormone?

reproductive hormones produced in the gonads, adrenal cortex hormones, and thyroid hormones are all lipid-soluble.

What effects are seen when hormones act synergistically?

synergistic interaction occurs when the activity of one hormone reinforces the activity of another hormone.

what two events or processes associated with a hormone are influenced by whether a hormone is lipid-soluble or water-soluble.

the difference in solubility influences both the transport of the hormone and how it interacts with its target cells.

list four primary functions of the endocrine system

the endocrine system maintains homeostasis of blood composition and volume, controls reproductive and digestive processes, and regulates development, growth, and metabolism.

How does the endocrine system differ from the nervous system with respect to their target cells?

the nervous system targets specific neurons, muscles, or glands. the endocrine system targets all cells in the body that have a specific receptor

Describe similarities and differences between the endocrine system and the nervous system in their method of operation and effects

the nervous system targets specific neurons, muscles, or glands. the endocrine system targets all cells in the body that have a specific receptor. both system s release chemical messengers to stimulate target cells. neurons of the ervous system release neurotransmitters at specific target cells, whereas endocrine glands release their hormones into the blood.

How does down-regulation of cellular receptors change responsiveness to a given hormone?

the number of receptor molecules available for hormone binding directly influences the degree of cellular response. A cell may decrease its number of receptors and reduce its sensitivity to a hormone through down-regulation.

What are the major endocrine organs in the human body? what are the organs that have another primary function and contain endocrine cells?

the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pineal, and parathyroid glads are endocrine organs. The hypothalamus, skin, heart, thymus, stomach, pancreas, liver, small intestine, kidneys, testes, and ovaries have other function along with endocrine function

What is the anatomic connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary?

the posterior pituitary is attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum.

What are the six primary hormones released form the anterior pituitary? how is the release of each of these hormones regulated by the hypothalamus?

thyroid-stimulating hormone is released in response to thyrotropin-stimulating hormone. prolacid is released in response to prolactin-releasing hormone. follicle-stimulating hormone is leutinizing hormone are released in response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone. adrenocorticotropic hormone is released in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone. Finally, growth hormone is released in response to growth hormone-releasing hormone.

What is the relationship of TRH, TSH, and TH in regulating metabolism?

thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is produced within the hypothalamus and released into thehypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system. TRH causes the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary gland. TSH binds to the surface of follicular cells within the thyroid gland, permitting the release of thyroid hormone into the blood. thyroid hormone inhibits the further release of TRH and TSH, providing for negative feedback.

describe how water-soluble hormones interact with cells.

water-soluble hormones cannot enter the cell. they must bind to a receptor on the extracellular surface of the membrane, which will transduce the stimulus into the cell, and activate a second messenger system.