Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 18

The first phase in hemostasis is A) vascular spasm. B) elimination of clots. C) coagulation. D) platelet plug formation.

A

The formation of a web-like polymer of fibrin occurs late in the ________ pathway. A) common B) extrinsic C) intrinsic

A

The process of ______________ is the third and final phase of _______________, where the protein fibrin forms a meshwork that catches other elements of the blood. A)coagulation; hemostasis B)platelet plug formation; hemostasis C)coagulation; hematopoiesis D)platelet plug formation; hematopoiesis

A

The temperature of blood is about _________ than measured body temperature. A) 1° C higher B) 10° C higher C) 1° C lower D) 10° C lower

A

When trying to diagnose an infection that alters the percentages of leukocyte types found in the blood, it is useful for clinicians to perform A)a white blood cell differential count. B)a red blood cell differential count. C)a total cell count for red and white blood cells. D)blood typing.

A

If a blood clot was removed from the body and analyzed for its contents, what would be found? Select all that apply. A) Fibrin B) Erythrocytes C) Hemocytoblasts D) Leukocytes E) Megakaryocytes F) Platelets

A, B, D, F

As a platelet plug forms at an injury site, platelets become activated and their cytosol A)degranulates as they release chemicals such as ADP and thromboxane A2. B)degranulates as they release chemicals such as fibrinogen and prothrombin. C)becomes granular as they take up chemicals such as ADP and thromboxane A2. D)becomes granular as they take up chemicals such as fibrinogen and prothrombin.

A

The clinical definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of A) erythrocytes in theblood. B) leukocytes in theblood. C) platelets in theblood. D) plasma in theblood. E) all formed elementsin the blood.

A

To compensate for significant blood loss, the autonomic nervous system triggers A)vasoconstriction and an increase in heart rate. B)vasoconstriction and a decrease in heart rate. C)vasodilation and an increase in heart rate. D)vasodilation and a decrease in heart rate.

A

When blood oxygen is _____, erythropoietinis released, which ______ production of erythrocytes. A) low; stimulates B) high; stimulates C) low; inhibits D) high; inhibits

A

Which clotting pathway involves more steps and takes more time (approximately 5 minutes)? A) The intrinsic pathway B) The extrinsic pathway

A

Which depicts the order of cell formation in erythropoiesis? a: Proerythroblast b: Normoblast c: Myeloid stem cell d: Reticulocyte e: Erythroblast f: Mature erythrocyte A) c, a, e, b, d, f B) a, b, c, e, d, f C) a, c, d, b, e, f D) c, b, a, d, e, f E) c, a, b, e, d, f

A

Congenital hemolytic anemia is A)when destruction of erythrocytes is more rapid than normal. B)when there is an inherited anemia associated with a defect in iron uptake. C)caused by a failure of the body to absorb Vitamin B12. D)characterized by a large number of immature, nucleated cells. E)characterized by significantly decreased formation of erythrocytes and hemoglobin due to defective red bone marrow.

A

During platelet plug formation, platelets begin to stick to A)collagen with the assistance of von Willebrand factor. B)collagen with the assistance of prothrombin. C)prostacyclin with the assistance of activated factor V. D)prostacyclin with the assistance of thromboxane A2. E)proconvertin with the assistance of factor IX.

A

Glucose is a A) polar molecule,and therefore it dissolves readily in plasma. B) polar molecule,and therefore it requires a transporter in the blood. C) nonpolar molecule,and therefore it dissolves readily in plasma. D) nonpolar molecule,and therefore it requires a transporter in the blood.

A

If agglutination occurs after a blood transfusion, it may indicate A)the wrong blood type was used. B)the recipient had type AB blood. C)there were no agglutinins (antibodies) in the recipient blood. D)the donor had type O blood.

A

In many of the elderly, leukocytes appear to be A)decreased in number and less efficient. B)decreased in number but more efficient. C)increased in number but more efficient. D)increased in number and more efficient.

A

One of the unhealthy effects of blood doping is to A) increase theviscosity of the blood. B) decrease the bloodpressure in the arteries. C) decrease theoxygen carrying capacity of the blood. D) increase thecarbon dioxide carrying capacity of the blood. E) increase theoxygen carrying capacity of the blood.

A

The "buffy coat" in a centrifuged blood sample is composed of A) platelets andleukocytes. B) leukocytes. C) platelets. D) erythrocytes. E) erythrocytes andleukocytes.

A

The agglutinogens (or antigens) that determine the ABO and Rh blood types are A)found on the surface of erythrocytes. B)found in the cytosol of the erythrocytes. C)located on the surface of the leukocytes. D)located in the cytosol of the leukocytes. E)part of the reticular connective tissue of the spleen.

A

Beta-globulins transport ________, whereas gamma-globulins are ________. A) antibodies,lipids B) iron ions,antibodies C) lipids, heavymetals D) oxygen, clottingproteins E) clotting factors, hormones

B

Blood is correctly classified as a(n) A) organ. B) tissue. C) organ system. D) intracellularfluid.

B

How many oxygen molecules may bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin? A)2 B)4 C)6 D)8 E)16

B

If a patient becomes dehydrated, the percentage of plasma in a centrifuged sample of his or her blood would likely A) increase. B) decrease. C) not change.

B

In fetal development, hemocytoblasts begin to colonize red mone marrow at approximately A) 10 days. B) 10 weeks. C) 5 months. D) 8 months.

B

In hematopoiesis, granulocytes such as neutrophils are formed from the _________ line. A) lymphoid B) myeloid C) monocyte D) killer cell

B

In young children, hematopoiesis occurs in most of their bones, but in adult hood it primarily occurs in A)long bones of the hands and feet. B)flat bones of the axial skeleton. C)short bones of the appendicular skeleton. D)the liver and spleen.

B

Leukocytesare the _______ of the formed elements, and leukocytes have ______________. A) largest, nonucleus B) largest, prominentnuclei C) smallest, nonucleus D) smallest,prominent nuclei

B

One of the functions of blood is to regulate fluid levels in the body. If too much fluid escapes from the bloodstream and enters the tissues, blood pressure will A) increase. B) decrease.

B

Oxygen-poor blood is _________ in color. A) bright red B) dark red C) light blue D) dark blue

B

Platelets play a key role in _________, but if they are not used they are broken down after about ________ days. A) hemostasis,120 B) hemostasis, 9 C) hematopoiesis,120 D) hematopoiesis,9

B

Prostacyclin is an eicosanoid that acts as a A)plateletattractant .B)plateletrepellant.

B

The carbon dioxide molecules that bind to the hemoglobin molecule are attached to the __________ units. A) heme B) globin C) iron D) calcium

B

The first phase of hemostasis involves A)blood vessel dilation. B)blood vessel constriction. C)release of procoagulants. D)fibrinolysis.

B

The globulins make up about ________ percent of all plasma proteins. A) 58 B) 37 C) 4 D) 1 E) 85

B

The main function of leukocytes is to A)trigger allergies. B)defend against pathogens. C)carry oxygen through the blood. D)carry carbon dioxide through the blood. E)form clots.

B

The process of producing the formed elements of blood is called A) leukopenia. B) hematopoiesis. C) leukocytosis. D) erythroblastosis. E) agglutination.

B

The reason it is more appropriate to call an erythrocyte a "formed element" rather than a "cell" is that erythrocytes A) are actuallydead. B) lack a nucleus andorganelles. C) have lots ofinclusion molecules. D) are not red.

B

The viscosity of blood is ________ proportional to the number of erythrocytes and _______ proportional to the amount of fluid. A) directly,directly B) directly,indirectly C) indirectly,indirectly D) indirectly,directly

B

Typically, an adult's body contains _______ of blood. A) 1 liter B) 5 liters C) 10 liters D) 15 liters

B

Which are characteristic of leukocytes? a: Smaller than erythrocytes b: Have a nucleus c: Have no hemoglobin d: More numerous than erythrocytes e: Depending on type, may or may not contain granules A) a, b, c, d B) b, c, e C) b, c, d, e D) a, b, c, d, e E) a, b, e

B

Which are characteristics of type O blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen O on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes A)a, b, c B)a, b, e C)b, c, e D)b, c, d E)c

B

Which arethe least numerous of the leukocytes? A)Eosinophils B)Basophils C)Monocytes D)Lymphocytes E)Neutrophils

B

Which clotting pathway involves the combining of thromboplastin (factor III) with factor VII and calcium? A)The intrinsic pathway B)The extrinsic pathway C)The common pathway D)Each of the three pathways (intrinsic, extrinsic, and common).

B

Which events occur during the recycling of aged or damaged erythrocytes? (Order is not important.) a: The heme group is converted into biliverdin. b: Bilirubin is placed in long-term storage in the liver. c: The iron ions in hemoglobin are removed. d: The iron ions are stored in the liver. e: The iron ions are stored in the red bone marrow. f: Membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down and reused. g: The erythrocyte contents, excluding the globins, are excreted unchanged via the digestive tract. A)a, b, c, e, f B)a, c, d, f C)a, b, c, g D)c, d, g E)c, e, g

B

Which type of leukocyte releases histamine? A) Eosinophil B) Basophil C) Lymphocyte D) Neutrophil E) Monocyte

B

A comparison of the clinical hematocrit and true hematocrit would indicate that A) the clinicalhematocrit is much larger. B) the truehematocrit is much larger. C) their values arevery similar.

C

A malnourished person might have abnormally low levels of plasma proteins. As a result, colloid osmotic pressure A) increases, andthere is fluid retention in the interstitial space. B) increases, and soblood volume is abnormally high. C) decreases, andthere is fluid retention in the interstitial space. D) decreases, and soblood volume is abnormally high.

C

How many globins (protein building blocks) are found in a single hemoglobin molecule? A)1 B)2 C)4 D)6 E)8

C

Sodium, calcium, andbicarbonate are all described as plasma A) solvents. B) nutrients. C) electrolytes. D) proteins. E) formed elements.

C

T-lymphocytes are a category of A) eosinophils. B) basophils. C) lymphocytes. D) neutrophils. E) monocytes.

C

The most numerous of the formed elements are the A) neutrophils. B) platelets. C) erythrocytes. D) basophils. E) albumins.

C

The smallest and most abundant plasma proteins are the A) globulins. B) endocrinehormones. C) albumins. D) fibrinogens. E) prothrombins.

C

The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a(n) A)eosinophil. B)basophil. C)monocyte. D)lymphocyte. E)neutrophil.

C

Vascular spasms last A)a few milli seconds when tissue damage is moderate. B)almost a full minute when tissue damage is extensive. C)several minutes when tissue damage is extensive. D)several hours when tissue damage is moderate.

C

When over 10% of the body's blood has been lost, a survival response occurs involving activation of the ________ nervous system. A)parasympathetic B)somatic C)sympathetic

C

Which of the following is a step within the common pathway of blood clotting? A)Factor IIIcombines with factor VII. B)Factor XIIconverts inactive factor XI to active factor XI. C)Prothrombin isa ctivated to thrombin. D)Calcium combines with factor IX.

C

Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of leukocytes and antibodies? A) Regulation B) Prevention C) Protection D) Transportation

C

An individual's hematocrit would vary with A) age. B) sex. C) altitude. D) All of the choices are correct.

D

Fibrinolysis involves ________ of the fibrin framework, and it involves the protein _______. A)construction,thrombokinase B)construction,plasmin C)construction,actinomyosin D)destruction,plasmin E)destruction, thrombokinase

D

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates the production of A) granulocytes fromtheir progenitors. B) erythrocytes frommyeloid stem cells. C) megakaryocytes andplatelets. D) monocytes frommonoblasts. E) erythrocyte progenitor cells.

D

Old erythrocytes are phagocytized in the A)liver. B)spleen. C)lung. D)liver and spleen. E)spleen and lung.

D

Plasma makes up about ______ percent of a centrifuged sample of whole blood. A) 25 B) 35 C) 45 D) 55 E) 75

D

The growth factor that increases the formation of erythrocytes, all classes of granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets from myeloid stem cells is A)EPO. B)M-CSF. C)G-CSF. D)Multi-CSF. E)GM-CSF.

D

The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach to A) only oxygen. B) only carbondioxide. C) only nitrogen. D) both oxygen andcarbon dioxide. E) oxygen, carbondioxide, and nitrogen.

D

The life span of an erythrocyte is about _________ days. A)10 B)30 C)60 D)120 E)360

D

The type of leukocyte that is very active during a bacterial infection is a(n) A)eosinophil. B)basophil. C)lymphocyte. D)neutrophil. E)monocyte.

D

When blood is centrifuged and its components separate, the bottom of the tube holds the A) electrolytes andwaste products. B) buffy coat. C) monocytes. D) erythrocytes. E) platelets. F) plasma.

D

Which are characteristic of type A blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen B on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes f: Will agglutinate with blood type B A) b, c, d, f B) a, c, d, f C) a, d, f D) b, c, f E) a, c, f

D

Which are characteristic of type Rh negative blood? a: Always has Rh (anti-D) antibodies b: Only under certain conditions will Rh (anti-D) antibodies be present c: Always has Rh (D) antigen d: Only under certain conditions will the Rh (D) antigen be present e: Is inherited independent of the ABO group A)a, c B)b, c, e C)a, d, e D)b, e E)a, e

D

Which arethe most numerous of the leukocytes? A) Eosinophils B) Basophils C) Lymphocytes D) Neutrophils E) Monocytes

D

Which most closely approximates the percentage of water in plasma by weight? A) 1% B) 25% C) 46% D) 92% E) 98%

D

Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of carbon dioxide and endocrine hormones? A) Regulation B) Protection C) Prevention D) Transportation

D

Blood plasma is slightly _______; if pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of_______ . A) acidic,glucose B) acidic,proteins C) acidic,glycogen D) basic, glucose E) basic, proteins

E

Extensions from megakaryocytes that extend through blood vessel walls in red marrow are sliced off from the cells by the force of blood flow. These extensions are A) reticulocytes. B) promegakaryocytes. C) myeloid stemcells. D) lateerythroblasts. E) proplatelets.

E

Which is going to result in significant agglutination? A)Donor is type A, recipient has antibody anti-B B)Donor is type B, recipient has antibody anti-A C)Donor is type O, recipient is Type O D)Donor is type A, recipient is type AB E)Donor is type AB, recipient is type B

E

Which leukocytes are derived from the myeloid line? A)Neutrophils B)Basophils and eosinophils C)Lymphocytes and monocytes D)Lymphocytes E)Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes

E

Which leukocytes are granulocytes? a: Neutrophils b: Eosinophils c: Lymphocytes d: Monocytes e: Basophils f: Erythrocytes A)a, b, c B)b, d, e C)a, b, e, f D)c, d E)a, b, e

E