Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 5.3 - 5.4

Bursitis

"water on the knee", pain due to the inflammation of bursae or a synovial membrane

glenoid cavity

*in scapula* a shallow socket that receives the head of the arm bone in the lateral angle

suprascapular notch

*in scapula* medial to the coracoid process; a nerve passageway

coracoid process

*in scapula* small hook-like structure on the lateral edge of the superior anterior portion of the scapula; with the acromion, serves to stabilize the shoulder joint

Acromion

*in scapula* the enlarged lateral end of the spine of the scapula; outward extension of the shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder

acrominoclavicular joint

*in scapula* the place where the acromion connects with the clavicle laterally

lateral malleolus

*on fibula* forms the outer part of the ankle; distal end of the fibula

anterior border

*on tibia* The anterior surface of the tibia is a sharp ridge that is unprotected by muscles; thus, it is easily felt beneath the skin

medial malleolus

*on tibia* distal process on medial tibial surface; forms the inner bulge of the ankle

tibial tuberosity

*on tibia* point where the patellar ligament attaches; a roughened area on the anterior tibial surface

Trochlea

*part of the humerus* at the distal end of the humerus; looks like a spool; articulates the forearm

capitulum

*part of the humerus* can be outlined with a 'C' from anterior view; articulates the forearm

coronoid fossa

*part of the humerus* depression above the trochlea anteriorly

deltoid tuberosity

*part of the humerus* in the midpoint of the shaft; roughened area where the large, fleshy deltoid muscle of the shoulder attaches

anatomical neck

*part of the humerus* inferior to the head; portion of the body connecting the head to the thorax that contains the trachea and esophagus

olecranon fossa

*part of the humerus* posterior surface above the trochlea

radial groove

*part of the humerus* runs obliquely down the posterior aspect of the shaft; marks the course of the radial nerve (an important nerve of the upper limb)

intertubercular sulcus

*part of the humerus* the greater tubercle and lesser tubercle; sites of muscle attachment

surgical neck

*part of the humerus* the most frequently fractured part of the humerus; distal to the tubercles

Talus

Ankle bone

hand

Consists of the carpals, the metacarpals, and the phalanges

bony pelvis

The 4 bones of the pelvis that make up the lower part of the trunk of the body; serves to support the upper body and protect the pelvic organs.

sacroiliac joint

The connection point between the pelvis and the vertebral column. where the ilium connects posteriorly with the sacrum

characteristics of male and female pelvises

The female inlet is larger and more circular. The female pelvis as a whole is shallower, and the bones are lighter and thinner. The female ilia flare more laterally, giving women curvy hips. The female sacrum is shorter and less curved. The female ischial spines are shorter and farther apart; thus, the outlet is larger. The female pubic arch is more rounded because the angle of the pubic arch is greater

Fibula

The lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg; lies alongside the tibia laterally; forms joints with it both proximally and distally; thin and sticklike; has no part in forming the knee joint

appendicular skeleton

The portion of the skeleton that attaches to the axial skeleton and has the limbs attached to it; composed of 126 bones in the limbs (appendages) and the pectoral and pelvic girdles

makeup of the foot

The sole is formed of five metatarsals, and fourteen phalanges form the toes Each toe had three phalanges, except for the great toe which has two The bones are arranged to form 3 strong arches - 2 longitudinal (medial/lateral) and one transverse Ligaments bind the

leg

The tibia and fibula form the skeleton of the leg

Dislocation

a bone is forced out of its normal position in the joint cavity

gouty arthritis (gout)

a disease in which uric acid accumulates in the blood and may be deposited as needle-shaped crystals in the soft tissue of the joints, leading to an agonizingly painful attack that typically affects the great toe; most common in men over 30, untreated it can lead to the fusing of bone ends, immobilizing the joint

ischial tuberosity

a roughened area that receives body weight when you are sitting

greater sciatic notch

allows blood vessels and the large sciatic nerve to pass from the pelvis posteriorly into the thigh; Injections in the buttock should always be given well away from this area to avoid possible nerve damage

Symphyses

amphiarthrotic (slightly moveable) joints linked by discs of fibrocartilage

Pannus

an abnormal tissue that clings to and erodes articular cartilage; type of rheumatoid arthritis

iliac crest

an important anatomical landmark that is always kept in mind by those who give intramuscular injections; ends anteriorly in the anterior superior iliac spine and posteriorly in the posterior superior iliac spine; small inferior spines are located below these

obturator foramen

an opening that allows blood vessels and nerves to pass into the anterior part of the thigh; fusion of the rami of the pubis anteriorly and the ischium posteriorly forms a bar of bone enclosing it

distinguishing features of synovial joints

articular cartilage, articular capsule, joint cavity, reinforcing ligaments

Phalanges

bones of the fingers and toes; each hand contains fourteen; three in each finger/toe, except in the thumb/greater toe, which only has two

Metacarpals

bones of the hand; numbered one to five from the thumb side of the hand toward the little finger; when the fist is clenched, the heads become obvious as the knuckles

carpal bones

bones of the wrist; there are eight arranged in two irregular rows of four bones each, bound together by ligaments that restrict movements

styloid process

both the ulna and the radius have one at their distal end

talus and calcanus

carry body weight; allow the pointing of the toes

pubic symphysis

cartilaginous joint formed at the anterior of the two hip bones where the pubis bones articulate

rheumatoid arthritis

chronic inflammatory disorder; usually occurs in people ages 40 to 50; affects 3x as many women as men; many joints (mainly those in the fingers, wrists, ankles, and feet) are affected at the same time and usually in a symmetrical manner

Clavicle

collar bone; slender, doubly curved bones; each one attaches to the manubrium of the sternum medially (at its sternal end) and to the scapula laterally, where they help to form the shoulder joint; acts as a brace to hold the arm away from the top of the thorax, helps prevent shoulder dislocation; when broken, the whole shoulder region caves in medially

foot

composed of the tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges; supports our body weight and serves as a lever that allows us to propel our bodies forward when we walk/run

pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle)

composite of two bones (scapula and clavicle) that attach the upper limb to the axial skeleton

posteriorly on the femur

condyles are separated by the deep intercondylar fossa

articular cartilage

covers the ends of the bones forming the joint

arthritis

describes over 100 different inflammatory or degenerative diseases in damaged joint; all have the same initial symptoms of pain, stiffness, and swelling of the joint

saddle joint

each articular surface has both convex and concave areas (like a saddle for a horse), biaxial, allow essentially the same movements as condylar joints, ex: the carpometacarpal joints in the thumb

tendon sheaths

essentially an elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction (like a bun around a hotdog)

structural joints

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial; Classifications are based on whether fibrous tissue, cartilage, or a joint cavity separates the bony regions at the joint

bursae

flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid; common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together

interosseous membrane

flexible fibrous connective tissue attachment connects the radius and ulna, and the tibia and fibula along their lengths

forearm

formed by radius and ulna

hip bone

formed by the fusion of three bones (the ilium, ischium, and pubis)

tarsus

forms the posterior half of the foot, composed of several tarsal bones

diarthroses

freely movable joints; type of functional joint

synovial joints

freely movable joints; type of structural joint; joints in which the articulating bone ends are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid, all joints of the limbs

outlet

he inferior opening of the pelvis measured between the ischial spines

calcaneus

heel bone

pelvic girdle

hip bones; incomplete bony basin formed by two coxal bones (hip bones) and the sacrum; the bones are large and heavy, and attached to the L5 lumbar vertebra With the coccyx, the pelvic girdle forms the pelvis

functions of joints

hold bones together, allow for mobility

synarthroses

immovable joints; type of functional joint

fibrous joints

immovable; Bones are united by fibrous tissue; type of structural joint

synchondroses

immoveable (synarthrotic) joints linked by hyaline cartilage; type of cartilaginous joint

ischium

is called the 'sit-down bone' because it forms the most inferior part of the coxal bone

true pelvis

is surrounded by bone and lies inferior to the flaring parts of the ilia and the pelvic brim; the dimensions of the true pelvis of a woman are very important because they must be large enough to allow the infant's head (the largest part of the infant) to pass during childbirth

ilium

large, flaring bone that forms most of the hip bone; when you put your hands on your hips, they are resting over the winglike portions of the ilia

gluteal tuberosity

located on the proximal end of the shaft, all serve as sites for muscle attachment

radioulnar joint

location where the radius and the ulna articulate distally

ultra

medial bone of the forearm; articulates with the trochlea of the humerus and the carpals

Pubis

most anterior bone of the hip; the pubis from each hip bone meets to articulate at the pubic symphysis joint anteriorly

cartilaginous joints

most are amphiarthrotic, but have both immoveable and slightly moveable examples; type of structural joint

types of synovial joints

plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket

tibia

shinbone; at the proximal end, the medial condyle and lateral condyle (separated by the intercondylar eminence) articulate with the distal end of the femur to form the knee joint

Scapulae

shoulder blades; flare when we move our arms posteriorly, not directly attached to the axial skeleton; loosely held in place by trunk muscles; has a flattened body with 3 borders (superior, medial (vertebral), and lateral (axillary)); has 3 angles (superior, inferior, and lateral)

Joints (articulations)

sites where two or more bones meet

amphiarthroses

slightly movable joints; type of functional joint

classification of joints

structural and functional

false pelvis

superior to the true pelvis; it is the area medial to the flaring portions of the ilia

ischial spine

superior to the tuberosity; important anatomical landmark, particularly in the pregnant woman, because it narrows the outlet of the pelvis through which the baby must pass during birth

functional joints

synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses; focuses on the amount of movement the joint allows

joint cavity

the articular capsule encloses a joint cavity, which contains lubricating synovial fluid separated by the synovial membrane

plane joint

the articular surfaces are essentially flat, only short slipping or gliding movements are allowed, movement is nonaxial (gliding bath and forth doesn't involve any rotation around any axis), ex: the intercarpal joints of the wrist

Crepitus

the crunching movement joints make when they have osteoarthritis

hinge joint

the cylindrical end of one bone fits into a trough shaped surface on another bone; angular movement is allowed in just 1 plane (like a door hinge), classified as uniaxial because they allow movement around one axis only, ex: elbow joints, ankle joint, joint between phalanges of fingers

Acetabulum

the deep socket where the ilium, ischium, and the pubis fuse; receives the head of the thigh bone

condylar joint

the egg-shaped articular surface of one bone fits into an oval concavity in another, both surfaces are oval, allow moving bone to travel from side to side and back and forth, the bone can't rotate around its long axis, biaxial, ex: knuckle joints

bone spurs

the extra bone tissue around exposed bone resulting from the breakdown of articular cartilage; grows around the margins of the eroded cartilage and restricts joint movement; type of osteoarthritis

reinforcing ligaments

the fibrous layer of the capsule is usually reinforced with ligaments

inlet

the inferior opening of the pelvis measured between the ischial spines

articular capsule

the joint surfaces are enclosed by a sleeve, layer, fibrous connective tissue, which is lined with a smooth synovial membrane

raidus

the lateral bone (on the thumb side of the forearm)

distally on the femur

the lateral condyle and medial condyle, which articulate with the tibia below

Osteoarthritis

the most common form of arthritis; a chronic degenerative condition that typically, affects the aged, 85% of people in the US eventually develop this condition, affects articular cartilages

reduction

the process of returning the bone to its proper position

sprain

the result of ligaments of tendons reinforcing a joint being damaged by excessive stretching or are torn away from the bone

pivot joint

the rounded end of one bone fits into a sleeve or ring of bone, uniaxial joint, ex: the proximal radioulnar joint and the joint between the atlas and the dens of the axis

anteriorly on the femur

the smooth patellar surface, which forms a joint with the patella, or kneecap

ball and socket joint

the spherical head of one bone fits into the round socket in another, multiaxial, allow movement in all axes including rotation, most freely moving synovial joint, ex: shoulder and hip

Femur

the thigh bone, the only bone in the thigh; the heaviest, strongest, and longest bone in the body; Its proximal end has a ball-like head, a neck, and a greater trochanter and lesser trochanter (separated anteriorly by the intertrochanteric line and posteriorly by the intertrochanteric crest)

lower limbs

thigh, leg, and foot (femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges)

syndesmoses

type of fibrous joint; A joint in which the bones are united by a ligament or a sheet of fibrous tissue, the connecting fibers are longer than those id sutures, thus the joint has more give

Syndesmosis

type of fibrous joint; a fibrous joint at which two bones are bound by long collagen fibers; the joint connecting the distal ends of the tibia

gomphoses

type of fibrous joint; peg-in-socket fibrous joint found where the teeth meet the facial bones

Humerus

upper arm bone; the single bone that forms the arm; a typical long bone; at its proximal end is a rounded head that fits into the shallow glenoid cavity of the scapula

radial tuberosity

where the tendon of the biceps muscle attaches