Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 9: Joints

Sprain vs Strain

-Sprain: happens to ligaments can either be stretched or torn -Strain: happens to muscles (more in chapter 10 and 11)

Rotation

-a bone revolving around its own axis -defined in relation to the midline of the body

Which type of movement will a body part away from the midline of the body

-abduction (correct) -adduction -extension -flexion

Saddle Joint

-articular surface on one bone is saddle shaped while other bone sits in the saddle -trapezium with 1st metacarpal bone

Axial Skeleton Joints

-atlanto-occipital joint -atlanto-axial joint -intervertebral joint -costovertebral joint -costosternal joint -lumbosacral joint

If you were explaining to a friend how the wrist joint moves, you would include all of the following motions in your explanation except

-circumduction -extension -flexion -abduction (correct)

Subluxation vs Dislocation

-dislocation: complete displacement of a bone from a joint -subluxation: partial displacement of a bone from a joint

Plane Joint

-flat articular surfaces

Diarthrosis Joint (Synovial)

-freely moveable -these joints have unique characteristics: surrounds the joint -synovial membrane and fluid -lubricates the joint -absorbs shock -accessory ligaments: limit motion -articular discs: shock absorption (probably) -labra: coat the articular surface for better contact

Hip Joint

-head of the femur into acetabulum -very mobile -extremely mobile joint -structures to know: -articular capsule -labrum

Glenohumeral Joint (Shoulder)

-head of the humerus with glenoid cavity of the scapula -most freely moveable joint in the body -acromioclavicular joint is also included with the shoulder region -structures to know: -articular capsule -coracohumeral ligament -glenohumeral ligament -transverse humeral ligament -glenoid labrum -bursa (4)

Which of the following joints is a ball-and-socket joint?

-intervertebral joints -elbow joint -hip joint (correct) -atlanto-axial joint

Knee Joint

-largest and most complex joint -3 joints in one: -tibiofemoral joint on lateral side -tibiofemoral joint on medial side -patellofemoral joint -structures to know: -anterior cruciate ligament -posterior cruciate ligament -lateral collateral ligament -medial collateral ligament -meniscus (medial and lateral)

All of the following ligaments stabilize the knee except

-lateral collateral ligament -anterior cruciate ligament -posterior cruciate ligament -ulnar collateral ligament (correct)

Circumduction

-movement of the distal end of the body part in a circular motion -combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction at the same time

The joint between the axis and the atlas is a ____________ joint

-pivot (correct) -hinge -condyloid -gliding

Main Types of Synovial Joints

-plane -hinge -pivot -saddle -ball and socket

Arthritis

-rheumatoid arthritis: body does not recognize its own tissues; painful -osteoarthritis: degeneration of a joint, cartilage is lost -gout: uric acid build-up

Pivot Joint

-rotation around the length of the bone -shaking your head (C1-C2) -radio-ulnar joint

Amphiarthrosis Joints (Cartilaginous)

-slightly moveable and held together by cartilage -examples: -pubic symphysis -intervertebral discs

Appendicular Skeleton Joint

-sternoclavicular -acromioclavicular -radioulnar -intercarpal -carpometacarpal -sacroiliac -glenohumeral (shoulder) -elbow -hip -knee

Which of the following describes when a ligament is stretched or torn?

-stress fracture -circumduction -strain -sprain (correct)

Synarthrosis Joints (Fibrous)

-sutures -syndesmosis: found between long bones with large distance between articulations

Tendon Sheath

-tendon sheath: wrapped around a tendon as it passes through tunnels or openings to reduce friction between bone and muscle

Which of the following is a way that joints that can classified?

-the shape of the bones connected -the location in the body -the number of bones connected -the range of movement provided (correct)

If your instructor asked you to explain why thumbs are opposable, which of the following might you say?

-the thumbs hinge joint lets it cross over the palm, making it opposable -the thumb's saddle joint lets it cross over the palm, making it opposable (correct) -the thumb's ball and socket joint lets it rotate 360 degrees, making it opposable -the thumb's gliding joint lets it move side to side, making it opposable

Joint Classifications

-there are 3 classifications (based on movement of that joint and how they articulate: -Fibrous (Synarthrosis): immoveable -Cartilaginous (Amphiarthrosis): slightly moveable -Synovial (Diarthrosis): freely moveable

All of the following statements accurately describe synovial joints except

-they are characterized by an articular capsule between the two joined bones -they are moveable joints that occur throughout the body -they are often supported by surrounding ligaments -they are joints where a ligament connects two bones, allowing for a little movement (correct)

Which of the following is an example of syndesmosis?

-tibiofibular joint (correct) -elbow joint -carpal joint -intervertebral disc

ulnar collateral ligament

-trochlea and capitulum of humerus with trochlear notch of the ulna and head of the radius -structures to know: -ulnar collateral ligament -radial collateral ligament

Abduction vs. Adduction

abduction: movement away from the midline adduction: movement towards the midline

Joint Movement

basic movements: -flexion -extension -lateral flexion -abduction -adduction -circumduction -rotation

Flexion vs. Extension

flexion: decrease in angle between articulating bones extension: increase in angle lateral flexion: bending to the side (in coronal plane)

Bursae

sac-like structures in certain joints that cushion the movement between bone, muscle tendons, and ligaments

Types of Movements for Synovial Joints

special movements: -elevation: superior movement -depression: inferior movement -protraction: anterior movement -retraction: posterior movement -inversion: turn inward -eversion: turn outward -dorsiflexion: specific to foot; foot goes down -plantar flexion: specific to foot: foot goes up -supination: palm facing up -pronation: palm facing down

Ball and Socket Joint

-"ball" fits into cup-like depression -shoulder -hips

Hinge Joint

-"like a closet door" -flexion/extension