Anatomy and Physiology Chapters 1, 5, & 6 (EXAM 1)

Oxytocin

A hormone released by the posterior pituitary (hypothalamus) that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

Porphyria (Vampire Disease)

A sunlight sensitivity disorder which causes its victims to be allergic to UV rays/ hemoglobin is abnormally metabolized, GENETIC

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Albinism

Absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes GENETIC

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Rosacea

Chronic skin disorder of the face with red inflamed facial blood vessels areas appearing mostly on the nose and cheeks GENETIC

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment

% of burns

Each arm= 9%, Anterior leg=9%, Posterior leg=9% Head=9%, Back=18% Chest=18%, Perineum=1%

Keratin

Fibrous protein found in the epidermis, hair, and nails that makes those structures hard and water resistant

Dermis

Layer of skin deep to the epidermis; composed mostly of dense irregular connective tissue

Functions of the skin

Protection, Thermoregulation, Cutaneous Sensation, Vitamin D synthesis, Blood Reservoir, Excretion and Absorption.

Hemaglobin

Red coloring from blood cells in dermis capillaries, oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring.

RUQ

Right upper quadrant: contains majority of liver, gallbladder, small portion of pancreas, right kidney, small intestines, and colon.

Epidermis

Superficial layer of the skin; composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Olecranal

The large process on the upper end of the ulna that projects behind the elbow joint and forms the point of the elbow

hair root

The part of the hair located below the surface of the epidermis.

anatomical position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward (palms facing upwards)

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

second degree burn

a burn in which there are blisters and damage to both the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis

third degree burn (full thickness burn)

a burn involving all layers of the skin; characterized by the destruction of the epidermis and dermis, with damage or destruction of subcutaneous tissue that usually requires a skin graft

first degree burn

a burn involving only the epidermis; characterized by erythema (redness) and hyperesthesia (excessive sensation)

vitiligo

a condition in which the pigment is lost from areas of the skin, causing whitish patches, often with no clear cause.

Impetigo

a contagious bacterial skin infection forming pustules and yellow, crusty sores.

Melanocytes

a mature melanin forming cell made in the stratum basale, the dark pigment that helps protect the skin from UV radiation

arrector pili

a smooth muscle attached to hair follicles that causes "goose bumps" to appear on the skin when contracted

callus

a thickened and hardened part of the skin or soft tissue, especially in an area that has been subjected to friction.

Acromion

an extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder

fingerprint

an impression left on any surface that consists of patterns made by the papillary ridges on a finger

Tarsals

ankle bones

Keratinocyte

any skin cell that produces keratin in the stratum basal layer, the hard protein material found in the skin, hair, and nails

levels of organization in the body

atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

skin cancers

basal cell carcinoma (least malignant most common), squamous cell carcinoma , melanoma (cancer of melanocytes most malignant that usually requires surgery)

Langerhans cells

dendritic (antigen presenting immune cells) cells in the skin in the epidermis mostly present in the stratum spinosum

midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal right and left sides

sudoriferous glands

epidermal gland that produces sweat

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment

Antebrachium

forearm

Calcaneal

heel of foot

transverse plane (horizontal/cross sectional plane)

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

subcutaneous layer

hypodermis which means beneath the skin

Posterior (dorsal)

in the back of body

Anterior (ventral)

infront of the body

LLQ

left lower quadrant, contains parts of the small and large intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter

LUQ

left upper quadrant; contains the liver (left lobe), stomach, spleen, part of the pancreas, parts of the small and large intestines

apocrine sweat glands

less numerous sweat glands with secretions that develop odors. wet skin during pain, fear, emotional upset, and sexual arousal. near hair follicles in armpit and groin

Collagen (Ch.5)

main structural protein found in the skin and connective tissue

Rule of 9's

method divides the body into areas to estimate the volume of fluid lost when victim is burned

Stratum corneum (horny layer)

most superficial layer; dead cells filled with keratin (barrier area) meant to be exposed to the outside of body, 5th layer/top layer

Parietal

of, relating to, attached to, or denoting the wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure

stratum lucidum

only in thick skin - palms, soles, 4th from bottom if present

Abdominal

pertaining to the abdomen

Popliteal (ch.1)

pertaining to the area behind the knee

Axillary

pertaining to the armpit

Occipital

pertaining to the back of the head/ occipital bone

hallux

pertaining to the big toe

Gluteal

pertaining to the buttocks

mental (ch.1)

pertaining to the chin

Otic (ch.1)

pertaining to the ear

digit

pertaining to the fingers/toes

Frontal

pertaining to the forehead/ frontal bone

Patellar

pertaining to the kneecap

Lumbar

pertaining to the lower back

Umbilical

pertaining to the navel

Cervical (ch.1)

pertaining to the neck and cervix

Nasal (ch.1)

pertaining to the nose

Pubic

pertaining to the pubis

Sacral

pertaining to the sacrum/coccyx

Scapular

pertaining to the shoulder blade

Sternal

pertaining to the sternum (breastbone)

Femoral

pertaining to the thigh (femur)

Pollux

pertaining to the thumb

stratum spinosum

prickly layer, second from the bottom

mammary glands

produce milk in women

hair matrix

produces the actual hair shaft as well as the inner and outer root sheaths of hair

Pectoral

relating to the breast or chest

Facial

relating to the facial region of the skull

Cranial

relating to the skull or cranium

spinal

relating to the spine/vertebral region

gastric

relating to the stomach

hypochondriac region

right and left upper regions beneath the ribs/abdomen above the lumbar regions

RLQ

right lower quadrant; contains parts of the small and large intestines, right ovary, right fallopian tube, appendix, right ureter

Parasaggital

separates the body into unequal right and left parts

acne

skin inflammation caused by over activity of the oil glands at the base of specialized hair follicles

plantar

sole of foot

stratum granulosum

starting to flatten or glue together, 3rd from bottom

hair follicle

structure with outer and inner root sheaths extending from the epidermal surface into the dermis and from which new hair develops

eccrine sweat glands

sweat glands abundant on the palms, soles of feet, and the forehead, cools the body

ceraminous glands

sweat glands in external auditory canals, simple coiled, tubular glands which is a type of apocrine gland

reticular region

the deeper and thicker part of the dermis consisting of dense irregular connective tissue containing bundles of collagen fibers and some elastic fibers

stratum basale

the deepest layer of the epidermis consisting of stem cells capable of undergoing cell division to form new cells

Endoderm

the innermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development, or the parts derived from this, which include the lining of the gut and associated structures

nail matrix

the part of the nail beneath the body and root from which the nail is produced (contains blood vessels and nerves)

brachium

upper arm

papillary region

uppermost layer of dermis composed of fine and loosely arranged collagen fibers, loose areolar connective tissue

coronal (frontal) plane

vertical division of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions

Carpals

wrist bones