Anatomy and Physiology: Endocrine, Blood, and Heart
Your patient has been diagnosed with Type I diabetes mellitus, and you are explaining how to administer insulin. Your patient states, "I don't want to do this. My brother-in-law has diabetes, and he just takes a pill and watches what he eats." What is your best response?
"Your relative may have Type II diabetes. People with that condition can make insulin, but their cells don't respond to it properly. Your pancreas doesn't manufacture insulin."
Mr. Watkins's blood type was determined to be A positive. Which of the following types of blood can he receive?
A positive, A negative, O positive, and O negative
which ABO blood type is considered to be universal recipient?
AB
hormone produced in hypothalamus?
ADH
what agglutinins are present in someone who is B+?
Anti-A
which adrenergic receptors increase cAMP levels?
B receptors beta
Which of the following scenarios could result in HDN (hemolytic disease of the newborn)?
B-negative female pregnant with an AB-positive baby
Where is iodide located in the thyroid gland?
Cytoplasm of follicular cells
Choose the incompatible transfusion.
Donate type B blood to a recipient with type O blood.
which second messenger causes the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum?
IP3 inositol triphosphate
body cells that respond to insulin include
Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.
Why was Mr. Watkins given PRBCs in addition to normal saline solution? What problem does the infusion of PRBCs address that the saline solution could not?
PRBCs contain hemoglobin, so they are able to carry oxygen to the tissues.
major contributor to significant oxygen carrying capacity of RBC?
RBC are biconcave discs
Krista's treatment will likely involve destroying or surgically removing her thyroid gland. What effect will this have on her level of TSH?
TSH will increase
when blood glucose levels are high
The pancreas releases insulin.
what keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor?
a chaperone protein (chaperonins)
short-term stress response
activated by neural stimuli, epinephrine released, triggers the fight-or-flight response, targets the adrenal medulla
which is the correct order of events for hormones activating Gs proteins?
activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylate cyclase, conversion of ATP to cAMP
what is the mechanism of lipid-soluble hormones?
activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell
after a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do?
acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene
where is thyroid gland located?
adjacent to the trachea in the neck
secretions from corticotrophs activate cells of ____, while secretions from gonadotrophs affect cells of the ?
adrenal cortex; gonads
what tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland?
adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH
adrenal hormone responsible for maintaining appropriate blood sodium levels?
aldosterone
which cells release glucagon?
alpha cells of pancreas
hormones secreted into hypophyseal portal system are detected by the?
anterior pituitary
hypocalcemia is caused by
apoptosis of parathyroid cells, failure of osteoclasts to respond to PTH (parathyroid hormone/ parathormone), malfunction of parathormone receptors in kidney tubule cells
injectable heperin medication might be presented to who?
at risk for embolism
elevated neutrophil would indicative of?
bacterial infection
antihistamine counters the action of what WBC?
basophils
leukocytes matched with function?
basophils: inflammation monocytes: develop into macrophage lymphocytes: immune response against viral infections
which of the cell types would secrete their product if the blood glucose level was rising, as during digestion of a meal?
beta cells
outcome of overdose of hormone erythropoietin?
blood viscosity increases to levels that may induce heart attacks or strokes
Erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates the developmental process shown here. What part of the body does erythropoietin (EPO) target to increase erythropoiesis?
bone marrow
which contains components of the immune system?
buffy coat (WBC and platelets)
the amplification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is achieved though an increase in ?
cAMP in the cytoplasm
what is secreted by thyroid?
calcitonin, thyroxine, triiodothryonine
what is the target of the thyroid hormones?
cells of the body
what is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons?
control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone TSH
which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors?
cortisol
under normal conditions, increased levels of thyroid hormone in the blood will cause?
decrease in TSH levels
what would result from hypoparathyroidsm?
decrease in the release of calcium from bones
Your patient has a hematocrit of 56%. You recall from your anatomy and physiology class that high hematocrits are often a sign of blood doping by athletes. However, your patient is an elderly man suffering from the flu. What is most likely accounting for his elevated hematocrit?
dehydrated from the flu
what stimulates erythrocyte production?
drop in blood oxygen levels, erythropoietin, and testosterone
what type of leukocyte provides protection against parasitic worms?
eosinophil
hematopoietic stem cells will give rise to?
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
which of following proteins matches with its function?
fibrinogen: clotting alpha globulin: transport of metal ions and fat soluble vitamins albumin: osmotic pressure
what plasma constituent is main contributor to clotting?
fibrinogens
How many oxygen molecules can be transported by one hemoglobin molecule?
four
long term stress response
glucocorticoids released, activated by hormonal stimuli, targets the adrenal cortex, increased blood pressure; increased protein and fat catabolism
occasionally female will experience hirsutism. testosterone is normal. another cause could be hypersecretion of?
gonadocorticoids
insulin-like growth factors IGFs are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones?
growth hormone GH
inability to absorb b12, the patient would?
have lower number of red blood cells
what causes release of ANP?
high blood pressure
Suppose Krista's hyperthyroidism was a result of a tumor that causes the anterior pituitary gland to become overactive. Which of the following would Krista's lab reports likely show?
high thyroid hormone, high TSH
The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called
homeostasis
what is a function of blood?
homeostatic regulation, transport of metabolic wastes, and protection from infection
somatostatin?
hormone that inhibits release of growth hormone and insulin
how do endocrine hormones reach their target cells?
hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells
what type of stimulation controls parathyroid release?
humoral
acromegaly may be caused by
hypersecretion of GHRH growth hormone-releasing hormone, pancreatic tumor, lack of negative feedback by insulin-like growth factors
patient losing weight rapidly, sweating profusely, and always anxious. suffering from?
hyperthyroidism
patient displaying high volumes of urine output and severe dehydration. most likely the cause?
hyposecretion of ADH
Where is thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) made?
hypothalamus
where is antidiuretics hormone ADH, vasopressin, synthesized?
hypothalamus
which would lead to a bleeding disorder?
impaired liver function, thrombocytopenia, vitamin K deficiency
low iron levels causes what symptoms?
increase in fatigue
what triggers secretion of aldosterone?
increased K (potassium) and angiotensin 2 also low blood pressure will release aldosterone
as adrenal gland releases glucocorticoids, which of the following effects may be observed?
increased blood glucose levels, increased blood levels of amino acids, decrease in immune system function, and lipid breakdown in the liver will increase
epinephrine
increased dilation of bronchioles and heart rate
cortisol
increased metabolic effects from liver
aldosterone
increased sodium and water absorption
indirect effect of PTH?
increasing calcium absorption in intestines
Adrenocortical androgens are normally converted in females into estrogens. However, in adrenogenital syndrome, females develop a beard and a masculine pattern of body hair distribution; this occurs due to
insufficient level of enzymes that convert androgens into estrogens
long bone growth-promoting effects of growth hormone are mediated by?
insulin like growth factors
blow to head may cause diabetes insipidus by
interfering with the normal transmission of nerve impulses to posterior pituitary
oxygen binds to what portion of hemoglobin?
iron atom
what structure produces a hormone responsible for stimulating red blood cell production?
kidney
what would be an effect of an excess of thyroid hormone?
less TRH would be released
If a person's parathyroids are responding properly to a drop in blood calcium, which of the following should result?
less calcium will be excreted in the urine by the kidneys
Bilirubin is released into the bloodstream as old or damaged red blood cells are broken down by macrophages. Which organ is responsible for removing bilirubin from the blood stream?
liver
what cells in body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?
liver cells
albumin?
maintenance of plasma osmotic pressure and buffering changes in plasma pH
progenitor of platelets?
megakaryocyte
secretion of what hormone helps regulate our circadian rhythms?
melatonin
blood levels of hormones are kept within very narrow range by what mechanism?
negative feedback
what is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone?
negative feedback
Which of the following represents a difference between extrinsic and intrinsic blood clotting pathways?
one is faster than the other
why don't platelets form plugs in undamaged vessels?
only contact of platelets with exposed collagen fibers and von willibrand factor causes them to be sticky and form plugs
leukemia is a general descriptor of what disorders?
overproduction of abnormal leukocytes
which of the following hormones is regulated by neuroendocrine "letdown" reflex?
oxytocin
when blood glucose levels are low
pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase
What erythrocyte production disorder results from an autoimmune disease associated with insufficient vitamin B12 absorption (step 6)?
pernicious anemia
cyclic AMP is degraded by?
phosphodiesterase
What is the role of activated protein kinases?
phosphorylate proteins
water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to?
plasma membrane receptors
what enzyme removes unneeded clots after healing has occured?
plasmin
what is true regarding role of platelets in hemostatic reactions?
platelets adhere to exposed collage fibers, platelets do not stick to intact endothelial cells, platelets release chemicals that attract and bind other platelets
what triggers release of glucagon?
prolonged fasting
Why doesn't a clot fill the entire vasculature system once it has started forming?
rapid blood washes away and dilutes activated clotting factors. Thombin is inactivated by antithrombin 3 if it enters the general circulation
What triggers erythropoietin (EPO) release that leads to the production of new red blood cells?
reduced availability of oxygen
which would stimulate pancreas to release insulin?
rise in blood amino acid levels, acetylcholine release on pancreatic cells, and rise in blood glucose levels
somatotrophs?
secrete human growth hormone (hGH)
Pheochromocytoma produces symptoms of uncontrolled sympathetic nervous system activity. Which of the following is common to both adrenal chromaffin cells and adrenergic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system?
secretion of norepinephrine
is caused by a genetic mutation that results in the production of abnormal hemoglobin. Under low-oxygen conditions, the abnormal beta chains link together and form stiff rods that alter the shape of the RBCs.
sickle-cell anemia
what is the significance of the slight swelling (called goiter) in her neck
sign that thyroid gland is overactive
following structure produces precursor to hormonal vitamin D, important for Calcium regulation?
skin
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH
Your patient has been admitted to the intensive care unit with a severe head injury. As you monitor his urine output, you find that it has fallen sharply. Lab tests indicate that his serum osmolality is lower than normal (i.e., his plasma is too dilute). What should you suspect?
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone SIADH
liver cells responds to insulin by
taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
targets adrenal gland to release glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
What protein involved in coagulation provides the activation for the final step in clotting?
thrombin
bleeding disorder caused by any condition that suppresses or destroys red bone marrow?
thrombocytopenia
thymus secretes the hormones?
thymopoietin, thymosin, thymulin
which hormone's receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty?
thyroid hormone
activation of extrinsic pathway of coagulation requires exposure of blood to?
tissue factor 3
not an action of glucagon?
transport of glucose into most body cells
what statements is true?
type O blood can be safety given to recipient with type B blood
growth factor hormones, such as insulin, bind to which type of receptor?
tyrosine kinase receptors
What type of hormones bind to receptors located on the cell membrane?
water-soluble hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine
