Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1

Know what tissue the hypodermis has

Adipose and loose areolar ct

Know the most abundant tissue type in the body

Connective tissue

Know the four tissues in the body

Connective tissue+, epithelial, muscle, nerve

Know what cilia do

Hairs on the apical surface of cells that push substances (like mucus) in one direction

Know what glands secrete oil

Sebaceous glands- sebum(oil)

Know accessory skin structures- sebaceous gland

make sebum (oil)

Know accessory skin structures- eccrine sweat gland

make sweat (helps lower body temp)

Know accesory skin structure- arrector pili muscle

makes hair stand up, gives goosebumps

Know accessory skin structure- hair nerve plexus

nerves around hair follicles

Know which transport requires ATP to move solutes across a membrane

Active transport

Body Cavities: Ventral

1. Thorax(Thoracic (heart--pericardial, lungs--pleural, blood vessels)) 2. Abdominopelvic Cavity (stomach, instestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen)

Know the bilayer phospholipid plasma membrane

2 layers phospholipid, Phosphate heads outside, lipid tails inside, Heads- hydrophilic, tails- hydrophobic

Know the definition of hypotonic solution

A solution that has a lower osmolarity than a cells cytoplasm (very dilute solution)-cell swells

Know the function of simple columnar epithilium

Absorption and secretion

Know the function of simple cuboidal epithilium

Absorption and secretion

Know anatomical terms- anterior & ?

Anterior & posterior- towards the front & back if the body

Know the characteristics of epithelial cells

Avascular but innervated. Close contacts. High replicative (always undergoing mitosis) protect. Secrete. Absorb. Filter. Diffusion

Know the 3 most common types of skin cancer and cells of each

Basal cell carcinoma-basal cell layer, squamous cell carcinoma-squamous cells,, Melanoma- melanocytes

Know which layer of the epidermis you will find melanocytes

Basal layer

Know which layer of the epidermis you will find stem cells

Basal layer

Know the function of loose reticular connective tissue

Be network or stroma for immune cells to migrate upon (lymphoid organs)

Know where you would find transitional epithelium

Bladder (stretch)

Know what an osteoblast is

Bone building cell (blast means young)

Know the definition of endocytosis

Bringing in substances into a cell with vesicles. ATP

Know gap junctions

Cardiac muscle- cells share ions). Hemodesmosomes holds cells to the basement membrane. Allows chemical substances to pass through between cells(cardiac cells)

Know what phagocytosis is

Cellular eating by using pseudopods - atp

Know where spindles & cilia & flagella are formed

Centrioles

Know the functions of proteins

Channels or gates, anchors, cell communication, cell identification, adhesion

Know what fibroblast cell produces

Collagen

Know where you can find dense irregular connective tissue

Dermis(reticular region) , joint spaces

Know where you could find loose areolar connective tissue

Dermis- papillary region

Know the body cavities

Dorsal- brain and spinal cord Ventral- thorax and abdominopelvic Thoracic cavity=pericardial cavity- heart Pleural cavities- lungs. (Diaphragm divides thoracic from abdominal)

Know which connective tissue is most flexible

Elastic (cartilage)

Types of connective tissue fibers

Elastic, reticular, collagen

Know where you would find stratified squamous epithilium

Epidermis of skin

Know which basic tissue type that forms glands

Epithelial- simple cuboidal

Know which connective tissue is found in the intervertebral discs

Fibrocartilage (shock)

Know the function of simple squamous epithilium

Filtering and diffusion (passage during diffusion and osmosis)

Know where you would find simple cuboidal epithilium

Glands. kidney tubules

Know what connective tissue is made out of

Ground substance, fibers, and cells

Know the functions of the lymphatic system

Helps bring excess fluid in tissue back into cardiovascular system and turns on immune system if encounters foreign antigen

Know the function of the nucleus

Hold the blueprints-genetic code (genes)

Know tight junctions

Impermeable, encircles the cell, interlocking junctional proteins, intercellular space

Know what the golgi does

It modifies, repackages, and sends proteins to their destination by using vesicles

Know Desmosomes (anchoring junctions)

Keratinocytes, scattered along sides of cells, linked proteins

Know the abdominal quadrants & respective organ

Left upper- spleen Left lower- intestine Right upper- liver and gallbladder Right lower- appendix

Know endocrine glands

Make hormones and secrete their product right into interstitial spaces and into the bloodstream (thyroid,pituitary,adrenal,pineal glands)

Know the function of melanocyte

Make melanin that protects our skin cells from UV light damage (found at the basal layer)

Know exocrine glands

Make their product and use a duct to move that product(secrete) to an epithelial surface (mucus,sweat,oil gland)

Know which organelle produces energy

Mitochondria makes ATP

Know the definition of Filtration

Movement of fluid from an area of high pressure to low pressure. (Hydrostatic pressure is the for e that drives the process of filtration)

Know the life processes

Movement, reproduce, ingestion, and digestion

Know what goblet cells secrete

Mucus

Know the function of the merkel cell

Nerve cell of the epidermis. Also found at the basal layer of epidermis

Know what tissue the dermis has

Papillary-loose areolar ct, reticular- dense irregular ct

Know the definition of diffusion

Passive movement of molecules across a semipermeable membrane. Moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

Body Cavities: Thoracic Cavity

Pericardial- heart

Know the function of stratified squamous epithilium

Protection (epidermis/mouth)

Know anatomical terms- proximal & ?

Proximal & distal- closer & farther of a limb to the body trunk

Know exocytosis

Removes substances from a cell

Know negative feedback and examples

Reversing the initial stimulus ex. Blood pressure, calcium levels

Know what the endoplasmic reticulum does

Rough er- houses ribosomes that make proteins Smooth er- lipid synthesis and metabolism

Know the body planes

Saggital plane- left and right Transverse plane- top and bottom Frontal plane- front and back

Know the characteristics of cardiac muscle

Short, branches, striated, one nucleus, contain intercalated discs(where you find gap junctions), involuntary

Know what tissue the epidermis has

Stratified squamous epithelium

Know anatomical terms- superficial & ?

Superficial & deep- towards & away from the body's surface

Know anatomical terms- superior & ?

Superior & inferior- towards & away from the head

Know the functions of the skeletal system

Support, movement, protection, mineral storage, blood cell production

Know which layer in the epidermis you will find keratohyalin granules

The granular layer

Know the anchoring cell junctions

Tight, desmosomes(keratinocytes) and gap junctions. (Cardiac muscle- cells share ions). Hemodesmosomes holds cells to the basement membrane.

Know what apical and basal cell surfaces are

Top of cells(apical), bottom of cells(basal) only seen in epithelial tissue

Know which organ you would find ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Trachea

Know merocrine secretion

Via exocytosis

Know halocrine secretion

When cells rupture to release their product

Body Cavities: Dorsal

cranial(brain) and spinal (cord)

What divides the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

diaphragm

Body Planes: Transverse

divides body into superior and inferior (top & bottoms)

Body Planes: Frontal (Coronal)

divides the body into anterior and posterior parts (front and back)

Body Planes: Sagittal

divides the body into right and left parts

Know accesory skin structure- hair follicle

grows hair (blood vessels, nerves as well)

Body cavities: pleural

lungs

Know accessory skin structure- pacinian corpuscle

receptor for deep touch (pressure,vibrations)

Know the components of the homeostasis feedback systems (Loops)

receptor- control center- effector

Know the definition of a hypertonic solution

solution that has a higher osmolarity than a cells cytoplasm (concentrated solution)-cell shrinks

Know where the ribosome is produced

the nucleolus