Anatomy and Physiology Exam 1

Which of the following is a typical effector in a feedback system? (a). an endocrine gland (b). the brain (c). temperature-sensitive nerve endings in the skin (d). pressure-sensitive cells in the blood vessel walls

(a). an endocrine gland. Many body processes are controlled by chemical signals. Endocrine glands produce most of those chemical signals.

Which of the following is an example of positive feedback? (a). the increase in milk production while a mother is nursing her infant (b). sweating when hot so that as sweat evaporates the body is cooled (c). constriction of the pupils when the eyes are exposed to bright light (d). breathing and heart rate increase as a person climbs a set of stairs

(a). the increase in milk production while a mother is nursing her infant. Positive feedback tends to amplify and increase a physiological response. The activity of nursing increases the lactation response.

Which of the following represents activation of an "afferent" pathway? (a). sending a signal to sweat glands to produce sweat (b). jerking the hand back in a reflex action (c). the perception of being in a cold environment (d). increasing the production of chemicals that attract more platelets to produce a blood clot

(c). the perception of being in a cold environment. An afferent signal is one that is conveyed to the control center, so perceiving temperature is a sensory input.

Anatomy

(greek; to cut apart) study of the structure of the body parts and their relationships to one another. Concrete.

Homeostasis

(unchanging/dynamic state) to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is constantly changing. Virtually ever organ system plays a role in maintaining the constancy of the internal environment. Adequate blood levels of vital nutrients must be continuously present, and heart activity and blood pressure must be constantly monitored and adjusted so that the blood is propelled to all body tissues.

MOVEMENT

Activity promoted by the muscular system. The skeletal system provides the bony framework that muscles pull on as they work. Movement also includes when substances such as blood, foodstuffs, and urine are propelled through the internal organs of the cardiovascular, digestive, and the urinary systems, respectively. On a cellular level, the muscles cell's ability to move by shortening is more precisely called contractility.

Middle ear cavities

Also known as the tympanic cavity, the middle ear is an air-filled, membrane-lined space located between the ear canal and the Eustachian tube, cochlea, and auditory nerve. The eardrum separates this space from the ear canal.

GROWTH

An increase in size of a body part or the organism as a whole.

Two major divisions of body

Axial and Appendicular

Standard anatomical positions

Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from body Directional terms describe one body structure in relation to another body structure Direction is always based on standard anatomical position Right and left refer to the body being viewed, not right and left of observer

Which organ system includes the bones and cartilages? Which includes the nasal cavity, lungs, and trachea?

Bones and cartilages are part of the skeletal system. The nasal cavity, lungs, and trachea are respiratory system organs.

Which of the following best demonstrates the principle of complementarity of structure and function?

Bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard mineral deposits. The principle of the complementarity of structure and function states that what a structure can do depends on its specific form. For example, bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard mineral deposits.

DIGESTION

Breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood.

APPROPRIATE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

Breathing and gas exchange in the lungs depend on appropriate atmospheric pressure.

Name the different levels of structural organization that make up the human body, and explain their relationships.

CHEMICAL LEVEL: atoms combine to form molecules | CELLULAR LEVEL: cells are made up of molecules | TISSUE LEVEL: tissues consist of similar types of cells | ORGAN LEVEL: organs are made up of different types of tissues | ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL: organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. | ORGANISMAL LEVEL

HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL

Communication is controlled through the endocrine and nervous systems, which neural electrical impulses or blood borne hormones, respectively, as information carriers. Regardless of the factor or the event being regulated-the variable- all homeostatic control mechanisms are processes involving at least three components. The Receptor, The Control Center, The Effector.

Sensory Receptor sends a signal along the afferent pathway to what?

Control Center

What level of structural organization is typical of a cytologist"s field of study?

Cytologists study the cellular level of organization.

METABOLISM

Digestion includes breaking substances into their simpler building blocks, synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances, and using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP. Catabolism, Anabolism, and Cellular respiration

Distal

Distal means "farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk." In this case, because the thigh is closer to the body trunk than the knee, the knee is distal (not proximal) to the thigh.

Two sets of cavities

Dorsal body cavity and Ventral body cavity

Control Center sends a signal along the efferent pathway to the what?

Effector

MAINTAINING BOUNDRIES

Every living organism needs to maintain its boundaries.

TOPICS OF ANATOMY

Gross or macroscopic anatomy, Regional anatomy, Systemic anatomy, Surface anatomy, Microscopic anatomy, Developmental anatomy, Pathological anatomy, and Radiographic anatomy.

Negative Feedback is a mechanism that when used appropriately returns the body to what?

Homeostasis

Positive Feedback is a mechanism that when used appropriately returns the body to what?

Homeostasis

Are humans multi-cellular? If so, why?

Humans are multicellular, so to function, individual cells must be kept alive. -organ systems are designed to service the cells -all cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs

Which of the following organ systems is involved in the uptake and transport of materials required for life-sustaining processes? I. Digestive system II. Urinary system III. Nervous system IV. Circulatory system V. Reproductive system VI. Respiratory system

I (Digestive), IV (Circulatory), VI (Respiratory)

Which of the following is the proper description of the human body in the anatomical position?

In the anatomical position, the body is erect with feet slightly apart and arms at the sides. This position is easy to remember because it resembles "standing at attention," except that the palms face forward and the thumbs point away from the body.

Is it possible to study anatomy and physiology on their own?

It's possible to study anatomy and physiology individually, they really are inseparable because function always reflects structure

List the functional characteristics necessary to maintain life in humans.

MAINTAINING BOUNDRIES, MOVEMENT, RESPONSIVENESS, DIGESTION, METABOLISM, EXCRETION, REPRODUCTION, and GROWTH

Which life process, which relies heavily on nutrient inputs from the respiratory and digestive systems, sustains all other life processes?

Metabolism. Our cells are chemical factories. Chemical reactions (metabolism) are essential for cells to function and, thus, for the body as a whole to maintain boundaries, move, respond, digest, excrete, grow, and reproduce--all necessary life functions.

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS

Most used in the body for maintaining homeostasis. Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback mechanisms. The output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity. Cause the variable to change in a direction opposite to that of the initial change, returning it to its "ideal" value.

Would you be studying anatomy or physiology if you investigated how muscles shorten? If you explored the location of the lungs in the body?

Muscle shortening is a topic of physiology. The body location of the lungs is an anatomy topic.

Stimulus producing a response that reduces its effects is?

Negative Feedback

The nine abdominopelvic quadrants and regions

Nine divisions called regions, resembling a tic-tac-toe grid, are used primarily by anatomists Right hypochondriac region Epigastric region Left hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Umbilical region Left lumber region Right Iliac (inguinal) region Hypogastric region Left iliac (inguinal) region

NORMAL BODY TEMPERATURE

Normal body temperature must be maintained, if chemical reactions are to continue at life sustaining rates. If the body go below 98.6F (37C)

REPRODUCTION

Occurs at the cellular and the organismal level.

What are the body cavities that are exposed to the external environment?

Oral and digestive cavities, Nasal cavities, Orbital cavities, Middle ear cavities, and Synovial cavities.

Which of the following correctly describes the function of serous fluid?

Organs and the cavity walls in which they sit are covered with serous membranes. These membranes secrete serous fluid to allow organs to move and slide within the ventral cavity as they carry out their normal functions.

Negative Feedback specifically moves the variable toward what?

Original Set Point

Positive Feedback specifically moves the variable toward what?

Original Set Point

OXYGEN

Oxygen is the most important. The chemical reactions that release energy from foods are oxidative reactions that require oxygen, human cells can survive only a few minutes without oxygen.

Parietal Serosa on the abdominopelvic walls is called?

Parietal Peritoneum

Parietal Serosa on the cavity that houses the lungs are called?

Parietal Pluera

Serous membrane found on any ventral cavity wall is called?

Parietal Serosa

Parietal Serosa forming a cavity for the heart is called?

Partietal Pericardium

Stimulus producing a response that amplifies its effects is?

Positive Feedback

Positive Feedback

Positive is rare and does happen. Example cutting your finger or labor.

Proximal

Proximal means "closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk."

The four abdominopelvic quadrants and regions

Quadrants are divisions used primarily by medical personnel Abdominopelvic region is sectioned into quarters Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

EXCRETION

Removes "excreta" or wastes from the body. It is necessary for the body to sustain at full capacity by ridding of non useful substances produced during digestion and metabolism.

TYPES OF PHYSIOLOGY

Renal physiology, Neurophysiology, and Cardiovascular physiology

RESPONSIVENESS

Responsiveness or excitability, is the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then respond to them.

Three most common planes:

Sagittal plane, Frontal (coronal) plane, and Transverse (horizontal) plane

Stimulus is received by what?

Sensory Receptor

Serous Membrane is any membrane of the ventral cavity separate from the other membranes by

Serous fluid.

Effector responds in a way the influences the original what?

Stimulus

Body planes

Surfaces along which body or structures may be cut for anatomical study

Cavities NOT exposed to the external environment

Synovial cavities

The cruise control in a car monitors the car's speed and adjusts the accelerator as needed to maintain the speed at a set point determined by the driver. Which of the following would serve as the receptor in this feedback system?

The car's speedometer. The speedometer of a car provides information about the car's speed, much like sensory organs provide the body with information. The information from the speedometer would be used by a control center to regulate the accelerator.

NUTRIENTS

The chemical substances, taken in via diet, used for energy and cell building. Plant-derived foods are rich in carbs., vitamins, and minerals. Animal based foods on the other hand are richer in proteins and fats. Carbs, Proteins, Fats, and Calcium. Selected minerals and vitamins are required for the chemical reactions that go in cells and for oxygen transport in the blood. .

Physiology

The functions of the body, how the body works and carries out their life sustaining activities.

Appendicular

The limbs

In what way does physiology depend on anatomy?

The operation or function of a structure is promoted or prevented by its anatomy.

What is the correct structural order for the following terms: tissue, organism, organ, and cell?

The order in the structural hierarchy is cell, tissue, organ, and organism.

Which type of serous membrane is located within the lower mediastinum?

The pericardial cavity, lined with parietal pericardium, occupies the lower part of the mediastinum.

The membrane that lines the thoracic cavity walls is the_____

The thoracic cavity contains the lateral pleural cavities and the medial mediastinum. Parietal serosas are found on cavity walls.

Axial

The trunk, abdomen, thorax and the head

Visceral Serosa on the surface of the heart is called?

Visceral Pericardium

Visceral Serosa on the surface of most abdominopelvic organs are called?

Visceral Peritoneum

Visceral Serosa on the surface of the lung is called?

Visceral Pluera

Serous Membrane found on any ventral cavity organ system is called?

Visceral Serosa

If a patient experiences inflammation of the membrane on the surface of the stomach, which membrane is affected?

Visceral serosas are found on organ surfaces, and membranes within the abdominopelvic subdivision of the ventral cavity are described as peritoneum.

Regional anatomy

all structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc.) in a particular region of the body, such as the abdomen or leg, are examined at the same time.

The Effector

along the efferent pathway, controls the means for the control center's output to the stimulus. The results then feed back to influence the effect of the stimulus, either reducing so that the whole control process is shut off (negative feedback), or enhancing it so that the whole process continues at an even faster rate (positive feedback).

Serosa

also called serous membrane; Thin, double-layered membranes that cover surfaces in ventral body cavity

Synovial cavities

also known as diarthrosis, joins bones with a fibrous joint capsule that is continuous with the periosteum of the joined bones, constitutes the outer boundary of a synovial cavity, and surrounds the bones' articulating surfaces. The synovial cavity/joint is filled with synovial fluid.

Systemic anatomy

body structure is studied system by system. When studying the cardiovascular system you would examine the heart and the blood vessels of the entire body.

Orbital cavities

bony cavity containing the eyeball and its associated muscles, vessels, and nerves. Also called eye socket , orbit . The inferior margin of this process forms a part of the boundary of the anterior opening of the orbital cavity.

Oral and digestive cavities

bounded by the teeth, tongue, hard palate, and soft palate. These structures make up the mouth and play a key role in the first step ofdigestion: ingestion.

Catabolism

breaking down substances into simpler building blocks

All living organisms maintain an external boundary. Which of the following systems functions only within the body?

circulatory system. The circulatory system carries nutrients and gases that have been delivered into the body.

Renal physiology

concerns kidney function and urine production.

Visceral serosa

covers internal organs (viscera)

The Control Center

determines the set point, which is the level range at which a variable is to be maintained. It also analyzes the input it receives and determines the appropriate response. Output then flows from the control center to the third component.

Cardiovascular physiology

examine the operation of the heart and blood vessels.

Neurophysiology

explains the workings of the nervous system.

palpitation

feeling the organs with your hands

What's the difference between Efferent and Afferent?

information traveling along the AFFERENT pathway APPROACHES the control center and EFFERENT information EXITS from the control center.

Synovial cavities

joint cavities

Nasal cavities

lined with a mucous membrane that helps keep your nosemoist by making mucus so you won't get nosebleeds from a dry nose. There are also little hairs that help filter the air you breathe in, blocking dirt and dust from getting into your lungs.

Parietal serosa

lines internal body cavity walls

auscultation

listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope

Dorsal body cavity

located along the dorsal (posterior) surface of the human body, where it is subdivided into the cranial cavity housing the brain and the spinal cavity housing the spinal cord.

List the survival needs of the body.

nutrients (food) oxygen water appropriate temperature and atmospheric pressure.

A structure that is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions for the body is a(n)

organ

Serosa membrane that covers the heart?

pericardium

Serosa membrane that covers the abdominopelvic cavity?

peritoneum = parietal peritoneum which lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity n the visceral peritoneum which line the organs

Serosa membrane that covers the lungs?

pleura

Frontal (coronal) plane

separates the body posterior and anterior

Sagittal plane

separates the body right to left

Transverse (horizontal) plane

separates the superior and inferior

Double layers are separated by slit-like cavity filled with?

serous fluid

WATER

single most abundant chemical substance in the body. It proves the watery environment required for chemical reactions and the fluid base for body recreations and excretions.

The Receptor

some type of sensor that monitor the environment and responds to stimuli, by sending input to the second component, the control center. Input flows from the receptor to the control center along the afferent pathway.

Microscopic anatomy

structures too small to be seen with the naked eye. subdivisions of microscopic anatomy include: Cytology and Histology.

Radiographic anatomy

studies internal structures as visualized by x-rays images or specialized scanning procedures.

Pathological anatomy

studies structural changes caused by disease.

Embryology

study of developmental anatomy, concerns developmental changes that occur before birth.

Surface anatomy

study of internal structures as they relate to the overlaying skin surface. Surface anatomy is used when identifying muscles beneath a bodybuilders skin, and clinicians use it to locate appropriate blood vessels.

Anabolism

synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances

Ventral body cavity

the anterior (front) aspect of the human body. It is made up of the thoracic cavity, and the abdominopelvic cavity. ... The abdominal cavity contains digestive organs, the pelvic cavity contains the urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs, and rectum.

Cellular reproduction

the original cell divides, producing two identical daughter cells that may then be used for body growth or repair.

Gross or macroscopic anatomy

the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys. Most anatomy refers to gross or macroscopic anatomy. Its also approached differently compared to regional anatomy.

Cytology

the study of the cells in the body

Histology

the study of tissues

Developmental anatomy

traces the structural changes that occur throughout the life span. Subdivision: Embryology

Cellular respiration

using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP (energy enriched molecules that power cellular activities.