Anatomy & Physiology Finals
Lymphatics begin in peripheral tissues and end at connection to the ____________ system.
venous
__________ are a type of subatomic particle contained in atoms.
All of the above: protons ,Neutron , electrons
The general shape of bones is:
All of the above: short,long,Irregular
Gustatory, or taste, receptors are located where?
All of the above: tongue Larynx pharynx
________ are common chambers connected to multiple individual alveoil
Alveolar sacs
The liver stores ___________ in case of depleted nutrients in the blood stream
Both A and B
A _________ is a skin injury cause by heat, chemicals, electricity, or radiation.
Burn
What is the most abundant mineral in the human body?
Calcium
_____________ is the 'key' unlocks the active site of an actin molecule
Calcium
Which is the organic molecule that contains carbon,hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio near Example of this organic molecule include the sugars and starches that make up roughly half of the typical u.s diet.
Carbohydrate
Inorganic compounds do not contain hydrogen and ________ atoms.
Carbon
The medical margin of the left lung is indented where
Cardiac notch
The chemoreceptors that monitor ph, oxygen levels , and carbon dioxide levels in the blood are located in the
Carotid bodies
The process of the breaking down large organic material to small organic molecules is called
Catabolism
________ is the breakdown of organic molecules
Catabolism
Receptors sensitive to chemical stimull are called what?
Chemoreceptors
Which hormone promotes increased stomach motility and stimulates the production of acids and enzymes?
Cholecystokinin
What is the most common cause of cirrhosis
Chronic alcohol abuse
___________results from an increase in the number of goblet cells in respiratory system.
Chronic bronchitis
What is the most commonly fractured bone in the body
Clavicle
Receptors in the _________ provide the sense of hearing
Cochlear duct
Gross anatomy, macroscopic anatomy,considers:
Feature visible with the naked, or unaided eye
A blood clot consists mainly of an insoluble network of
Fibrin
Hormones bind to cell membrane receptors and do not have a direct effect on the cell
First messengers
How many tonsils does a person have?
Five
Thick, skin, such as that on the soles of the feet , contains how many layers of cells?
Five
The link between first and second messengers usually involves a ________________.
G protein
The __________ reflex is a response to circulating levels of the hormone gastin.
Gastroileal
As the renal arteries enter the rental sinuses, they branch into the _______________ arteries.
Interlobar
_____________ are chemical bonds created by the electrical attraction between anions and cations.
Ionic bonds
Which solution does not cause the net movement of water into or out of a red blood cell?
Isotonic
____________ is the condition caused by ingesting clostridium perfringens
Lyme diease
______________ are small, oval lymphoid organs that filter and purify the lymph before it reaches the venous system
Lymph nodes
_______________ is blockage of lymphatic drainage from a limb , which can cause the limb to swell due to the accumulation of interstitial fluid.
Lymphedema
The pericardium lies within the:
Mediastinum
Which region of the brain is responsible for control of autonomic functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestive activities
Medulla oblongota
Mixing water and mucin to create mucus is an example of which form of secretion?
Merocrine
The base of the lung can be found where?
On top of the diaphragm
What is the diffusion of water across a cell membrane called
Osmosis
____________are the cells within a bone that help regulate calcium and phosphate by dissolving the bony matrix.
Osteoclasts
______________are the cells within a bone that help maintain normal bone structure by recycling calcium salts.
Osteocytes
____________ in peripheral tisses remove cellular debris and respond to invasion by foreign compound or pathogens
Phagocytes
What are the transverse fold of the intestinal lining called?
Plicae
which receptors of the somatic sensory system monitor the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints?
Proprioceptors
_______________ is an anatomical term meaning 'toward an attached base.
Proximal
Which of the following is a function of skeletal system?
The production red blood cells within the red marrow
The ascending loop of henle is responsible for____________.
The reabsorption and transport of sodium and chloride ions
Which of the following causes severe pain and light senstivity 6 to 12 hours after ocular exposure to welding arc, tanning lights, or bright snow?
Ultraviolet keratitis
What is anisocoria?
Unequal pupils
Which of the following is a preparation designed to induce an immune response?
Vaccine
Which nerve controls the stomach and initiates the production of gastric juice?
Vagus
In the juxtamedullary nephrons, the peritubular capillaries are directly connected to the __________________
Vasa recta
Foods that touch the ___________ trigger the coughing reflex
Vocal cords
Enlargement of the lower airways due to sympathetic activation is called
bronchodilation
patients with hollow organ problems tend to have
diffuse abdominal pain
Every spinal segment is associated with a pair of ____________ that contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons.
dorsal root ganglia
podocytes are specialized filtration cells found in the _______________.
glomerulus
Fat is the combination of fatty acids and:
glycerol
The liver and skeletal muscles store glucose as:
glycogen
Which of the following two components of the renal system comprise the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
juxtaglomerulur cells, mascula densa
The red blood cells accounts for almost __________ of the volume of blood.
one - half (50%)s
The kidneys are held in position in the retroperitoneal space by the __________.
overlying peritoneum, supporting connective tissues, and contract with other organs
A subatomic particle with a positive electrical charge is called a
proton
The muscular structure that regulates the flow of partially digested food between the stomach and the small intestine is the
pyloric sphincter
Initial tidal volume for a patient on a mechanical ventilator is set at___________.
10-15 ml/kg
The liver receives about __________ percent of cardiac output.
25
The skull is composed of how many bones
8 from the cranium, 14 from the face
A segment of lung tissue that is bounded by connective tissue partitions and supplied by a single bronchiole is called what?
A lobuie
Cells break down organic molecules to obtain energy usually in the form of:
ATP
The most important product of metabolism is ________.
ATP
All of the following are example of hormones except _______________.
Acertylcholine
____________ is the neurotransmitter or chemical released by motor neuron communicate with cells.
Acetylcholine
______________ is the amount of energy required to start a reaction.
Activation energy
__________ process require the cell to expend energy to move ions or molecules across the cell membrane usually in the form adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Active
______________ immunity appears after exposure to an antigen as a consequence of the immune response
Active
Synapses that release norepinephrine are called:
Adrenergic
( 15) A _____________ process requires oxygen
Aerobic
__________is the length of time a muscle can continue to contact while being supported by mitochondrial activities.
Aerobic activities
Which of the following components of the nephron has the greatest impact on controlling the blood pressure?
Afferent arteriole
(17chapter) which of the following best describe metabolism?
All chemical reactions that occur in the body
All of the following are functions of urinary system except______________.
All of the above are functions of the urinary system
Coordination by the nervous and endocrine systems results in:
All of the above: 1.cellular communication 2. Release of chemicals that bind to specific receptors. 3. Regulation of negative feedback
____________ is an example of a connective tissues
All of the above: bone,blood, fat
Which ailment can lead to malabsorption
All of the above: pancreatitis,cirrhosis,lactose intolerance
________________ is the synthesis of new organic molecules
Anabolism
The human form shown upright, hands at the sides, palms forward, and feet together is in the _____________ position.
Anatomical
The frontal plane divides the body into the ______ and ________ portions.
Anterior, posterior
Which type of secretion involves the loss of cytoplasm and the secretory product?
Apocrine
Arms muscles, after being in a cast, can develop smaller and weaker muscle fibers in a condition called:
Atrophy
which nervous system component providers automatic involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular secretions?
Autonomic
An _________ is an injury where a flap of skin and tissues are torn loose or torn off .
Avulsion
The kidney is divides into sections called the____________.
Cortex and medulla
Which enzyme regulates the reaction between ADP and create phosphate? High levels usually indicate serious cardiac or skeletal muscle damage.
Create phosphokinase
The _________ provide posterior support to the larynx
Cricoid cartilage
One of the most important second messengers is ____________.
Cyclic AMP
Which of the following genetic diseases involves the goblet cells producing dense, viscous mucus that cannot be transported by respiratory cilia
Cystic fibrosis
what part of the cell surrounds the nucleus but is separated from the outside by a cell membrane?
Cytoplasm
what is a shift of membrane potential towards 0mv called? An example is the entry of sodium into the cell
Depolarization
Which muscle separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
Diaphragm
What is the central shaft of a long bone called?
Diaphysis
_________ is the chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments
Digestion
Which of the following body systems are responsible for coordinating metabolic activities with urinary system?
Digestive respiratory cardiovascular
The last segment of the nephron that opens into the collecting system is the__________.
Distal convoluted tubule
Reddish- purple blotches due to leakage of blood from an artery or vein are called:
Ecchymosis
(7-14)__________ is a layer of collagen fibers that separates muscle from surrounding tissues and organs.
Epimysium
Which of the following chemical massagers can be either a hormone or a neurotransmitter?
Epinephrine
(4-6)____________ are layers of cells that cover internal or external surfaces.
Epithelia
Which sense informs a person of his or her position in space by monitoring gravity,linear, acceleration, and rotation?
Equilibrium
Glucose is passively transported across the cell membrane by binding to receptor site on a carrier protein in a process called:
Facilitated diffusion
___________ is caused by an elevation in pressure inside the eye.
Glaucoma
The production of urine occurs in the ____________. kidney
Glomerulus and bowman's capsule
__________ is the synthesis of glucose from protein or lipid precursor molecules
Gluconeogensis
The breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid in the cytoplasm of the cell is called
Glycogen
The _______ separates the oral and nasal cavities
Hard palate
____________is the medical condition characterized by the eruption of groups of vesicles along the dermatome of a sensory nerve
Herpes zoster
Which lipoprotein is commonly called "good cholesterol"?
High - desity lipoprotein
The indentation where the ureter leaves the kidney is called the ___________.
Hilum
Which chemicals initiate the process of inflammation?
Histamine and heparin
which solution causes the red blood cell to loose water, causing the cell to shrink and dehydrate?
Hypertonic
which solution causes the movement of water into red blood cell, causing it to swell and possibly lyse , burst?
Hypotonic
What is lack of oxygen that inhibits or stops the TCA cycle called
Hypoxia
______________ is the process of NK cells constantly monitoring normal tissues
Immunological surveillance
which neruron has two or more dendrites and single axon?
Multipolar
__________ is the most common viral infection of the salivary glands
Mumps
The contraction of what layers agitate and propel materials along the digestive tract
Muscularis externa
____________ increase the speed at which action potential travels along the axon of an oligodendrocyte
Myelin
The maxillary , nasal, frontal, ethamold , and spheriod bones form the lateral and superior walls of the
Nasal cavity
Patient with myopia are said to have what vision problem?
Nearsightedness
The basic functioning unit of the kidney is the ____________.
Nephron
The chemical messengers of the nervous system are called ____________ and the chemical messengers of the endocrine system are called ____________
Neurotransmitters, hormones
Which type of lymphocyte attacks cancer cells that appear in normal tissue?
Nk cells
The area monitored by a single receptor cell called the
Reception area
The pharynx,larynx, and bronchi are what portion of the respiratory tract?
Respiratory
Which membrane is made up of respiratory epithelium and the lamina propria
Respiratory muscosa
The organelles that manufacture proteins, using information provided by the DNA of the nucleus are called what?
Ribsomes
The smallest functional unit of the muscle fiber is the what? interactions between its thick and thin filaments are responsible for muscle contractions.
Sarcomere
The integument contains two types of exocrine glands,sweat and
Sebaceous
which of the following secrete surfactant?
Septal cells
A single layer of cells covering the basement membrane called the what?
Simple epithelium
The trachea begins at the level of the _____________ cervical vertebra and ends at the level of the __________ thoracic vertebra
Sixth,fifth
Lipoproteins are classified by
Size
What type of muscle is also known as striated voluntary muscle because it is controlled by the nervous system and has striated appearance?
Skeletal
_______________ are learned motor behaviors that with repetition become incorporated at the unconscious level.
Skill memories
A ____________ defense may oppose infection by one type of bacterium but ignore other bacteria and all viruses
Specific
The several layers of cells providing protection above the cell membrane are called the what?
Stratified epithelium
The ________ is the deepest epidermal layer
Stratum germinativum
A partial displacement of a bone end from its position within a joint capsule is a what?
Subluxation
_________ is an anatomical term meaning "above or higher level.
Superior
Which of the following is a general sense?
Temperature
_____________ is the active force produced when muscle cells contract and pull on collagen
Tension
____________stimulate lymphocyte stem cell divisions and T cell maturation
Thymosins
All of the following are reasons for the synthesis of new organic compounds except
To decrease secretions
Which subdivision of the pharynx extends between the level of the hyoid bone and the entrance to the esophagus
Trancheopharynx
Electrical impulses reach the muscle cell's interior to alter the cell's chemical environment via what network
Transverse tubules
Blood arrives at the glomerulus by way of the ______________.
afferent arteriole
Which of the following is the correct order of blood flow through the kidneys?
afferent arterioles glomerulus efferent arterioles peritubular capillaries
The division of the trachea into the right and left primary bronchi occurs at the:
carina
___________ is a viscous, highly acidic mixture of partially digested food between the stomach and the small intestine is the
chyme
The ________ of the lungs is an indication of their resillience and ability to expand
compliance
Reactions that release energy are said to be
exerogenic
Which part eye is responsible for focusing visual images on the photoreceptors by changing its shape
lens
The pleural cavity surrounds what organ?
lung
The ___________ is the hammer - shaped auditory ossicle that attaches at three points to the interior surface of the tympanum.
malleus
The ________ system establishes states and related behavioral drives
mamillary body
(8-9) all neural tissues outside of the brain and spinal cord makes up which nervous system?
peripheral
What are the waves of muscular contractions that move along the length of the digestive tract called?
peristalsis
______________ produces vesicles containing solid object that may be as large as cell itself, then breaks down the contents using the digestive enzymes in lysosomes.
phagocytosis
The best defense against the spread of upper respiratory infection is to
practice good hygiene
The proximal and distal convoluted tubules are comprised of what type of epithelial cells
simple cuboidal
_____________ oculomotor muscles control the position of the eye.
six
A single axon of a motor neuron branches within the perimysium to form fine branches
synaptic terminal
the solute found in the glomerular capsule must be small enough to pass through all of the following portions of the capsule except______________.
the pores found within the epithelial cells
The diagram separates the abdominopelvic and ____________ cavities.
thoracic
The ___________is the amount of air moved into or out of the lungs during a single respiratory cycle.
tidal volume
Liver cells combine carbon dioxide with ammonia to create which water-soluble compound that is excreted from the body?
urea
The most abundant organic waste found in urine is_______________.
urea
The ___________is the maximum amount of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs in single respiratory cycle.
vital capacity
