Anatomy and Physiology I Exam 4 Ch 11, 12
) A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________. A) the membrane potential has been reestablished B) the Na ions have been pumped back into the cell C) proteins have been resynthesized D) all sodium gates are closed
A
A shallow groove on the surface of the cortex is called a ________. A) sulcus B) fissure C) gyrus D) furrow
A
An individual accidentally transected the spinal cord between T1 and L1. This would result in ________. A) paraplegia B) hemiplegia C) quadriplegia D) spinal shock only
A
Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in ________. A) the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord B) the ventral root ganglia of the spinal cord C) the thalamus D) sympathetic ganglia
A
Declarative memory ________. A) is the ability to learn specific information B) is best remembered in the doing C) is hard to unlearn when learned once D) usually involves motor skills
A
If the caudal portion of the neural tube failed to develop properly the ________. A) spinal cord may be affected B) cranial nerves would not form C) hindbrain would not be present D) telencephalon would cease development
A
Neuroglia that control the chemical environment around neurons by buffering potassium and recapturing neurotransmitters are ________. A) astrocytes B) oligodendrocytes C) microglia D) Schwann cells
A
Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ________. A) gyri B) sulci C) fissures D) ganglia
A
Saltatory conduction is made possible by ________. A) the myelin sheath B) large nerve fibers C) diphasic impulses D) erratic transmission of nerve impulses
A
Spastic paralysis suggests involvement of the ________. A) upper motor neurons B) lower motor neurons C) spinal nerve roots D) neuromotor junction
A
The blood-brain barrier is effective against ________. A) metabolic waste such as urea B) nutrients such as glucose C) alcohol D) anesthetics
A
The central sulcus separates which lobes? A) frontal from parietal B) parietal from occipital C) temporal from parietal D) frontal from temporal
A
The part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from its cell body is called a(n) ________. A) axon B) dendrite C) neurolemma D) Schwann cell
A
The process of linking new facts with old facts already stored in the memory bank is called ________. A) Association B) automatic memory C) long-term memory D) rehearsal
A
Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are ________. A) pyramidal and corticospinal B) extrapyramidal and rubrospinal C) segmental and nigrostriatal D) supplementary and cerebellar-pontine
A
What are ciliated CNS neuroglia that play an active role in moving the cerebrospinal fluid called? A) ependymal cells B) Schwann cells C) oligodendrocytes D) astrocytes
A
What cells line the ventricles of the brain? A) ependymal cells B) neurons C) epithelial cells D) astrocytes
A
Which of the choices below describes the ANS? A) motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands B) motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles C) sensory neurons that convey information from somatic receptors in the head, body wall, and limbs and from receptors from the special senses of vision, hearing, taste, and smell to the CNS D) sensory and motor neurons that supply the digestive tract
A
Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement? A) Damage to the primary motor cortex results only in the loss of both voluntary muscle control and reflexes. B) Damage to the premotor cortex results in loss of motor skills programmed in that area but movement is still possible. C) Damage to the visual association area can result in blindness. D) Damage to the primary auditory cortex results in the inability to interpret pitch, loudness, and location.
A
Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality? A) prefrontal cortex B) posterior association area C) limbic association area D) combined primary somatosensory cortex and somatosensory association cortex
A
Which statement about coma is true? A) Coma may be caused by widespread cerebral or brain stem trauma. B) During coma, brain oxygen consumption resembles that of a waking state. C) Coma is neurologically identical to syncope. D) Coma is a form of deep sleep.
A
A temporary cessation of breathing during sleep found most commonly in the elderly is called sleep ________.
Apnea
Neuroglia found in the CNS that bind axons and blood vessels to each other are called ________.
Astrocytes
) Spinocerebellar tracts ________. A) terminate in the spinal cord B) carry proprioceptive inputs to the cerebellum C) give rise to conscious experience of perception D) are found in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord
B
An impulse from one nerve cell is communicated to another nerve cell via the ________. A) cell body B) synapse C) receptor D) effector
B
An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with ________. A) a change in sodium ion permeability B) hyperpolarization C) opening of voltage-regulated channels D) lowering the threshold for an action potential to occur
B
Important nuclei of the indirect (multineural) system that receive impulses from the equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear and help to maintain balance by varying muscle tone of postural muscles are the ________. A) red nuclei B) vestibular nuclei C) reticular nuclei D) superior colliculi
B
In what way does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a resting (nonconducting) neuron differ from the external environment? The interior is ________. A) positively charged and contains less sodium B) negatively charged and contains less sodium C) negatively charged and contains more sodium D) positively charged and contains more sodium
B
Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, with no paralysis or weakness in specific muscles, might suggest damage to the ________. A) spinal cord B) premotor cortex C) primary motor cortex D) rubrospinal tracts
B
The arbor vitae refers to ________. A) cerebellar gray matter B) cerebellar white matter C) the pleatlike convolutions of the cerebellum D) flocculonodular nodes
B
The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the ________. A) thalamus B) reticular formation C) pyramids D) limbic system
B
The brain stem consists of the ________. A) cerebrum, pons, midbrain, and medulla B) midbrain, medulla, and pons C) pons, medulla, cerebellum, and midbrain D) midbrain only
B
The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ________. A) longitudinal fissure B) lateral sulcus C) central sulcus D) cranial fossa
B
The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges? A) arachnoid and epidura B) arachnoid and pia C) arachnoid and dura D) dura and epidura
B
The vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________. A) pons B) medulla C) midbrain D) cerebrum
B
Tremor at rest, shuffling gait, stooped posture, and expressionless face are characteristics of ________. A) Huntington's disease B) Parkinson's disease C) cerebellar disease D) spinal cord disease
B
Which brain nucleus is the body's "biological clock"? A) dorsomedial nucleus B) suprachiastmatic nucleus C) lentiform nucleus D) subthalamic nucleus
B
Which category of memory is involved when playing the piano? A) declarative B) procedural C) motor D) emotional
B
Which fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres? A) central fissure B) longitudinal fissure C) parieto-occipital fissure D) lateral fissure
B
Which ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential and participates in the generation and conduction of action potentials? A) mechanically gated channel B) voltage-gated channel C) leakage channel D) ligand-gated channel
B
Which of the following correctly describes a graded potential? A) long distance signaling B) amplitude of various sizes C) voltage stimulus to initiate D) voltage regulated repolarization
B
Which of the following describes the excitatory postsynaptic potential? A) short distance hyperpolarization B) short distance depolarization C) opens K+ or Cl- channels D) moves membrane potential away from threshold
B
Which of the following describes the nervous system integrative function? A) senses changes in the environment B) analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions C) responds to stimuli by gland secretion or muscle contraction
B
Which of the following is false or incorrect? A) An excitatory postsynaptic potential occurs if the excitatory effect is greater than the inhibitory effect but less than threshold. B) A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal. C) An inhibitory postsynaptic potential occurs if the inhibitory effect is greater than the excitatory, causing hyperpolarization of the membrane.
B
Which of the following is the mildest consequence of traumatic brain injury? A) contusion B) concussion C) hemorrhage D) swelling
B
Which of the following neurotransmitters inhibits pain and is mimicked by morphine, heroin, and methadone? A) acetylcholine B) endorphin C) serotonin D) nitric oxide
B
Which of the following structures is probably not directly involved in memory? A) hippocampus B) medulla C) thalamus D) prefrontal cortex
B
Which of the following would you not find in normal cerebrospinal fluid? A) glucose B) red blood cells C) potassium D) protein
B
White matter is found in all of the following locations except the ________. A) corpus callosum B) cerebral cortex C) corticospinal tracts D) outer portion of the spinal cord
B
) The term central nervous system refers to the ________. A) peripheral and spinal nerves B) brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves C) brain and spinal cord D) spinal cord and spinal nerves
C
A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n) ________. A) efferent neuron B) afferent neuron C) association neuron D) glial cell
C
An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the ________. A) calcarine cortex B) primary visual area C) visual association area D) lateral geniculate body
C
Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________. A) nuclei B) nerves C) ganglia D) tracts
C
If a motor neuron in the body were stimulated by an electrode placed about midpoint along the length of the axon ________. A) the impulse would move to the axon terminal only B) muscle contraction would occur C) the impulse would spread bidirectionally D) the impulse would move to the axon terminal only, and the muscle contraction would occur
C
Neural tracts that convey life-saving information to the brain concerning burning pain would be ________. A) anterior spinothalamic B) reticulospinal C) lateral spinothalamic D) posterior spinothalamic
C
Nuclei of cranial nerves V, VI, and VII are found in the ________. A) midbrain B) medulla C) pons D) cerebrum
C
REM sleep is associated with ________. A) decreased vital signs, such as heart rate and blood pressure B) decreased activity of the brain, especially the cerebral cortex C) temporary skeletal muscle inhibition except for ocular muscles and diaphragm D) decreased oxygen use, especially in the cerebral cortex
C
Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________. A) ependymal cells B) microglia C) oligodendrocytes D) astrocytes
C
Second-order neurons of both the specific and nonspecific ascending pathways terminate in the ________. A) spinal cord B) medulla C) thalamus D) somatosensory cortex
C
The primary auditory cortex is located in the ________. A) prefrontal lobe B) frontal lobe C) temporal lobe D) parietal lobe
C
The substance released at axon terminals to propagate a nervous impulse is called a(n) ________. A) ion B) cholinesterase C) neurotransmitter D) biogenic amine
C
What does the central nervous system use to determine the strength of a stimulus? A) origin of the stimulus B) type of stimulus receptor C) frequency of action potentials D) size of action potentials
C
What is the role of acetylcholinesterase? A) act as a transmitting agent B) amplify or enhance the effect of ACh C) destroy ACh a brief period after its release by the axon endings D) stimulate the production of acetylcholine
C
Which of the following best describes the cerebrum? A) motor command center B) visceral command center C) executive suite D) decussation center
C
Which of the following generalizations does not describe the cerebral cortex? A) The cerebral cortex contains three kinds of functional areas. B) Each hemisphere is chiefly concerned with sensory and motor functions of the contralateral side of the body. C) The hemispheres are exactly equal in function. D) No functional area of the cortex works alone.
C
Which of the following is (are) involved with motor activity (either initiation or coordination)? A) postcentral gyrus B) gustatory cortex C) red nuclei D) Wernicke's area
C
Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle? A) cholinesterase B) norepinephrine C) acetylcholine D) gamma aminobutyric acid
C
Which of the following is not characteristic of neurons? A) They conduct impulses. B) They have extreme longevity. C) They are mitotic. D) They have an exceptionally high metabolic rate.
C
Which of the following is not true of graded potentials? A) They are short-lived. B) They can form on receptor endings. C) They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point. D) They can be called postsynaptic potentials.
C
Which of the following is true about the movement of ions across excitable living membranes? A) Ions always move actively across membranes through leakage channels. B) Ions always move passively across membranes. C) Sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes. D) Ions always move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
C
Which statement about epilepsy is most accurate? A) During seizures, sensory messages are processed normally but responses are blocked. B) Absence seizures typically begin in adolescence and is often severely disabling. C) Epilepsy is often genetically induced but also frequently caused by head trauma, stroke, infection, and tumor. D) The aura in tonic-clonic seizures typically occurs as the patient regains consciousness.
C
A 24-hour cycle of sleep and wakefulness is called a ________ rhythm.
Circadian
All of the following are structures of the limbic system except the ________. A) hippocampus B) cingulate gyrus C) amygdaloid nucleus D) caudate nucleus
D
Bipolar neurons are commonly ________. A) motor neurons B) called neuroglial cells C) found in ganglia D) found in the retina of the eye
D
Broca's area ________. A) corresponds to Brodmann's area 8 B) is usually found in the right hemisphere C) serves the recognition of complex objects D) is considered a motor speech area
D
Immediately after an action potential has peaked, which cellular gates open? A) sodium B) chloride C) calcium D) potassium
D
Nerve cell adhesion molecules (N-CAMs) ________. A) release nerve growth factor B) are found on "pathfinder" neurons C) are crucial in the production of neurotransmitters D) are crucial for the development of neural connections
D
Select the correct statement regarding synapses. A) Cells with gap junctions use chemical synapses. B) The release of neurotransmitter molecules gives cells the property of being electrically coupled. C) Neurotransmitter receptors are located on the axons terminals of cells. D) The synaptic cleft prevents an impulse from being transmitted directly from one neuron to another.
D
The area of the cortex that is responsible for sensations of the full bladder and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath too long is the ________. A) olfactory cortex B) gustatory cortex C) vestibular cortex D) visceral sensory area
D
The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the ________. A) resting period B) repolarization C) depolarization D) absolute refractory period
D
When a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy, the resulting graded potential is called a(n) ________. A) postsynaptic potential B) excitatory potential C) action potential D) generator potential
D
Which brain waves are not normal for awake adults but are common for children? A) Alpha B) Beta C) Delta D) Theta
D
Which of the following is not a function of the CSF? A) reduction of brain weight B) protection from blows C) nourishment of the brain D) initiation of some nerve impulses
D
Which of the following is not a function of the autonomic nervous system? A) innervation of smooth muscle of the digestive tract B) innervation of cardiac muscle C) innervation of glands D) innervation of skeletal muscle
D
Which of the following is not a role of the basal nuclei? A) regulating attention and cognition B) controlling starting and stopping movements C) inhibiting unnecessary or antagonistic movements D) initiating protective reflex actions
D
Which of the following will occur when an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is being generated on the dendritic membrane? A) Specific sodium gates will open. B) Specific potassium gates will open. C) Sodium gates will open first, then close as potassium gates open. D) A single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium.
D
Which of these would you not find in the cerebral cortex? A) cell bodies B) dendrites C) unmyelinated axons D) fiber tracts
D
Which statement is not true? A) Sleep requirements decline from infancy to early adulthood, level off, then decline again in old age. B) Half of infant sleep is composed of REM sleep. C) Ten-year-olds are in REM sleep about 1.5-2 hours per night. D) Stage 4 sleep increases in old age.
D
njury to the hypothalamus may result in all of the following except ________. A) pathologic sleep B) loss of body temperature control C) production of excessive quantities of urine D) loss of proprioception
D
Which of the following is not a chemical class of neurotransmitters? A) acetycholine B) amino acid C) biogenic amine D) ATP and other purines E) nucleic acid
E
Which of the following is not a function of astrocytes? A) support and brace neurons B) anchor neurons to blood vessels C) guide the migration of young neurons, synapse formation, and helping to determine capillary permeability D) control the chemical environment around neurons E) provide the defense for the CNS
E
T/F: Meningitis is the most accurate term for inflammation of neurons.
FALSE
T/F: The three basic regions of the cerebrum are the cerebral cortical gray matter, internal white matter, and the superior and inferior colliculi.
FALSE
Potentials that are short-lived, local changes in membrane potential that can be either depolarized or hyperpolarized are called ________ potentials.
Graded
A chemical messenger that does not directly cause ESPSs or IPSPs but does affect the strength of synaptic transmission is a ________.
Neuromodulator
T/F: Cell bodies of the somatic motor neurons of the spinal nerves are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.
TRUE
The ________ is a protective mechanism that helps maintain a stable environment for the brain.
blood-brain barrier
The large commissure that connects the right and left sides of the brain is called the ________.
corpus callosum
Which type of wave predominates during stage 4 NREM sleep?
delta
The ________ includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.
diencephalon
Sensory neurons enter the spinal cord via the ________ horn.
dorsal
Arachnoid villi are valvelike structures that protrude externally through the ____ mater to absorb cerebrospinal fluid into venous blood.
dura
The synapse more common in embryonic nervous tissue than in adults is the ________.
electrical synapse
T/F: A flat EEG is a good indication of deep sleep.
false
T/F: Commissural fibers connect the cerebrum to the diencephalon.
false
T/F: Nondeclarative memories preserve the circumstances in which they are learned.
false
T/F: Projection fibers in the brain mainly connect the right and left hemispheres.
false
T/F: Sorting of sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate cerebral sensory area occurs in the hypothalamus.
false
T/F: Strong stimuli cause the amplitude of action potentials generated to increase.
false
T/F: The RAS is comprised of specific pathways primarily in the limbic system.
false
T/F: The all-or-none phenomenon as applied to nerve conduction states that the whole nerve cell must be stimulated for conduction to take place.
false
T/F: The autonomic nervous system is under voluntary control; whereas, the somatic nervous system is involuntary.
false
T/F: The canal connecting the third and fourth ventricles and running through the midbrain is the foramen of Monro.
false
T/F: The nodes of Ranvier are found only on myelinated, peripheral neuron processes
false
Which ventricle is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord.
fourth
The ________ is the main switch station for memory; if the right and left areas are damaged, the past is lost.
hippocampus
What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?.
infundibulum
The storage and retrieval of information is called ________.
memory
The corpora quadrigemina are found in the ________.
midbrain
When information is delivered within the CNS simultaneously by different parts of the neural pathway, the process is called ________ processing.
parallel
The ________ is a conduction pathway between higher and lower brain centers and houses nuclei for cranial nerves V-VII.
pons
The two longitudinal ridges on the medulla oblongata where many descending fibers cross over are called the ________.
pyramids
That part of the nervous system that is voluntary and conducts impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles is the ________ nervous system.
somatic
When one or more presynaptic neurons fire in rapid order it produces a much greater depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane than would result from a single EPSP; this event is called ________ summation.
temporal
T/F: A disturbance of posture, muscle tremors at rest, and uncontrolled muscle contraction are all symptoms of damage to the basal nuclei.
true
T/F: A postsynaptic potential is a graded potential that is the result of a neurotransmitter released into the synapse between two neurons.
true
T/F: A stimulus traveling toward a synapse appears to open calcium ion channels at the presynaptic end, which in turn promotes fusion of synaptic vesicles to the axonal membrane.
true
T/F: Axon diameter and degree of myelination determine nerve impulse conduction velocity.
true
T/F: Cell bodies of sensory neurons may be located in ganglia lying outside the central nervous system.
true
T/F: Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and in the subarachnoid space
true
T/F: During depolarization, the inside of the neuron's membrane becomes less negative.
true
T/F: Embryonic damage to the mesencephalon could result in improper formation of the midbrain.
true
T/F: Enkephalins and endorphins are peptides that act like morphine.
true
T/F: If bacteria invaded the CNS tissue, microglia would migrate to the area to engulf and destroy them.
true
T/F: In myelinated axons the voltage-regulated sodium channels are concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier.
true
T/F: Large-diameter nerve fibers conduct impulses much faster than small-diameter fibers.
true
T/F: Most of the ascending and descending pathways to and from the brain cross over from one side of the body to the other.
true
T/F: Myelination of the nerve fibers in the central nervous system is the job of the oligodendrocyte.
true
T/F: NREM sleep normally exhibits four distinct stages, which appear to alternate.
true
T/F: Neurons in the CNS are organized into functional groups.
true
T/F: Nuclei relating to the startle reflex are located in the corpora quadrigemina of the midbrain.
true
T/F: One functional center found within the medulla oblongata is a respiratory center involved in the control of the rate and depth of breathing.
true
T/F: Reflexes are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli.
true
T/F: Some neurotransmitters can be either excitatory or inhibitory depending upon the receptor.
true
T/F: Specific motor and sensory functions are localized in specific areas called domains, whereas memory and language have overlapping domains.
true
T/F: The action potential is caused by permeability changes in the plasma membrane.
true
T/F: The adult spinal cord ends between L1 and L2.
true
T/F: The first obvious sign that the nervous system is forming in the embryo is the thickening of the surface ectoderm to form the neural plate.
true
T/F: The left cerebral hemisphere is usually dominant.
true
T/F: The limbic system acts as our emotional, or affective, brain.
true
T/F: The oligodendrocytes can myelinate several axons.
true
T/F: The overlapping functions of the nervous system are sensory input, integration, and motor output.
true
T/F: The primary visual cortex contains a map of visual space.
true
T/F: The terms fainting and syncope describe the same thing.
true
T/F: Unipolar neurons have axons structurally divided into peripheral and central processes.
true
