Anatomy & Physiology: Metabolism - Chapter 22

The inherited metabolic disorder that results from the accumulation of phenylketones from phenylalanine is ________.

Phenylkentonuria

More than half the heat is lost from the body indoors through the process of:

Radiation

The function of the citric acid cycle is to:

Remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.

The vitamin that is part of the coenzymes FAD and FMN is:

Riboflavin

The major cation in extracellular fluid is:

Sodium

Cells synthesize new organic components for which of the following reasons?

Store nutrients, structural maintenece, growth and repair and produce secretions.

In the human body, cholesterol is important because it:

is a lipid component of all cell membranes, is a key constituent of bile, is the precursor of several steroid hormones and vitamin D3, helps waterproof the epidermis.

The chemical equation that correctly summarizes the overall reaction in oxidative phosphorylation is:

2 H2 + O2 2 H2O.

What percent of energy released from catabolism is lost as heat?

60%

The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin:

A

Each cytochrome contains:

A metal ion

The Citric Acid Cycle:

Begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid

Which of the following statements regarding brown fat is false?

Brown fat is concentrated around the visceral organs in an adult.

A cation that is essential for muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting is:

Calcium

The end products of aerobic respiration are:

Carbon dioxide, water and ATP.

The major anion in body fluids is:

Chloride

Lipoproteins that are formed within the intestinal epithelium to transfer dietary fats into circulation are called ________.

Chylomicrons

In the citric acid cycle, a 2 carbon molecule and a 4 carbon molecule combine to produce:

Citric Acid

Oxygen is an important molecule in which of the following:

Citric acid cycle and the ETS.

The trace element needed for hemoglobin synthesis is:

Copper

The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin:

D

The vitamin that prevents breakdown of vitamin A and fatty acids is vitamin

E.

Most of the ATP from metabolism is produced in the:

Electron Transport System

Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are examples of:

Essential fatty acids

The process of glycogen formation is known as____.

Glycogenesis

A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as:

Gout

An element that is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes is:

Iron

The vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A is:

Panthothenic Acid

The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin:

K

The energy content of foods is commonly given in units of _______.

Kilocalories

All of the following are true of beta-oxidation, except that:

Lipids are converted into glycogen molecules

Urea is formed in the:

Liver

The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called...

Metabolism

The citric acid cycle occurs in the:

Mitochondrial Matrix

Cells perform catabolism to generate ATP, which can be used for:

Muscle contraction, glycogen synthesis, ion transport and protein synthesis.

During starvation:

Muscle proteins are used as an energy source.

The vitamin that is part of the coenzyme NAD is:

Niacin

The main purpose of the citric acid cycle is to:

Supply hydrogen atoms to the mitochondria

The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during:

The CAC Cycle

The major steps in oxidative phosphorylation include all of the following, except:

The breaking of carbon-carbon covalent bonds.

During the absorptive state:

The liver forms glycogen.

In oxidative phosphorylation, energy for the synthesis of ATP is directly obtained from:

The movement of hydrogen ions through channels in the innner mitochondrial membrane.

The vitamin whose deficiency causes beriberi is:

Thiamine

What is the role of NADH in metabolism?

Transport hydrogen atoms to coenzymes in the mitochodrial cristae.

During lipolysis:

Triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and free and fatty acids.

The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces:

Urea

During glycolysis:

a molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid, four molecules of ATP are produced, hydrogen atoms are removed from organic molecules, two molecules of ATP are consumed.

In the electron transport chain:

generates a concentration gradient by pumping hydrogen ions, oxidative phosphorylation leads to ATP formation, NADH and FADH2 donate hydrogen atoms, reduced molecules transfer energy to ATP formation.

The heat-gain center for thermoregulation:

resides in the pre-optic hypothalamus, activates shivering thermogenesis, activates skin vasoconstriction, activates nonshivering thermogenesis.