Anatomy and Physiology: Organization of the Body Chapter 1

Organs

A combination of tissues designed to perform a specific function or several functions

Organ systems

A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.

Organism

Any living thing

Dorsal cavity (Posterior) contains 2 subdivisions which are?

Cranial cavity and Spinal cavity

Study of the cells

Cytology

Lymphatic system

Defends against infection and disease. Returns tissue fluids to the blood stream. Spleen, Thymus,Lymphatic vessels lymph nodes tonsils

Respiratory system

Delivers air to alveoli, provides oxygen to bloodstream, removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream, produces sound for communication

Nervous system

Directs immediate responses to stimuli, coordinates or moderates activities for other organ systems, provides and intercepts sensory information about external conditions. Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Cardiovascular system

Distributes blood cells water and dissolved materials, including waste products, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature The heart, blood, and blood vessels make up this system of the human body

Standing or sitting up

Erect

Urinary system

Excretes waste products from the blood, controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced, stores urine prior to voluntary elimination, regulates blood ion Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

Study of tissues

Histology

lying on the side

Lateral

Catabolism

Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.

External or Superficial

On or close to the outside of the body

internal or deep

On the inside of the body

Extracellular fluid

Outside the cell (ECF)

The Thoracic cavity has 2 plural cavities. What are they?

Pericardial cavity and the Mediastinum

Digestive system

Processes and digest food, absorbs, and conserves water, absorbs nutrients, stores energy reserves. Alimentary canal(mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, and anus) with assoc. glands(salivary, liver, and pancreas.)

Lying abdomen down, with the face down or to the side

Prone

Integumentary system

Skin, hair, sweat glands and nails. Protects against enviornmental hazards, helps regulate body temp., provides sensory information

Physiology

Study of function

Anatomy

Study of the *structure* of an organism describing shape, construction & relative positions of organs in the body

laying down on the back, face up

Supine or dorsal recumbent

Endocrine system

The glands and parts of glands that produce endocrine secretions, help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity, and include especially the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, ovaries, and testes.

Negative feedback

Variation triggers response to correct or reverse the situation. ie; brain detects change in body temp and starts mechanisms to warm or cool

Disease

abnormal structure or function of body or one of its parts

Metabolism

all life sustaining reactions within the body systems

Regional

all structures in one part of the body

Cells

basic units of all living matter

Anatomical position

body standing erect and upright facing front

What are two types of activities of metabolism?

catabolism and anabolism

Tail or tail end

caudal

head or head end

cephalic or cranial

Chemical or molecular levels

combined atoms

Anabolism

consists of building or synthesis reactions. Needed for growth, function and repair.

Reproductive System

contains organs that make it possible to produce offspring; the only body system that is different in males and females

Systemic

gross anatomy studied by body system

Tissues

groups of cells with similar functions organized together to perform a specific life function.

Cardiovascular System

heart, blood & blood vessels

Feedback Mechanisms

help to maintain homeostasis.

front or palm of the hand

palmar

sole or bottom of the foot

plantar

What are the largest subdivisions of ECF?

plasma, Interstitial fluid, and Lymph

Skeletal system

provides support and protection for other tissues, stores calcium and other minerals, forms blood cells,

Muscular system

skeletal muscles and associated tendons. Provides movement, protection and support for other tissues, generates heat and maintains body temp.

Atoms

smallest stable unit of matter

Homeostatsis

stable or constant internal enviornment

Embryology

study of developmental changes of embryo/fetus

Developmental

studying structural changes of body throughout life

medial

toward the midline

lateral

toward the side of the body, away from the midline

Positive feedback

when result of an action stimulate another action. To accelerate

Anterior or ventral view

...