Anatomy and Physiology Units 1-4 Review

Explain the significance of the thickness of the left ventricular wall.

The left ventricular wall is thicker because, unlike the right ventricle, the left ventricle is responsible for pumping and pressurizing blood throughout the entire body. This requires the extra force that comes from more muscle tissue.

Paula's grandfather has been diagnosed with lung cancer. His physician orders biopsies of several lymph nodes from neighboring regions of the lungs. Paula wonders why the biopsies are necessary. Explain why.

The lymph nodes will have come into contact with and loose cancerous cells and had a reaction to them, and cancerous cells can move via the lymphatic system.

Many medications can be administered transdermally by applying patches that contain the medication to the surface of the skin. These patches can be attached anywhere on the skin except the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. Why?

The palms and soles have an extra layer of skin, the stratum lucidum, that provides more resistance to the diffusion of medication.

You have damaged your knee playing soccer, specifically the cartilage structure between the bones called the meniscus, and no tissue other than the cartilage has been damaged. Your doctor tells you that it will be many months before you might be able to return to soccer after surgery. What is the best explanation for this?

There is slow healing because of a normal lack of blood supply to cartilage.

When the arrector pili muscles contract...

"goose bumps" are formed

An element has 6 electrons, 6 protons, and 6 neutrons. What will be the mass number of that element?

12

Place these steps of muscle contraction in the correct order. 1. Action potential is generated along the sarcolemma 2. Nerve impulse arrives at synapse 3. Calcium is released into muscle cell cytoplasm 4. Acetylcholine is produced 5. Actin and myosin molecules continuously cross-link, with actin molecules being pulled inward

2, 4, 1, 3, 5

Identify the correct sequence of steps in the generation of an action potential. 1. Activation of sodium channels and rapid depolarization 2. Inactivation of sodium channels and activation of potassium channels 3. Depolarization to threshold 4. Closing of potassium channels

3, 1, 2, 4

The average life span of a red blood cell is about...

4 months

Blood is approximately ________ percent plasma by volume.

46-63

________ develop(s) when the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues.

Autoimmune disorders

________ permit the exchange of nutrients, dissolved gases, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues.

Capillaries

Macromolecule: Monomer is a monosaccharide. Function to provide quick, immediate, short-term energy. Some also function as structural components.

Carbohydrates

Differentiate between compact bone and spongy bone.

Compact bone is dense and regular throughout, whereas spongy bone is cavernous and irregular. Compact bone is also found in the diaphysis, and spongy bone is on the epiphysis (in long bones).

________ directly stimulates red blood cell production.

EPO

________ enable the immune system to launch a faster, stronger response to a previously encountered antigen.

Memory cells

Organelle: Produces most of the cell's ATP.

Mitochondria

Which lymphocytes function in immunological surveillance?

NK cells

When a cerebrospinal fluid specimen is needed for testing, the specimen is removed by needle from the L3-L4 interspace area of the vertebral column. Why?

Nerve bundles are not as tightly wound in this area, allowing a lower risk of injury to the CNS.

Macromolecule: Monomer is the nucleotide. This group's function is to serve as the hereditary molecule.

Nucleic Acids

Organelle: Contains the genetic information of the cell; the "control center"

Nucleus

Older individuals suffer from a munch higher proportion of a hip fractures than the young. Why?

Older people have less bone density than the young.

Macromolecule: Monomer is an amino acid. Functions include enzymes, transport, hormones, antibodies, etc.

Protein

Describe the anatomy of an atom. Be sure to include the location and charge of electrons, neutrons, and protons.

Protons, positively charged particles, and neutrons, particles with no charge, are both located in the nucleus of an atom. Electrons, negatively charged particles, are found orbiting the nucleus.

Organelle: Produce proteins; the "assembly line"

Ribosomes

The group of lymphoid stem cells that migrates to the thymus and divides repeatedly produces which type(s) of lymphocytes?

T cells

Distinguish between the actions of T cells and B cells in the immune response.

T cells recognize antigens presented on the surface of infected cells, spurring division into more T cells that can attack other infected cells or be saved for future infections. They can also be helper T cells that activate the "attacking" T cells (I can't remember what they're called) and B cells. Proteins on the surface of B cells bind to free antigens, and helper T cells activate the B cell to produce antibodies against the antigens.

When a protein or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell...

a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm

Which of the following accounts for almost two-thirds of the mass bone tissue? a) calcium phosphate b) cells c) osteons d) protein fibers

a) calcium phosphate

The striated appearance of skeletal muscle results from...

actin and myosin arrangement

The part of the peripheral nervous system that brings information to the central nervous system is the...

afferent division

During the process of mitosis, chromatids separate during...

anaphase

The study of body structure is called...

anatomy

Which of the following is released by the posterior pituitary?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

The semilunar valve of the left side of the heart prevents backflow from the...

aorta

The tendency for water and small solutes to move out of the blood is greatest at the...

arteriole end of capillaries

Covalent bonds are formed when...

atoms share electrons

The ________ nervous system provides involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity.

autonomic

Which of the following is an example of the skeletal system's primary function of providing structural support? a) The skull encloses the brain. b) Individual bones provide a framework for the attachment of soft tissues and organs. c) Red marrow fills the internal cavities of many bones. d) Calcium salts are found in bones.

b) Individual bones provide a framework for the attachment of soft tissues and organs.

Which of the following is a characteristic of hydrogen bonds? a. Hydrogen bonds occur only in water. b. Hydrogen bonds can form between adjacent molecules. c. Hydrogen bonds are part of carbohydrate structure. d. Hydrogen bonds are part of fatty-acid structure.

b. Hydrogen bonds can form between adjacent molecules.

Which of the following is the simplest level of organization? a. system b. chemical c. organ d. tissue

b. chemical

The function of hemoglobin is to...

bind and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

The release of parathyroid hormone is controlled by...

blood calcium ion levels

A mixed nerve contains...

both sensory and motor neurons

Which of the following is a type of connective tissue? a) simple squamous tissue b) muscle tissue c) bone tissue d) nervous tissue

c) bone tissue

Which of the following is one of the four main types of tissue? a) serous b) cardiac c) epithelial d) glandular

c) epithelial

Which of the following is a term used to describe the number of layers of epithelial cells? a) cuboidal b) columnar c) stratified d) transitional

c) stratified

Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet light...

can increase melanocyte activity

__________ is a pigment found in vegetables that can make skin appear yellow or orange.

carotene

The smallest living things are...

cells

Platelets are...

cellular fragments

The brain and spinal cord comprise the...

central nervous system

The region of the brain that is involved in conscious thought and intellectual function as well as processing somatic sensory and motor information is the...

cerebrum

The primary connection between cerebral hemispheres is the...

corpus callosum

The skin is sometimes referred to as the..

cutaneous membrane

Which of the following primary functions of the skeletal system applies to the role of red bone marrow? a) protection b) movement c) support d) blood cell production

d) blood cell production

Which of the following substances would be nearest the pH of human blood? a. stomach secretions, pH ≈1 b. milk, pH ≈6.5 c. tomato juice, pH ≈4 d. pure water, pH ≈7 e. wine, pH ≈3

d. pure water, pH ≈7

Shafts of hair are comprised of...

dead keratinized epidermal cells

Opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in the membrane of a neuron results in...

depolarization

Epidermal cells are supplied with nutrients from blood vessels in the...

dermis

The layer of skin inferior to the epidermis and made of living stratified squamous epithelial cells is the is the...

dermis

The shaft of a long bone is called the...

diaphysis

Relaxation of the heart chambers is called...

diastole

Lymphatic vessels, which exit the lymph node and carry the lymph toward the venous system, are called...

efferent lymphatic vessels

During their formation, RBCs...

eject their nucleus

The innermost layer of the heart wall is the...

endocardium

Secretions that are discharged directly into the blood are characteristic of ____________ glands.

endocrine

A layer of collagen fibers that surrounds an entire muscle is called...

epimysium

One hormone that is released from the adrenal medulla is...

epinephrine

The hormone that is released by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in kidney tissues is...

erythropoietin

Plasma and interstitial fluid account for most of the volume of ________ in the body.

extracellular fluid

Saltatory conduction is...

faster than conduction on an unmyelinated axon

When blood glucose levels fall...

glucagon is released

Changes in the membrane potential that cannot spread far from the site of stimulation are called...

graded potentials

Skeletal muscle fibers differ from "typical cells" in that these muscle fibers...

have many nuclei

The primary function of white blood cells is to...

help defend the body against pathogens

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes the disease known as AIDS selectively infects ________, which leads to clinical problems.

helper T cells

The tendency for physiological systems to stabilize internal conditions with respect to the external environment is called...

homeostasis

In the simplest case, endocrine activity may be controlled by changes in the extracellular fluid composition called ________ stimuli.

humoral

Hormones from the ________, which travel in the hypophyseal portal vessels, alter the activity of the anterior pituitary.

hypothalamus

The highest level of endocrine control is provided by the...

hypothalamus

Immersion of red blood cells into a(n) ________ solution results in lysis of the cell.

hypotonic

The increased incidence of cancer in the elderly reflects the fact that...

immune surveillance declines with age

Effects produced by the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system include...

increased secretion by digestive glands

Each cardiac muscle cell is bound to its neighboring cells at sites called...

intercalated discs

Structurally, the plasma membrane is....

is composed of a bilayer of lipids

In general, the nervous system...

is fast acting

You mix a drop of blood with a drop of an unknown solution and look at the solution under the microscope. The cells look normal to you, so the solution you mixed with the blood would likely be...

isotonic

If the AV node does not receive action potentials generated by the SA node...

it will establish a heart rate of 40-60 bpm

The bones of the upper arms and thighs are classified as...

long bones

Water and solutes that are not reabsorbed by capillaries ultimately return to the bloodstream by way of...

lymphatic vessels

In the condition called ________, interstitial fluids accumulate in a region in which drainage has been blocked.

lymphedema

Osteocytes...

maintain normal bone structure by recycling the calcium salts in the bony matrix around themselves

The combination of extracellular fibers and ground substances in supporting connective tissues is known as...

matrix

Which structure contains cardiovascular and respiratory rhythmicity centers?

medulla oblongata

The observed differences in skin color reflect the levels of __________ production.

melanin

The hormone responsible for daily changes in physiological processes that follow a day-night pattern is...

melatonin

During which phase of cell division do the chromatids line up along the equator of the cell?

metaphase

Tissue that is specialized for contraction is ___________ tissue.

muscle

A child develops symptoms of chicken pox, produces antibodies against its specific antigens, and recovers from the illness. Later as an adult, he is immune to another exposure to the chicken pox virus. This is an example of which type of immunity?

naturally acquired active immunity

Immunity that results from antibodies ingested from breast milk is which type of immunity?

naturally acquired passive immunity

As a result of playing tennis in the summer heat without proper hydration, you have become very dehydrated. You are now in hypernatremia, a condition where your blood sodium levels are too high. Your brain tells you to drink water and, as a result, your blood sodium and hydration levels go back to normal. This illustrates...

negative feedback

Transcription occurs in the...

nucleus

The myelin sheaths that surround the axons of some of the neurons in the CNS are formed by...

oligodendrocytes

The movement of water across a membrane from an area of higher water (lower solute) concentration to an area of lower water (higher solute) concentration is known as...

osmosis

Immature, active bone cells that produce new bone matrix are termed...

osteoblasts

Thick skin can be found on the...

palms

A foreign microorganism that may cause disease in humans is called a(n)...

pathogen

The heart is surrounded by the...

pericardial cavity

The ________ is the layer of the meninges that is in direct contact with the surface of the brain.

pia mater

Exocrine secretions are discharged onto some external or internal body surface through a...

plasma membrane

The increasingly forceful labor contractions that lead to childbirth are an example of which type of mechanism?

positive feedback

A person's blood type is determined by the...

presence or absence of specific surface antigens on the plasma membrane

Deoxygenated blood is carried away from the right ventricle by the...

pulmonary trunk

In adults, the stem cells responsible for the production of red and white blood cells originate primarily in the...

red bone marrow

Major events produced by inflammation include...

redness, swelling, heat, and pain

The main function of a serous membrane is to...

reduce friction

The endocrine system...

relies on the release of chemicals that bind to target cells

The branch of biological science that deals with how the kidney functions is called ...

renal physiology

The production of another human organism is the function of which of the following systems?

reproductive

The trachea and lungs are components of the...

respiratory system

Characteristics of living organisms include the ability to...

respond and adapt to their environment

Both chemically- and structurally-speaking, which of these compounds does not belong? a. carbohydrates b. nucleic acids c. lipids d. salts e. proteins

salts (inorganic)

The area between Z lines is the...

sarcomere

Plasma membranes allow certain molecules to pass, while blocking others. Membranes with this property are called...

selectively permeable

Which of the following is a function of the efferent division of the nervous system?

sending signals to muscles

Tarsal bones are classified as _____________ flat bones.

short

Which joint permits the greatest range of motion of any joint in the body?

shoulder

Nonstriated, involuntary muscle is...

smooth

Which muscle types are involuntary?

smooth and cardiac

Which property of immunity exists when the plasma membrane of each T cell and B cell has receptors that will bind only one particular type of antigen, ignoring all other types of antigens?

specificity

Flattened cells on the surface of an epithelial tissue are characteristic of __________ epithelia.

squamous

A small amount of ultraviolet radiation is beneficial because it...

stimulates vitamin D3 synthesis in the epidermis

The deepest layer of cells in the epidermis is the cells of the

stratum basale

The outermost layer of the epidermis of skin is the...

stratum corneum

The epidermal layer whose cells have stopped dividing and started to produce large amounts of keratin is the...

stratum granulosum

The amount of blood ejected by a ventricle during a single beat is called the...

stroke volume

Neuroglial cells are...

supporting cells around the neurons

The division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for emergencies is the...

sympathetic division

Reactions that ultimately result in larger molecules formed from smaller ones are called ________ reactions.

synthesis

The ________ circuit carries blood to and from all parts of the body except the lungs.

systemic

Which of the following is greatest during left ventricular systole?

the pressure in the ventricle

During ventricular systole...

the ventricles are contracting

As cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface...

they die

Collections of specialized cells and cell products that perform a specific function are...

tissues

The commonly prescribed antibiotic Clindamycin blocks the peptide bond formation between amino acids during protein synthesis. This would happen during...

translation

The outermost layer of the arterial wall is the...

tunica externa

Anterior is to ________ as posterior is to dorsal.

ventral

Blood flowing out of a capillary bed first enters structures called...

venules

The term ________ refers to the combination of plasma and the formed elements together.

whole blood

Which of the following is one of the steps that ends a contraction?

Acetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholinesterase.

Differentiate between the three stimuli for hormone release--humoral, neural, and hormonal. If you choose to use an example be sure to describe it fully.

A humoral stimulus is driven by concentrations minerals in extracellular fluid. Neural stimulus is driven by the transmission of neurotransmitters to an endocrine gland (such as from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary). Hormonal stimuli trigger endocrine activity when hormone levels change.

Which is the mechanism of enzyme functioning?

Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction

Organelle: Sorts and packages cellular products; the "shipping and receiving office"

Golgi Apparatus

Macromolecule: No common monomer exists for this group but they are all hydrophobic molecules. They function as long-term, sustaining energy sources, hormones, and structural components.

Lipids

What type of epithelium would you expect to find lining the urinary bladder? what is the benefit of this epithelium type in this organ?

Transitional epithelium, due to its unique shape and properties that allow the organ to expand.