anatomy chapter 10 muscle tissue

according to the sliding filament theory, when a muscle contracts, thick and thin filaments BLANK past each other, and the BLANK shortens

according to the sliding filament theory, when a muscle contracts, thick and thin filaments slide past each other, and the sarcomere shortens

which of the following proteins are found within a sarcomere

actin and connectin are proteins that are found within a sarcomere

approximately 40-50% of your body weight is BLANK muscle

approximately 40-50% of your body weight is skeletal muscle

each myosin head in a thick filament can bind to what protein in a thin filament

each myosin head in a thick filament can bind to the protein actin in a thin filament

a piano player uses her hands for brief quick movements. which muscle fiber type would you therefore predict to be predominant in these muscles

fast glycolytic

which of the three skeletal muscle fiber has the largest diameter and provides both power and speed

fast glycolytic has the largest diameter and provides both power and speed

match the structure with its description

h zone- lighter region in the middle of an A band M line- appears as a dark protein disc in center of H zone z disc- made if dark protein called connectin i band- light band containing thin filaments only

if skeletal muscle is injured surrounding ______ cells may be stimulated to differentiate and assist in its repair and regeneration

if skeletal muscle is injured surrounding satellite cells may be stimulated to differentiate and assist in its repair and regeneration

if used repeatedly for endurance events, BLANK fibers can develop the appearance and functional capabilities of BLANK fibers

if used repeatedly for endurance events, fast fibers can develop the appearance and functional capabilities of intermediate fibers

in a motor unit, a single ______ neuron typically controls numerous muscle fibers in a muscle

in a motor unit, a single motor neuron typically controls numerous muscle fibers in a muscle

in a muscle cell at rest, the myosin heads of thick filament point BLANK the sarcomere

in a muscle cell at rest, the myosin heads of thick filament point towards the ends of the sarcomere

in a muscle cell, the short term energy is supplied by BLANK respiration while long term energy is supplied by BLANK respiration

in a muscle cell, the short term energy is supplied by anaerobic respiration while long term energy is supplied by aerobic respiration

in a muscle there are concentric layer of connective tissue. from deep to superficial these connective tissue layers are the ______, the ______, and the _______

in a muscle there are concentric layer of connective tissue. from deep to superficial these connective tissue layers are the endomysium, the perimysium, and the epimysium

in a muscle, the perimysium surrounds BLANK muscle cells

in a muscle, the perimysium surrounds fascicles of muscle cells

match each stage of a muscle twitch with the amount of tension generated

latent period- there is no tension contraction period- tension increases relaxation- tension decreases

the skeletal muscles arranged in layers along the walls of the abdominal cavity and the floor of the pelvic cavity perform what functions?

support protection compression contraction

t-tubules are located adjacent to BLANK which are reservoirs storing the calcium ions required for muscle contraction

t-tubules are located adjacent to terminal cisternae which are reservoirs storing the calcium ions required for muscle contraction

ten minutes into a marathon, your body is relying on BLANK cellular respiration for ATP

ten minutes into a marathon, your body is relying on aerobic cellular respiration for ATP

the ACh receptors on the motor end plate are BLANK ion channels

the ACh receptors on the motor end plate are chemically-gated ion channels

the H-band (or H-zone) is more lightly shaded because only ______ filaments are present

the H-band (or H-zone) is more lightly shaded because only thick filaments are present

the BLANK line is a thin, transverse, protein meshwork structure in the center of the H zone of a sarcomere

the M line is a thin, transverse, protein meshwork structure in the center of the H zone of a sarcomere

the Z-disc is a thin transverse protein structure in the center of the BLANK band in a sarcomere

the Z-disc is a thin transverse protein structure in the center of the I band in a sarcomere

the abbreviation for acetylcholine is BLANK

the abbreviation for acetylcholine is ACH

the arrival of a nerve impulse at the synaptic knob of a motor neuron causes synaptic vesicles to release ______ into the synaptic cleft

the arrival of a nerve impulse at the synaptic knob of a motor neuron causes synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft

the cyclic events of "attach, pivot, detach, return" continue as long as BLANK ions remain bound to the troponin

the cyclic events of "attach, pivot, detach, return" continue as long as calcium ions remain bound to the troponin

the deep invaginations of the sarcolemma that extend into the sarcoplasm of skeletal muscle fibers as a network of narrow membranous tubules are called BLANK

the deep invaginations of the sarcolemma that extend into the sarcoplasm of skeletal muscle fibers as a network of narrow membranous tubules are called transverse tubules

the endomysium contains BLANK fibers to help bind together neighboring muscle fibers

the endomysium contains reticular fibers to help bind together neighboring muscle fibers

the enzyme acetylcholinesterase resides in the snaptic

the enzyme acetylcholinesterase resides in the snaptic cleft

the epimysium of a muscle is composed of BLANK connective tissue

the epimysium of a muscle is composed of dense irregular connective tissue

the epimysium of a muscle surrounds the ______

the epimysium of a muscle surrounds the skeletal muscle

the expansive sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that separates individual muscles is called the BLANK

the expansive sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that separates individual muscles is called the deep fascia

the force generated when a skeletal muscle is stimulated to contract is

the force generated when a skeletal muscle is stimulated to contract is muscle tension

the force generated when a skeletal muscle is stimulated to contract is muscle BLANK

the force generated when a skeletal muscle is stimulated to contract is muscle tension

the motor end plate has folds and indentations to increase the membrane surface area adjacent to the

the motor end plate has folds and indentations to increase the membrane surface area adjacent to the synaptic knob

what part of myosin molecule does ATP bind to

the part of myosin molecule ATP binds to is the head

the plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber is called the ______

the plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber is called the sarcolemma

the BLANK filament theory explains how muscle fibers shorten during contraction

the sliding filament theory explains how muscle fibers shorten during contraction

the smaller the motor unit, the BLANK the control

the smaller the motor unit, the finer the control

what type of muscle forms the majority of the walls of the digestive tract?

the smooth muscle forms the majority of the walls of the digestive tract

the sodium-potassium exchange pump maintains a higher concentration of which ion outside the sarcolemma

the sodium-potassium exchange pump maintains a higher concentration of the ion sodium outside the sarcolemma

true or false: true a byproduct of anaerobic respiration is lactic acid

true a byproduct of anaerobic respiration is lactic acid

true or false:TRUE a single myofibril runs the length of the muscle fiber

true a single myofibril runs the length of the muscle fiber

true or false: TRUE most muscles contain a combination of all three muscle types, slow oxidative fast oxidative, and fast glycolytic

true. most muscles contain a combination of all three muscle types, slow oxidative fast oxidative, and fast glycolytic

upon release from the terminal cisternae, some calcium ions bind to BLANK causing it to change shape

upon release from the terminal cisternae, some calcium ions bind to troponin causing it to change shape

when a muscle fiber contracts, which parts of the sarcomere maintain a constant length throughout contraction?

when a muscle fiber contracts, the A -band parts of the sarcomere maintain a constant length throughout contraction

when the myosin head finishes pivoting, the BLANK detaches and returns to it original cocked position, ready to repeat the cycle

when the myosin head finishes pivoting, the head detaches and returns to it original cocked position, ready to repeat the cycle

when viewed under a light microscope, the light bands called BLANK bands contain only BLANK filaments

when viewed under a light microscope, the light bands called I bands contain only thin filaments

where a motor neuron axon terminal and a muscle cell meet is called a BLANK junction

where a motor neuron axon terminal and a muscle cell meet is called a neuromuscular junction

within a myofibril, Z discs separate the functional contractile units known as

within a myofibril, Z discs separate the functional contractile units known as sarcomeres

within a synaptic knob, synaptic BLANK contain the neurotransmitter ACh

within a synaptic knob, synaptic vesicles contain the neurotransmitter ACh

what muscle type(s) would you expect to find in the cardiovascular system

you would expect to find cardiac and smooth muscles in the cardiovascular system

match the name of the muscle cell component with its function

muscle fiber- metabolic activities, contraction sarcolemma- regulates entry and exit of materials sarcoplasm- site of metabolic processes for normal muscle fiber activites sarcoplasmic reticulum- stores calcium ions needed for muscle contraction t-tubule- transports the action potential from the sarcolemma throughout the entire muscle fiber

ATP is generated when the enzyme creatine kinase transfers Pi from creatine to ADP.

ATP is generated when the enzyme creatine kinase transfers Pi from creatine phosphate to ADP.

The amount of additional oxygen that must be inhaled in order to restore pre-exercise levels is called oxygen ____.

The amount of additional oxygen that must be inhaled in order to restore pre-exercise levels is called oxygen debt

place the following events in the correct order of occurrence once ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft of a NMJ

1.ACh binds to receptors on the motor end plate 2.the resulting action potential moves down the sarcolemma 3.the action potential moves down the t-tubules 4.the action potential reaches the terminal cisternae of the SR 5. calcium ions are released into the sarcoplasm

match each property of a muscle cell with its description

-excitability: response to stimuli -contractibility: stimulation of muscle cells generates tension within the cell -elastic: a contracted muscle cell recalls to its resting length when the applied tension is removed -extensibility: a muscle cell is capable o extending in length in response to the contraction of opposing muscle cells

Which are characteristics of glycolytic fibers?

-white -low concentration of myoglobin

place the events at a neuromuscular junction in order

1) arrival of nerve signal at synaptic knob 2)calcium entry into synaptic knob 3)Exocytosis of ACh into synaptic cleft 4)Binding of ACh to motor end plate

what are the stages of cross-bridge cycling in order

1. calcium binds troponin; myosin binding site uncovered 2. cross-bridge formation 3. power stroke 4. release of myosin head by ATP 5. reset of myosin head

muscle tissue demonstrates the property of BLANK when it is done contracting and returns to its resting length

muscle tissue demonstrates the property of elasticity when it is done contracting and returns to its resting length

muscle tissue is distributed almost everywhere in the body; it is responsible for the BLANK of materials within and throughout the body

muscle tissue is distributed almost everywhere in the body; it is responsible for the movement of materials within and throughout the body

muscles are considered organs because they are composed not only of muscle tissue, but also BLANK tissue and nervous tissue

muscles are considered organs because they are composed not only of muscle tissue, but also connective tissue and nervous tissue

slow fibers or type 1 fibers are also called BLANK fibers because they contain the pigment myoglobin

slow fibers or type 1 fibers are also called oxidative fibers because they contain the pigment myoglobin

place the following events found in cross bridge cycling in then correct sequence

1.myosin heads bind to actin 2.myosin heads pivot towards the M line 3.atp releases the myosin heads 4.ATPase recocks the myosin heads

A cord like structure that attaches muscle to bone is a

A cord like structure that attaches muscle to bone is a tendon

Acetylcholine moves across the synaptic cleft by _____.

Acetylcholine moves across the synaptic cleft by diffusion

As a result of muscle fiber contraction, thick filaments in neighboring sarcomeres move ______.

As a result of muscle fiber contraction, thick filaments in neighboring sarcomeres move closer together

match each function of skeletal muscle with its description

Body movement- muscle contract and pull on the tendons that attach the muscles to the bone Posture- contraction of specific skeletal muscles stabilizes joints Temperature regulation- heat is produced as a waste product of energy usage Storage and movement of materials- voluntary sphincter muscles of the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts can be kept closed or opened

the skeletal muscles arranged in layers along the walls of the abdominal cavity and the floor of the pelvic cavity perform what function

Contraction, Support, Compression, and Protection

During development, many groups of ____ fuse to form single skeletal muscle fibers.

During development, many groups of myoblasts fuse to form single skeletal muscle fibers.

match the duration of a single muscle contraction with the source of ATP

Immediate-creatine phosphate Short term-anaerobic respiration Long term-aerobic respiration

Skeletal muscle contraction is controlled by _____ neurons

Skeletal muscle contraction is controlled by motor neurons

Slow muscle fibers are about ____ the diameter of fast muscle fibers.

Slow muscle fibers are about half the diameter of fast muscle fibers.

The motor neuron transmits the effect of a nerve impulse to the muscle fiber at a neuromuscular ____.

The motor neuron transmits the effect of a nerve impulse to the muscle fiber at a neuromuscular junction

When a muscle fiber is in a relaxed state, the __ molecules cover the G-actin active sites, preventing interactions between thick filaments and thin filaments?

When a muscle fiber is in a relaxed state, the tropomyosin molecules cover the G-actin active sites, preventing interactions between thick filaments and thin filaments

a :step-wise" increase in the force of contraction of a single muscle fiber or single motor unit due to repeated stimulation is called

a :step-wise" increase in the force of contraction of a single muscle fiber or single motor unit due to repeated stimulation is called summation

a cross section of a myofibril through the H zone contains which myofilaments

a cross section of a myofibril through the H zone contains thick myofilaments only

a muscle fiber is what level of organization in the body?

a muscle fiber is a part of the cellular level of organization in the body

a nerve impulse travels through an axon to its _______

a nerve impulse travels through an axon to its synaptic knob

a neuromuscular junction contains a

a neuromuscular junction contains a -synaptic knob -motor end plate -synaptic cleft

a sacromere is defined as the distance from one Z ______ to the next

a sacromere is defined as the distance from one Z disc to the next

a sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that is external to the epimysium and separates individual muscles is the BLANK

a sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that is external to the epimysium and separates individual muscles is the deep fascia

a skeletal muscle cell is also called a muscle BLANK

a skeletal muscle cell is also called a muscle fiber

a tropomyosin molecule is a short, thin, twisted filament that covers small sections of the BLANK strands

a tropomyosin molecule is a short, thin, twisted filament that covers small sections of the actin strands

ACh is an acronym for

acetylcholine

match the thin filament protein and thing filament associated protein names with its functions

actin- two interwined strands each band has a myosin binding sites tropomyosin - two interwind strands cover myosin binding sites troponin- bound to troponmyosin can bind calcium ions

aerobic respiration requires the presence of what molecule

aerobic respiration requires the presence of the molecule oxygen

after a contraction, muscle returns to its original relaxed position due to its natural BLANK

after a contraction, muscle returns to its original relaxed position due to its natural elasticity

after being generated , the muscle impulse continues to spread throughout the muscle fiber as long as BLANK keeps the motor end plate receptors open

after being generated , the muscle impulse continues to spread throughout the muscle fiber as long as acetylcholine keeps the motor end plate receptors open

after release from the terminal cisternae, calcium ions bind to BLANK causing tropomyosin to move and expose active sites on actin

after release from the terminal cisternae, calcium ions bind to troponin causing tropomyosin to move and expose active sites on actin

although muscle fibers obey the all-or-none principle, the force of muscle contraction can be varied depending on how many ______ units are used

although muscle fibers obey the all-or-none principle, the force of muscle contraction can be varied depending on how many motor units are used

an action potential is carried along the sarcolemma, then down BLANK tubules to the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

an action potential is carried along the sarcolemma, then down T tubules to the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

an action potential travels down the sarcolemma through the t-tubules to the BLANK

an action potential travels down the sarcolemma through the t-tubules to the terminal cisternae

an extensive network of blood vessels and nerve fibers extends through both the epimysium and the BLANK of a muscle

an extensive network of blood vessels and nerve fibers extends through both the epimysium and the Perimysium of a muscle

calcium ions bind to what protein in a thin myofilament

calcium ions bind to what protein in a thin myofilament troponin

contraction of specific skeletal muscles stabilizes joints and helps maintain the bodys BLANK by holding the head and trunk erect

contraction of specific skeletal muscles stabilizes joints and helps maintain the bodys posture by holding the head and trunk erect

each myosin protein molecule in a thick filament consists of BLANK strands

each myosin protein molecule in a thick filament consists of two strands

in a neuromuscular junction, what enzyme breaks down acetylcholine

in a neuromuscular junction, enzyme acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine

in a relaxed muscle fiber there are no thin filaments overlapping the thick filaments in the BLANK zone

in a relaxed muscle fiber there are no thin filaments overlapping the thick filaments in the H zone

in a sarcomere, the M-line serve as an attachment site for the BLANK filaments and keeps them aligned during contraction and relaxation

in a sarcomere, the M-line serve as an attachment site for the thick filaments and keeps them aligned during contraction and relaxation

in a skeletal muscle cell, two terminal cisternae and the centrally placed T-tubule form a structure called a BLANK

in a skeletal muscle cell, two terminal cisternae and the centrally placed T-tubule form a structure called a triad

in a transverse section of a muscle , you can see that each skeletal muscle is actually composed of many BLANK which are bundles of muscle fibers

in a transverse section of a muscle , you can see that each skeletal muscle is actually composed of many fascicles which are bundles of muscle fibers

in BLANK tetany, a muscle cell is stimulated so frequently that it is not allowed to relax at all between stimuli

in complete tetany, a muscle cell is stimulated so frequently that it is not allowed to relax at all between stimuli

in each helical strand of F-actin, many small, spherical molecules are connected to form a long filament resembling a string of beads. Each spherical molecule is called BLANK

in each helical strand of F-actin, many small, spherical molecules are connected to form a long filament resembling a string of beads. Each spherical molecule is called G-actin

intermediate fibers have a high resistance to

intermediate fibers have a high resistance to fatigue

muscle cells store oxygen bound to what molecule?

muscle cells store oxygen bound to the molecule myoglobin

muscle fibers that rely on aerobic respiration for ATP synthesis contain a high concentration of BLANK which gives them a reddish appearance

muscle fibers that rely on aerobic respiration for ATP synthesis contain a high concentration of myoglobin which gives them a reddish appearance

match the component of a muscle cell with its description

myofilbrils- cylindrical organelles specialized for contraction thick filament- composed of myosin thin filament- composed of actin, troponin, and tropomyosin actin- double stranded contracille protein tropomyosin- double stranded regulatory protein

once started a muscle impulse will travel along the sarcolemma and into the muscle fiber via the ______

once started a muscle impulse will travel along the sarcolemma and into the muscle fiber via the T tubules

slow fibers have a relatively large number of BLANK. this permits slow muscle fibers to produce a greater amount of BLANK than fast muscle fibers while contractions are underway

slow fibers have a relatively large number of mitochondria. this permits slow muscle fibers to produce a greater amount of ATP than fast muscle fibers while contractions are underway

slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscle fibers differ primarily in

slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscle fibers differ primarily in their ATPase which splits ATP

the sarcoplasm of a skeletal muscle fiber contains hundreds to thousands of long, cylindrical structures called BLANK that extend the length of the cell

the sarcoplasm of a skeletal muscle fiber contains hundreds to thousands of long, cylindrical structures called myofibrils that extend the length of the cell

the sodium-potassium exchange pump moves BLANK sodium ions out of the cell for every BLANK potassium ions it brings in

the sodium-potassium exchange pump moves 3 sodium ions out of the cell for every 2 potassium ions it brings in

the striated appearance in skeletal muscle cells is due to size and density differences between BLANK and BLANK filaments

the striated appearance in skeletal muscle cells is due to size and density differences between thick and thin filaments

the three connective tissue layers surrounding the individual components of a muscle are the

the three connective tissue layers surrounding the individual components of a muscle are the endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium

thick filaments are assembled from bundles of the protein called BLANK

thick filaments are assembled from bundles of the protein called myosin

true or false: TRUE in the absence of calcium, troponin attaches to the tropomyosin to hold it in place on the surface of the F actin strand

true: in the absence of calcium, troponin attaches to the tropomyosin to hold it in place on the surface of the F actin strand

as a result of ACh stimulation, calcium ions are released from the BLANK of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

as a result of ACh stimulation, calcium ions are released from the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

at the end of muscle contraction, calcium ions are moved back into the BLANK reticulum by ATP driven ion pumps

at the end of muscle contraction, calcium ions are moved back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum by ATP driven ion pumps

Match the muscle component with its description.

Muscle- multiple bundles housing many muscle fiber Fascicles- abundle of muscle fiber Muscle fiber- elongate, multinucleated, cylindrical cell Myofibril- long, cylindrical contractile element within muscle cell Myofilament- short contractile proteins of two types: thick and thin

Parts of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that appear as blind sacs perpendicular to the fiber's length are called ________

Parts of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that appear as blind sacs perpendicular to the fiber's length are called terminal cisternae

As you hold a barbell and begin to flex your arm in a curl, your biceps brachii slowly lifts the weight by using more and more units. This phenomenon, which increases the strength of the contraction, is referred to as _____.

Recruitment.

over longer distances, runners who have higher proportions of BLANK muscle fibers in their leg muscles are able to outperform runners who have a greater number of BLANK muscle fibers in their leg muscles

over longer distances, runners who have higher proportions of SLOW muscle fibers in their leg muscles are able to outperform runners who have a greater number of FAST muscle fibers in their leg muscles

which are characteristics of oxidative fivers

oxidative fibers are red good for endurance high concentration of myoglobin use aerobic respiration