anatomy chapter 14: digestive system

The number of baby teeth a child has is __________.

20

The primary function of the small intestine is: A) absorption of nutrients B) absorption of water C) waste secretion D) vitamin conversion E) mineral secretion

A) absorption of nutrients

The process by which larger molecules or structures are built up from smaller ones is called: A) anabolism B) catabolism C) metabolism D) carbolysis E) glycolysis

A) anabolism

Which one of the following is NOT one of the carbohydrates that the human digestive system is able to break down to simple sugars: A) cellulose B) sucrose C) lactose D) maltose E) starch

A) cellulose

Enzymes and bile are carried by the pancreatic duct and bile duct into the: A) duodenum B) jejunum C) ileocecal valve D) ileum E) large intestine

A) duodenum

Ketoacidosis results from the incomplete breakdown of: A) fats B) proteins C) glycogen D) nucleic acids E) cholesterol

A) fats

The anterior chisel-shaped teeth that are adapted for cutting are called: A) incisors B) canines C) premolars D) molars E) wisdom teeth

A) incisors

Which one of the following is NOT true of cholesterol: A) it provides energy fuel for muscle contraction B) it serves as the structural basis of steroid hormones C) it serves as the structural basis of vitamin D D) it is a major building block of plasma membranes E) only about 15 percent comes from the diet

A) it provides energy fuel for muscle contraction

The fold of mucous membrane that secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth and limits its posterior movements is called the: A) lingual frenulum B) hyoid bone C) palatal frenulum D) styloid bone E) mandibular frenulum

A) lingual frenulum

Which of the following is the moist innermost layer that lines the alimentary canal: A) mucosa B) submucosa C) myenteric nerve plexus D) muscularis externa E) serosa

A) mucosa

Which of the following modifications increases surface area in the small intestine with fingerlike extensions of the mucosa: A) villi B) rugae C) haustra D) circular folds E) sphincters

A) villi

Which of these events describes a chemical breakdown of food: A) enzyme action of maltase acting on starch to break it into maltose B) segmentation in the small intestine C) peristalsis of food from one organ to the next D) mastication in the mouth E) defecation of undigested food wastes by the rectum and anus

A)enzyme action of maltase acting on starch to break it into maltose

The first nutrient to be chemically digested is: A) starch B) protein C) fat D) minerals E) vitamins

A)starch

The journey of chyme through the small intestine takes: A) 2-4 hours B) 3-6 hours C) 6-8 hours D) 8-10 hours E) 10-12 hours

B) 3-6 hours

Proteins are digested to their building blocks which are called: A) peptides B) amino acids C) polypeptides D) fatty acids E) glycerol

B) amino acids

The submucosal and myenteric nerve plexuses that help regulate the mobility and secretory activity of the GI tract organs are both part of the: A) somatic nervous system B) autonomic nervous system C) sympathetic nervous system D) fight-or-flight mechanism E) central nervous system

B) autonomic nervous system

Nutrients detour through the liver via the: A) circle of Willis B) hepatic portal circulation C) Bowman's capsule D) electron transport chain E) glycogenesis

B) hepatic portal circulation

The organ responsible for drying out indigestible food residue through water absorption and the elimination of feces is the: A) stomach B) large intestine C) small intestine D) pancreas E) liver

B) large intestine

The propulsive process that moves food from one organ to the next is called: A) ingestion B) peristalsis C) chemical digestion D) mastication E) absorption

B) peristalsis

Pepsin is necessary for the stomach to break down: A) carbohydrates B) proteins C) saturated fats D) polysaccharides E) nucleic acids

B) proteins

The release of food from the stomach into the small intestine is regulated by the: A) cardioesophageal sphincter B) pyloric sphincter (valve) C) ileocecal valve D) internal anal sphincter E) hepatopancreatic ampulla

B) pyloric sphincter (valve)

he small intestine extends from the: A) cardioesophageal sphincter to the pyloric sphincter B) pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve C) ileocecal valve to the appendix D) appendix to the sigmoid colon E) cardioesophageal sphincter to ileocecal valve

B) pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve

Which of the following is NOT associated with the mouth: A) hard palate B) rugae C) vestibule D) tongue E) soft palate

B) rugae

The process by which food within the small intestine is mixed with digestive juices by backward and forward movement across the internal wall of the organ is called: A) peristalsis B) segmentation C) defecation D) chemical digestion E) absorption

B) segmentation

Amylase is an enzyme that is only able to digest: A) protein B) starch C) fat D) vitamins E) minerals

B) starch

Which one of the following is NOT a subdivision of the large intestine: A) cecum B) appendix C) Duodenum D) colon E) rectum

C) Duodenum

hich one of the following is NOT a modification (which is designed to increase surface area for absorption) within the small intestine: A) microvilli B) villi C) Peyer's patches D) circular folds E) plicae circulares

C) Peyer's patches

Which tube brings bile directly back into the gallbladder for storage when there is no digestion occurring in the duodenum: A) common bile duct B) main pancreatic duct C) cystic duct D) accessory pancreatic duct E) common hepatic duct

C) cystic duct

The process of swallowing is also known as: A) mastication B) segmentation C) deglutition D) defecation E) absorption

C) deglutition

Gastrin is produced in the stomach by: A) submucosa cells B) chief cells C) enteroendocrine cells D) mucous (neck) cells E) parietal cells

C) enteroendocrine cells

The energy value of foods commonly counted by dieters is measured in units called: A) ATP B) calories C) kilocalories D) coenzymes E) carb units

C) kilocalories

What two organs release secretions into the duodenum of the small intestine: A) pancreas and spleen B) appendix and Peyer's patches C) liver and pancreas D) cecum and appendix E) spleen and liver

C) liver and pancreas

Bile is produced by the __________ but stored in the __________. A) liver; pancreas B) gallbladder; liver C) liver; gallbladder D) small intestine; pancreas E) gallbladder; pancreas

C) liver; gallbladder

What does the enterogastric reflex accomplish: A) increases output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice B) stimulates the release of gastric juices C) slows the emptying of the stomach contents D) stimulates gallbladder to contract and expel bile E) stimulates emptying of the stomach contents

C) slows the emptying of the stomach contents

Protein digestion begins in the: A) mouth B) esophagus C) stomach D) small intestine E) large intestine

C) stomach

Which digestive system organ is the target of gastrin: A) esophagus B) pancreas C) stomach D) small intestine E) liver

C) stomach

The number of permanent teeth within a full set of adult teeth is: A) 20 B) 24 C) 28 D) 32 E) 36

D) 32

Transport of digested end products from the lumen of the GI tract into the bloodstream or lymphatic fluid is called: A) ingestion B) propulsion C) digestion D) absorption E) defecation

D) absorption

The sequence of steps by which large food molecules are broken down into their respective building blocks by catalytic enzymes within hydrolysis reactions is called: A) ingestion B) propulsion C) mechanical digestion D) chemical digestion E) absorption

D) chemical digestion

Which one of the following alimentary segments has NO digestive function: A) stomach B) ascending colon C) ileum D) esophagus E) duodenum

D) esophagus

Which of the following chemical reactions performed by the liver creates sugars from noncarbohydrate sources such as fats and proteins: A) anaerobic respiration B) glycogenolysis C) glycogenesis D) gluconeogenesis E) glycolysis

D) gluconeogenesis

Which one of the following is continuous with the esophagus: A) nasopharynx B) oropharynx C) linguopharynx D) laryngopharynx E) esophagopharynx

D) laryngopharynx

Which of these foods would be the most mineral-rich: A) cookies B) cereal C) pasta D) milk E) cake

D) milk

Which one of the following represents the correct order through which food passes in the alimentary canal: A) mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine B) mouth, esophagus, pharynx, stomach, small intestine, large intestine C) pharynx, mouth, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine D) mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine E) mouth, pharynx, esophagus, small intestine, stomach, large intestine

D) mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Which accessory digestive organ is situated retroperitoneal: A) liver B) gallbladder C) salivary glands D) pancreas E) spleen

D) pancreas

Enzyme-rich pancreatic juice contains all the following except: A) amylase B) trypsin C) nuclease D) pancreatase E) lipase

D) pancreatase

The hereditary inability of tissue cells to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine, which can result in brain damage and retardation unless a special diet low in phenylalanine is followed, is called: A) cystic fibrosis B) cleft lip C) cleft palate D) phenylketonuria E) tracheoesophageal fistula

D) phenylketonuria

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is produced in greatest quantity during: A) glycolysis B) the Krebs cycle C) protein metabolism D) the electron transport chain E) fat metabolism

D) the electron transport chain

What is the purpose of mastication: A) to eliminate undigested food wastes from the body B) to propel food from one digestive organ to the next C) to transport nutrients into the blood and lymph D) to chew, grind and tear food into smaller pieces while in the mouth E) to move food back and forth along the walls of the small intestine

D) to chew, grind and tear food into smaller pieces while in the mouth

Which of the following influence the release of pancreatic juice and bile: A) rennin and cholecystokinin B) gastrin and rennin C) cholecystokinin and gastrin D) secretin and gastrin E) cholecystokinin and secretin

E) cholecystokinin and secretin

The structure that forms the anterior roof of the mouth is the: A) uvula B) soft palate C) cheek D) teeth E) hard palate

E) hard palate

Digestion is primarily controlled by the: A) sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system B) medulla oblongata C) somatic nervous system D) enterogastric reflex E) parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

E) parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

Which one of the following is NOT absorbed by the human large intestine: A) water B) vitamin K C) some of the B vitamins D) ions E) protein

E) protein

The enzyme responsible for converting milk protein in the stomach to a substance that looks like sour milk in infants is: A) pepsin B) salivary amylase C) pancreatic amylase D) bile E) rennin

E) rennin

Which one of the following is NOT a main role of the liver: A) to detoxify drugs and alcohol B) to degrade hormones C) to make cholesterol D) to process nutrients during digestion E) to add ammonia to the blood

E) to add ammonia to the blood

The specific metabolic pathway of cellular respiration in which virtually all carbon dioxide is made is the __________.

Krebs cycle

Fat oxidation products can acidify the blood, a condition known as __________.

acidosis or ketoacidosis

Two items absorbed through the stomach walls are __________ and __________.

alcohol; asprin

The enzyme produced by the salivary glands used in the breakdown of starches is __________.

amylase

A chemical reaction in which substances are broken down into simpler substances is referred to as __________.

catabolism

The material on the outermost surface of the root that attaches a tooth to the periodontal membrane (ligament) is called __________.

cement

The process of eliminating indigestible residues from the GI tract is called __________.

defecation

When feces are forced into the rectum by mass movements and the wall of the rectum becomes stretched, the __________ is initiated.

defecation reflex

The process of physically and chemically breaking food particles down is referred to as __________.

digestion

The shortest region of the small intestine is the __________.

duodenum

The upper, expanded part of the stomach lateral to the cardiac region is called the __________.

fundus

When digestion is not occurring in the small intestine, bile is stored in the __________.

gallbladder

The hormone responsible for promoting the release of pepsinogens, mucus, and hydrochloric acid in the stomach is called __________.

gastrin

The polysaccharide, glycogen, is formed from the combination of thousands of glucose molecules during a process called __________.

glycogenesis

Cells abundant within the large intestine that produce large amounts of lubricating mucus to aid in the passage of feces to the end of the digestive tract are called __________.

goblet cells

The energy value of foods is measured in units called __________.

kilocalories; kcal

The rich capillary bed and modified lymphatic capillary found within each villus is called a __________.

lacteal

Bile is formed by the __________.

liver

The lipoprotein that transports cholesterol and other lipids to body cells is called __________.

low-density lipoprotein or LDL

The process of chewing is known as __________.

mastication

The innermost layer of the alimentary canal is referred to as the __________

mucousa

The chemical responsible for about half of protein digestion and all of fat digestion is __________.

pancreatic juice

Hydrochloric acid is necessary in the stomach for the conversion of pepsinogen into its active protein-digesting form called __________.

pepsin

Large wrinkle-like folds in the stomach lining, present when the stomach is empty, that allow for expansion when the stomach is filling are called __________.

rugae

Two hormones that promote the release of bile and pancreatic juice into the small intestine are __________.

secretin and cholecystokinin or CCK

Segmentation is a type of mechanical digestion that occurs only in the __________.

small intestine

The reflex that helps babies hold onto a breast (or bottle) and swallow is the __________ reflex.

sucking

J

The large intestine is indicated by letter __________.

D

The liver is indicated by letter __________

A

The mouth (oral cavity) is indicated by letter __________.

L

The pancreas is indicated by letter __________

N

The pharynx is indicated by letter __________

I

The rectum is indicated by letter __________

O

The salivary glands are indicated by letter __________

F

The small intestine is indicated by letter __________

K

The spleen is indicated by letter __________

M

The stomach is indicated by letter __________

B

The tongue is indicated by letter __________

G

The anus is indicated by letter __________

H

The appendix is indicated by letter __________

C

The esophagus is indicated by letter _________

E

The gallbladder is indicated by letter __________

The total amount of kilocalories the body must consume to fuel all ongoing activities, which increases dramatically during physical exertion, is called the __________.

total metabolic rate

The fingerlike projections of the small intestine increase the surface area and are known as __________.

villi

The minor nutrients consist of __________.

vitamins, minerals