anatomy chapter 14 spinal cord and spinal nerves (SUMMER)
the eighth spinal nerve exits the intervertebral foramen between the BLANK vertebrae
C7 and T1
which spinal nerves give rise to the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus
C8 and T1
true or false : in the vestibulospinal tract, all fibers decussate in the spinal cord
FALSE
the radial nerve innervates the forearm BLANK and the posterior forearm muscles
forearm extensors
when viewed in cross section, the diameter of the spinal cord charges along its length because the amount of BLANK and BLANK and the function of the cord vary in different parts
gray matter and white matter
receptors that transmit sensory information by way of the posterior funiculus-medial lemniscus pathway, regarding limb position, precise pressure, vibration, and discriminative touch, originate BLANK
in the limbs, trunk, neck and posterior head
at each BLANK foramen, the dura mater extends between adjacent vertebrae and fuses with the connective tissue layers that surround the spinal nerves
intervertebral
the term BLANK means the same side. Contralateral means the opposite side
ipsilateral
when both the receptor and effector organs of a reflex are on the same side of the spinal cord, the proper term is BLANK
ipsilateral
the musculocutaneous nerve arises from the BLANK cord of the brachial plexus
lateral cord
the white matter region on each lateral side of the spinal cord is the BLANK
lateral funiculus
the autonomic motor nuclei in the BLANK horns innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
lateral horns
the anterior and posterior roots of the lumbar and sacral spinal nerve are BLANK than the roots of the other spinal nerves
longer
the cell bodies of BLANK motor neurons are found within brainstem cranial nerve nuclei or in the anterior horn of the spinal cord
lower motor neurons
the lumbar part of the spinal cord that contains the neurons for the BLANK spinal nerves
lumbar spinal nerves
the term 'meninges' is plural. What is the singular term
meninx
interneurons are not involved in processing the BLANK reflex
monosynaptic reflex
the simplest of all reflexes is the BLANK reflex
monosynaptic reflex
the stretch reflex is a BLANK reflex that monitors and regulate skeletal muscle length
monosynaptic reflex
impulses transmitted through the direct, pyramidal or corticospinal pathway, pass directly from upper to lower motor neurons (no BLANK involved) and are responsible for BLANK control of skeletal muscles
no interneurons involved responsible for conscious control
a collection of neuron cell bodies within the central nervous system is called a BLANK
nucleus
the main nerve of the anterior division of the lumbar plexus is the BLANK nerve
obturator nerve
the denticulate ligaments are parts of the BLANK mater
pia mater
Just superior to the BLANK the two divisions of the sciatic nerve split into two nerves
popliteal fossa
which tract functions to control unskilled automatic movements related to posture and maintaining balance
reticulospinal tract
which of the following is an indirect motor pathway -rubrospinal tract -anterior spinothalamic tract -anterior corticospinal tract -posterior spinocerebellar tract
rubrospinal tract
a second order neuron is also known as a BLANK neuron
secondary neuron
the spinal cord in an adult is BLANK than the vertebral canal that houses it
shorter
the posterior rootlets are derived from a single BLANK root, which contains BLANK axons only
single posterior root, sensory axons only
the reflex arc is the neural wiring of a BLANK reflex
single reflex
BLANK sensory nuclei receive information from sensory receptors, such as pain or pressure receptors in the skin
somatic sensory nuclei
motor axons in a spinal nerve originate in the BLANK
spinal cord
the anterolateral pathway is also known as the BLANK pathway
spinothalamic pathway
each set of rami communicantes extends between the spinal nerve and a ball-like structure called the sympathetic BLANK
sympathetic trunk ganglion
in sensory pathways, secondary neurons synapse with cell bodies of BLANK neurons
tertiary neurons
motor nuclei in the BLANK horns contain motor neuron cell bodies that send nerve impulses to muscles and glands
the anterior and lateral horns
the axons of BLANK neurons and the cell bodies of BLANK are located in the posterior horns
the axons of sensory neurons and the cell bodies of interneurons are located in the posterior horns
the gray matter of the spinal cord is dominated by the BLANK and BLANK of neurons
the gray matter of the spinal cord is dominated by the dendrites and cell bodies of neurons
the left and right sacral plexuses are formed from the BLANK rami of spinal nerves BLANK and are located immediately inferior to the lumbar plexuses
the left and right sacral plexuses are formed from the anterior rami of spinal nerves L4-S4 and are located immediately inferior to the lumbar plexuses
the lumbar plexus receives sensory information from the BLANK and inferomedial thigh as well as the BLANK aspect of the leg
the lumbar plexus receives sensory information from the anterior and inferomedial thigh as well as the medial aspect of the leg
white matter on each side of the cord is also partitioned into BLANK regions each called a BLANK
three regions each called a funiculus
communication between the central nervous systems (CNS) and peripheral body structures occurs along pathways, each of which consists of a CNS axon bundle called a BLANK
tract
the reticulospinal tract controls BLANK
unskilled, automatic movements
the left and right brachial plexuses are networks of nerves that supply the BLANK
upper limb
motor pathways use a(n) BLANK motor neuron and a(n) BLANK motor neuron
upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron
the two main branches of a spinal nerve are the BLANK and BLANK
ventral and dorsal rami
During the embryonic period, the spinal cord extends the entire length of the BLANK
vertebral canal
viewed in cross section, the spinal cord is roughly BLANK but slightly BLANK both posteriorly and anteriorly
viewed in cross section, the spinal cord is roughly cylindrical but slightly flattened both posteriorly and anteriorly
the anterior rami of the BLANK region of the spinal cord do not contribute to nerve plexuses
T2-T12 region
some of the individual tracts conduct sensory impulses as BLANK from the spinal cord to the brain
ascending tracts
cervical nerves BLANK unite to form the superior trunk of the anterior rami
cervical nerves C5 and C6
impulses traveling along the corticobulbar tracts control voluntary movement of BLANK
cranial and facial muscles
BLANK explains why the lumbar, sacral and coccygeal regions of the spinal cord and its associated nerve roots do not lie next to their respective vertebrae
disproportionate growth
each brachial plexus innervates the BLANK and the entire BLANK of one side
each brachial plexus innervates the pectoral girdle and the entire upper limb of one side
the central nervous system forms primarily from the embryonic BLANK
embryonic neural tube
the axon of a primary neuron of a somatosensory pathway BLANK -extends to the spinal cord or brainstem -synapses with a secondary neuron at the level of its entry to the CNS -decussates only within the spinal cord -decussates only within the brainstem
extends to the spinal cord or brainstem
in a withdrawal reflex, BLANK muscles are inhibited so that the traumatized body part may be quickly withdrawn for the harmful stimulation
extensor muscles
which is a sensory pathway that originates in the lower limbs and inferior trunk
fasciculus gracilis
within the posterior funiculus, axons in the BLANK transmit impulses from sensory neurons in the inferior trunk and lower limbs
fasciculus gracilis
the epidural space contains BLANK -fat -muscle -dense regular connective tissue -cerebrospinal fluid
fat
the deep fibular nerve travels in the anterior compartment of the leg and terminates between the BLANK
first and second toes
a typical adult spinal cord ranges between BLANK centimeters in length
42 and 45 centimeters
Match the descriptive terms of the nervous system pathways with its meaning -Decussate -Paired tracts -Neurons in series
-Decussate: Axons in a tract cross over from one side of the body to the other along the tract -Paired tracts: For every tract on the left side of the CNS there is a corresponding tract on the right side of the CNS; each tract innervates structures on only one side of the body -Neurons in series: From origin to destination, sensory pathways consist of three or two neurons, whereas motor pathways consists of two neurons
Match the tract with the functions for which it is responsible -Reticulospinal -Rubrospinal -Tectospinal -Vestibulospinal
-Reticulospinal tract: responsible for unskilled, automatic movements related to posture and maintaining balance -Rubrospinal tract: responsible for precise discrete movements and tone in flexor muscles of the limbs -Tectospinal tract: Respond to visual and auditory stimuli by controlling positional changes of upper limbs, eyes, head, and neck -Vestibulospinal tract: Muscular activity that helps maintain balance during sitting, standing, and walking
match the reflex with its description -spinal reflex -visceral reflex -polysynaptic reflex -Ipsilateral reflex
-spinal reflex: the integration center in this type of reflex is the spinal cord -visceral reflex: a gland may be the effector in this type of reflex -polysynaptic reflex: this reflex include one or more interneurons -Ipsilateral reflex: the receptor and effector in this reflex are located on the same side of the body
The Five major terminal branches that emerge from the three cords of the brachial plexus:
-the axillary nerves -ulnar nerves -radial nerves -musculocutaneous nerves -median nerves
steps in a reflex arc
1. stimulus activates receptor 2. nerve impulse travels through sensory neuron to the spinal cord 3. nerve impulse is processed in the integration center by interneurons 4. motor neurons transmits nerve impulse to effector 5. effector responds to impulse from motor neuron
Nerve C7 becomes the BLANK trunk of the anterior rami and nerves C8 and T1 unite to form the BLANK trunk
Nerve C7 becomes the middle trunk of the anterior rami and nerves C8 and T1 unite to form the inferior trunk
a nerve plexus is a network of interweaving BLANK of spinal nerves
anterior rami
the BLANK rami of most spinal nerves form nerve plexuses on the right or left side of the body
anterior rami
the neural tube around the neural canal grows at a rapid rate resulting in a tiny hole called the BLANK of the spinal cord
central canal
identify the characteristic of the anterior corticospinal tracts -decussate in medulla oblongata -decussate in spinal cord -innervate appendicular muscles -85% of axons of upper motor neurons that extend through the medulla oblongata
decussate in spinal cord
the phrenic nerve travels through the thoracic cavity to innervate the BLANK
diaphragm
portions of the superior, middle and inferior trunks divide inferior to the BLANK into an anterior division and a posterior division, which primarily contain axons that innervate the anterior and posterior parts of the BLANK
portions of the superior, middle and inferior trunks divide inferior to the CLAVICLE into an anterior division and a posterior division, which primarily contain axons that innervate the anterior and posterior parts of the UPPER LIMB
the BLANK ramus is the smaller of the two main branches of a spinal nerve
posterior ramus
precise, discrete movements and tone in limb flexor muscles are controlled by neurons in the BLANK indirect pathway. Muscle tone and gross movements of muscles associated with posture and balance are controlled by neurons in the BLANK indirect pathway
precise, discrete movements and tone in limb flexor muscles are controlled by neurons in the LATERAL indirect pathway. Muscle tone and gross movements of muscles associated with posture and balance are controlled by neurons in the MEDIAL indirect pathway
primary motor neurons of the BLANK motor pathway originate in the primary motor cortex whereas primary motor neurons of the BLANK motor pathway originate in the brainstem
primary motor neurons of the direct motor pathway originate in the primary motor cortex whereas primary motor neurons of the indirect motor pathway originate in the brainstem
a first order neuron is also known as a BLANK neuron
primary neuron
in sensory pathways, tertiary neurons conduct information to a specific location of the primary BLANK cortex
primary somatosensory cortex