ANATOMY CHAPTER 16

The blood volume in an adult averages approximately..?

5 L

Which of the following does NOT promote multiple steps in the clotting pathway? A)PF3 B)factor XI C)Thrombin D)Ca2+

7.8

Blood proteins play an important part in A)blood clotting B)immunity C)maintenance of blood volume D)all of the above

All the above

Suppose your blood was found to be AB positive. This means that A)agglutinogens A and B are present on your red blood cells, there are no anti-A or anti-B antibodies in your plasma, and your blood is Rh+ B)there are no anti-A or anti-B antibodies in your plasma C)all of the above

All the above

How can poor nutrition lead to anemia?

Among other things, poor nutrition can cause iron-deficiency anemia due to inadequate intake of iron-containing foods or to pernicious anemia due to deficiency of vitamin B12

The white blood cell that releases histamine and other inflammatory chemicals is the

Basophil

How can liver dysfunction cause bleeding disorders?

Bleeding disorders occur when the liver cannot synthesize its usual supply of procoagulants.

All of the following are true of RBCs except A)biconcave disc shape B)life span of approximately 120 days C)contain hemoglobin D)contain nuclei

Contain nucleus

The hormonal stimulus that prompts red blood cell formation is..?

Erythropoietin

Which of the following does NOT promote multiple steps in the clotting pathway? A)PF3 B)factor XI C)Thrombin D)Ca2+

Factor XI

Discuss hemoglobin relative to its chemical structure, its function, and the color changes it undergoes during loading and unloading of oxygen.

Hemoglobin is made up of the protein globin bound to the pigment heme. Each molecule contains four polypeptide chains (globins) and four heme groups, each bearing an atom of iron in its center. Its function is to bind oxygen to each iron atom. When oxygen is loaded (bound to hemoglobin), the hemoglobin becomes bright red. When oxygen is unloaded from the iron, the hemoglobin becomes dark red.

What nutrients are needed for erythropoiesis?

In addition to carbohydrates for energy and amino acids needed for protein synthesis, the nutrients needed for erythropoiesis are iron and certain B vitamins.

The blood cell that can become an antibody-secreting cell is the

Lymphocytes

The most numerous WBC is the

Neutrophil

What blood-related problems are most common in the aged?

The most common blood-related problems for the aged include chronic types of leukemias, anemias, and thromboembolic disease.

Besides the blood's ability to move by amoeboid motion, what other physiological attributes contribute to the function of White blood cells in the body?

The physiological attributes that contribute to the function of white blood cells in the body include exhibition of positive chemotaxis enabling them to pinpoint areas of tissue damage, diapedesis (moving through capillary walls), and the ability to participate in phagocytosis.

If you had high hematocrit, would you expect your hemoglobin determination to be high or low? Why?

With a high hematocrit, you would expect the hemoglobin determination to be high, since the hematocrit is the percent of blood made up of RBCs, which contain hemoglobin.

(a) What is a transfusion reaction and why does it matter? (b) What are its possible consequences?

a. A transfusion reaction involves agglutination of foreign RBCs, leading to clogging of small blood vessels, and lysis of the donated RBCs. It occurs when mismatched blood is transfused. b. Possible consequences include disruption of oxygen-carrying capacity, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, general toxicity, and renal failure.

(a) How is clot overgrowth usually prevented? (b) List two conditions that may lead to unnecessary (and undesirable) clot information.

a. Clot overgrowth is usually prevented by rapid removal of coagulation factors and inhibition of activated clotting factors. b. Two conditions that may lead to unnecessary (and undesirable) clot formation are roughening of the vessel wall endothelium and blood stasis.

(a) Define fibrinolysis. (b) What is the importance of this process?

a. Fibrinolysis is the disposal of clots when healing has occurred. b. The importance of this process is that without it, blood vessels would gradually become occluded by clots that are no longer necessary.

(a) Describe the process of erythropoiesis. (b) What name is given to the immature cell type released to the circulation? (c) How does it differ from a mature erythrocyte.

a. In the process of erythropoiesis, a hemocytoblast is transformed into a proerythroblast, which gives rise to basophilic, then polychromatic erythroblasts, orthochromatic erythroblasts, and reticulocytes. b. The immature cell type released to the circulation is the reticulocyte. c. The reticulocyte differs from a mature erythrocyte in that it still contains some rough ER.

(a) Define homostasis. (b) List the 3 major steps of coagulation. Explain what each phase and what the phase accomplishes. (c) In what general way do the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms of clotting differ? (d) Which ion is essential to virtually all stages of coagulation.

a. Literally, hemostasis is "blood standing still" because it refers to clotted blood. It encompasses the steps that prevent blood loss from blood vessels. b. The three major steps of coagulation include the formation of prothrombin activator by a cascade of activated procoagulants, the use of prothrombin activator enzymatically to release the active enzyme thrombin from prothrombin, and the use of thrombin to cause fibrinogen to form fibrin strands. c. The intrinsic pathway depends on substances present in (intrinsic to) blood. It has many more steps and intermediates, and is slower. The extrinsic mechanism bypasses the early steps of the intrinsic mechanism and is triggered by tissue factor (thromboplastin) released by injured cells in the vessel wall or in surrounding tissues. d. Calcium is essential to virtually all stages of coagulation.

(a) Describe the appearance of platelets and state their major function. (b) Why should platelets not be called cells?

a. Platelets appear as small discoid fragments of large, multinucleated cells called megakaryocytes. They are essential for the clotting process and work by clumping together to form a temporary plug to prevent blood loss. b. Platelets should not be called "cells" because they are only fragments of cells.

(a) Define formed elements and list their three major categories. (b) Which is least numerous? (c) Which compromise(s) the buffy coat in a hematocrit tube?

a. The formed elements are living blood cells. The major categories of formed elements are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. b. The least numerous of the formed elements are the leukocytes. c. The buffy coat in a hematocrit tube is comprised of the white blood cells and platelets.

(a) If you had a severe infection . would you expect your WBC count to be close to 5000, 10,000, or 15,000/ul (b) What is this condition called?

a. With a severe infection, the WBC count would be closest to 15,000 WBC/mm3 of blood. b. This condition is called leukocytosis.