anatomy chapter 19

The average life span of an erythrocyte in the circulation is

120 days.

What is the volume of blood in an average adult male?

5 to 6 liters

Lysozyme

A bactericidal enzyme found in tears, saliva, and perspiration.

Embolus

A blood clot, bubble of air or fat from broken bones, mass of bacteria, or other debris or foreign material transported by the blood.

Platelets

A fragment of cytoplasm enclosed in a cell membrane and lacking a nucleus; found in the circulating blood; plays a role in hemostasis.

Blood clot

A gel that consists of the formed elements of blood trapped in a network of insoluble protein fibers.

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

A hemolytic anemia of a newborn child that results from the destruction of the infant's erythrocytes (red blood cells) by antibodies produced by the mother; usually the antibodies are due to an Rh blood type incompatibility. Also called erythroblastosis fetalis (e-rith?-rō-blas-TŌ-sis fe-TAL-is).

Hemophilia

A hereditary blood disorder where there is a deficient production of certain factors involved in blood clotting, resulting in excessive bleeding into joints, deep tissues, and elsewhere.

Red bone marrow

A highly vascularized connective tissue located in microscopic spaces between trabeculae of spongy bone tissue.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A hormone released by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production.

Leukemia

A malignant disease of the blood-forming tissues characterized by either uncontrolled production and accumulation of immature leukocytes in which many cells fail to reach maturity (acute) or an accumulation of mature leukocytes in the blood because they do not die at the end of their normal life span (chronic).

Antibodies

A protein produced by plasma cells in response to a specific antigen; combines with that antigen to neutralize, inhibit, or destroy it.

Thrombus

A stationary clot formed in an unbroken blood vessel, usually a vein.

Hemoglobin

A substance in red blood cells consisting of the protein globin and the iron-containing red pigment heme that transports most of the oxygen and some carbon dioxide in blood.

Anticoagulants

A substance that can delay, suppress, or prevent the clotting of blood.

Antigens

A substance that has immunogenicity (the ability to provoke an immune response) and reactivity (the ability to react with the antibodies or cells that result from the immune response); contraction of antibody generator.

Phlebotomist

A technician who specializes in withdrawing blood.

Basophil

A type of white blood cell characterized by a pale nucleus and large granules that stain blue-purple with basic dyes.

Neutrophil

A type of white blood cell characterized by granules that stain pale lilac with a combination of acidic and basic dyes.

Eosinophil

A type of white blood cell characterized by granules that stain red or pink with acid dyes.

Lymphocyte

A type of white blood cell that helps carry out cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses; found in blood and in lymphatic tissues.

Which of the following blood types is a person whose blood cells were agglutinated by both anti-A serum and anti-B serum, but not by anti-Rh serum?

AB negative

Platelet plug

Aggregation of platelets (thrombocytes) at a site where a blood vessel is damaged that helps stop or slow blood loss.

Jaundice

An abnormal yellowish discoloration of the sclerae of the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes due to excess bilirubin (yellow-orange pigment) in the blood.

Bilirubin

An orange pigment that is one of the end products of hemoglobin breakdown in the hepatocytes and is excreted as a waste material in bile.

Which of the following blood cells releases granules that intensify the inflammatory response and promote hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions?

Basophil

Hemopoiesis

Blood cell production, which occurs in red bone marrow after birth.

Red blood cells (RBCs)

Blood cells without nuclei that contain the oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin; responsible for oxygen transport throughout the body.

Whole blood

Blood containing all formed elements, plasma, and plasma solutes in natural concentrations.

Serum

Blood plasma minus its clotting proteins.

Agglutination

Clumping of microorganisms or blood cells, typically due to an antigen-antibody reaction.

Anemia

Condition of the blood in which the number of functional red blood cells or their hemoglobin content is below normal.

Vascular spasm

Contraction of the smooth muscle in the wall of a damaged blood vessel to prevent blood loss.

Polycythemia

Disorder characterized by an above-normal hematocrit (above 55%) in which hypertension, thrombosis, and hemorrhage can occur.

Hemochromatosis

Disorder of iron metabolism characterized by excessive absorption of ingested iron and excess deposits of iron in tissues (especially the liver, heart, pituitary gland, gonads, and pancreas) that result in bronze discoloration of the skin, cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus, and bone and joint abnormalities.

Thrombopoietin (TPO)

Hormone produced by the liver that stimulates formation of platelets (thrombocytes) from megakaryocytes.

Pluripotent stem cells

Immature stem cell in red bone marrow that gives rise to precursors of all the different mature blood cells.

Hypoxia

Lack of adequate oxygen at the tissue level.

Hemorrhage

Loss of a large amount of blood; can be either internal (from blood vessels into tissues) or external (from blood vessels directly to the surface of the body).

Which of the following situations could result in maternal antibodies attacking fetal blood cells during a second pregnancy?

Mom is Rh negative and fetus is Rh positive

Which of the following blood cells is a phagocyte?

Neutrophil

White blood cells (WBCs)

Nucleated blood cells that are responsible for protecting the body from foreign substances via phagocytosis or immune reactions.

Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)

One of a group of molecules that stimulates development of white blood cells.

Venesection

Opening of a vein for withdrawal of blood.

Macrophages

Phagocytic cell derived from a monocyte; may be fixed or wandering.

Wandering macrophages

Phagocytic cell that develops from a monocyte, leaves the blood, and migrates to infected tissues.

Emigration

Process whereby white blood cells (WBCs) leave the bloodstream by rolling along the endothelium, sticking to it, and squeezing between the endothelial cells.

Which of the following statements is false? hematocrit is the ratio of red blood cells found in the blood polycythemia is indicated if the hematocrit is exceptionally high RBCs, WBCs, and platelets are whole cells found in blood a monocyte is a type of white blood cell anemia may be present if there is an abnormally low number of RBCs

RBCs, WBCs, and platelets are whole cells found in blood

Acute normovolemic hemodilution

Removal of blood immediately before surgery and its replacement with a cell-free solution to maintain sufficient blood volume for adequate circulation. At the end of surgery, once bleeding has been controlled, the collected blood is returned to the body.

Cyanosis

Slightly bluish/dark-purple skin discoloration, most easily seen in the nail beds and mucous membranes, due to an increased quantity of Methemoglobin, hemoglobin not combined with oxygen in systemic blood.

Gamma globulin

Solution of immunoglobulins from blood consisting of antibodies that react with specific pathogens, such as viruses. It is prepared by injecting the specific virus into animals, removing blood from the animals after antibodies have accumulated, isolating the antibodies, and injecting them into a human to provide short-term immunity.

Fixed macrophages

Stationary phagocytic cell found in the liver, lungs, brain, spleen, lymph nodes, subcutaneous tissue, and red bone marrow. Also called a histiocyte (HIS-tē-ō-sīt).

Major histocompatibility (MHC) antigens

Surface proteins on white blood cells and other nucleated cells that are unique for each person (except for identical siblings); used to type tissues and help prevent rejection of transplanted tissues. Also known as human leukocyte antigens (HLA).

Hemolysis

The escape of hemoglobin from the interior of a red blood cell into the surrounding medium; results from disruption of the cell membrane by toxins or drugs, freezing or thawing, or hypotonic solutions.

Blood plasma

The extracellular fluid found in blood vessels; blood minus the formed elements.

Blood

The fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins and that constitutes the chief means of transport within the body.

Thrombosis

The formation of a clot in an unbroken blood vessel, usually a vein.

Monocyte

The largest type of white blood cell, characterized by agranular cytoplasm.

Hematocrit

The percentage of blood made up of red blood cells. Usually measured by centrifuging a blood sample in a graduated tube and then reading the volume of red blood cells and dividing it by the total volume of blood in the sample.

Interstitial fluid

The portion of extracellular fluid that fills the microscopic spaces between the cells of tissues; the internal environment of the body.

Pulmonary embolism

The presence of a blood clot or a foreign substance in a pulmonary arterial blood vessel that obstructs circulation to lung tissue.

Phagocytosis

The process by which phagocytes ingest and destroy microbes, cell debris, and other foreign matter.

Hematology

The study of blood.

Septicemia

Toxins or disease-causing bacteria in the blood. Also called "blood poisoning."

Thrombocytopenia

Very low platelet count that results in a tendency to bleed from capillaries.

Anemia is defined as

a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced.

Which statement about blood is not true?

about 10% of the formed elements are red blood cells

Destruction of red bone marrow due to radiation results in

aplastic anemia.

Which statement does not describe a component of the RBC life cycle?

biliverdin is the protein that stores iron

Which of the following is not true of blood in its transporting role?

carries oxygen from the cells to the lungs

A differential white blood cell count would not be appropriate to:

differentiating high density lipoprotein (HDL) from low density lipoprotein (LDL)

Which of the following hormones stimulates proliferation of red blood cells in red bone marrow?

erythropoietin (EPO)

The major function of red blood cells is

gas transport.

The process by which the formed elements of the blood develop is called

hemopoiesis.

A hemopoietic growth factor:

is a hormone that aids in proliferation of progenitor cells

The myeloid stem cell gives rise to

monocytes and macrophages. megakaryocytes and platelets. red blood cells. granulocytes.

Which of the following are characteristics of BOTH erythrocytes and platelets?

no nucleus

Reduced vitamin B12 absorption from the small intestine due to reduced intrinsic factor production in the stomach results in condition called

pernicious anemia.

Serum is

plasma without the clotting factors.

Which of the following formed elements in blood is removed by fixed macrophages in the spleen and liver after only 5 to 9 days in the circulation?

platelets

Which of the following is not involved in platelet plug formation?

the release of ADH to make the platelets bind to each other

The substance that stimulates formation of platelets is:

thrombopoietin

Which of following correctly lists the sequence of steps that occur during hemostasis in response to a damaged blood vessel?

vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, clottin