Anatomy Chapter 4

Variations in hair color reflect differences in hair structure and:

Variations in the pigments produced by melanocytes at the papilla

Fine hairs covering the general surface of the body are:

Vellus Hair

Vitamin D is required for normal intestinal absorption of:

Calcium and phosphorus

The two groups of sweat glands in the skin are:

Merocrine and Apocrine

Skin color is due to:

1. Dermal blood supply 2. Thickness of the stratum corneum 3. Melanin 4. Carotene

Nerve fibers in the skin are found in which layers:

1. Epidermis 2. Reticular layer of dermis 3. papillary layer of dermis

Wrinkles in the skin can be caused by:

1. Increasing age 2. Changes in levels of hormones 3. The effects of ultraviolet radiation 4. Distortion of the dermis during pregnancy or weight gain

In aging humans, the blood supply to the dermis is increased at the same time that sweat glands become less active

False

Merkel Cells are located in the stratum spinosum

False

The stratum basale is the layer of cells superficial to the stratum spinosum

False

In the dermis, repeated ultraviolet exposure can result in damage to

Fibrocytes causing abnormal connective tissue structure and premature wrinkling

Merocrine sweat glands:

Function in thermoregulation

The amount of melanin and carotene produced is under

Genetic control

Which of the following cell types are wandering phagocytic cells found in the epidermis

Langerhans (dendritic) cells

The decrease in which of the following cells occurs with aging, thereby reducing the sensitivity of the immune system:

Langerhans cells

Which of the following terms refers to fine, unpigmented hairs, which first appear after roughly three months of development:

Lanugo

Thick skin can be found on the sole and the:

Palm

The area of the skin that contains blood vessels supplying the epidermis is the:

Papillary layer of the dermis

Arrector pili consists of

Smooth Muscle

The hypodermis is important in:

Stabilizing the position of the skin in relation to underlying tissue

The most superficial layer of the epidermis in which all the cells still possess a nucleus is the:

Stratum Granulosum; layer that transitions from alive to dead cells

Each keratinocyte in the______________ contains tonofibrils

Stratum Spinosum

Sebaceous follicles communicate directly with the epidermis

True

The cuticle is another name for the

eponychium of the nail

The integument is separated from the deep fascia around the other organs by the

hypodermis

Ceruminous glands are

Apocrine glands

The blood supply to the skin is called the:

Cutaneous plexus

A single layer of dead, keratinized cells at the outer surface of hair overlap and form the:

Cuticle

Which of the following structures produce, black, yellow-brown, or brown pigment intracellular vesicles:

Melanocytes

Which of the following layers of the cutaneous membrane stores lipid reserves?

Reticular layer of the dermis

Folliculitis is a local inflammation of

Sebaceous glands

Sebum is produced by

Sebaceous glands

Thermoregulation is the primary function of

Sensible perspiration

Calluses form when skin is subjected to mechanical stress, and cells in the:

Stratum basale divide more rapidly

The epidermis in a section of thin skin includes the following four layers from basal lamina to the superficial surface:

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum

Which parts of hair are usually seen on the surface:

The shaft only

Large stem cells dominate the stratum basale

True

The subcutaneous layer consists of loose connective tissue with abundant

adipocytes

Functions of the hair on the body include:

1. Protecting the skin from ultraviolet radiation 2. Cushioning blows 3. Providing insulating benefits 4. Providing nervous sensation

What occurs at the end of the hair's growth cycle:

1. The follicle becomes mature 2. Club hairs form 3. Connections between the hair matrix and other structures break down 4. Old hair gets pushed toward the surface

What are the functions of merocrine sweat glands:

1. Thermoregulation 2. Inhibiting the growth of microorganisms 3. Excretion of water, electrolytes, and some drugs

In older individuals, wrinkling of the skin occurs because of

1. Thinning of the dermis 2. A decrease of elastic fiber network size 3. Weakening of the integument

How many days does it take for an average cell to move from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum:

15-30 days

Which of the following effects of aging causes the elderly to be at greater risk of overheating in warm environments

A decrease in glandular activity

What secretes pheromones, and a viscous, cloudy, potentially odorous secretion:

Apocrine glands

Mammary glands are anatomically related to

Apocrine sweat glands

A bluish coloring of the skin that occurs as a result of extreme cold, or of circulatory or respiratory disorders is called:

Cyanosis

Cerumen is commonly known as

Earwax

A hypodermic need would penetrate the skin in which order

Epidermis, papillary layer of the dermis, reticular layer of the dermis

The hair matrix is a layer of

Epithelium

Ceruminous glands are milk-producing glands found in the breasts

False

Earwax is produced by modified sebacceous glands

False

What characterizes step 2 of the regeneration of skin after an injury

Granulation tissue formation

Sebacceous glands are often associated with

Hair follicles

Hairs on the upper and lower limbs that change their distribution are called

Intermediate

Carotene normally accumulates inside

Keratinocytes

The most abundant cells in the epidermis are:

Keratinocytes

The superficial layer of the dermis consists of

Loose Connective tissue

Specialized epithelial cells in the stratum basale, which release chemicals that stimulate sensory nerve endings, are called:

Merkel Cells (light touch)

Skin surfaces that lack hair contain specialized epithelial cells that are sensitive to touch:

Merkel cells

Which type of gland can be precisely controlled, and its amount of secretion and the area of the body involved can be varied independently:

Merocrine Sweat gland

Sensible perspiration is a function of

Merocrine glands

The most widely distributed type of sweat gland on the body is the:

Merocrine sweat gland

The cells found in sweat glands that function to squeeze sweat out of the gland are called

Myoepithelial cells

Why is the skin capable of repair, even after serious damage:

Stem cells persist in both the epithelial and connective tissue components

The epidermis is primarily composed of which type of epithelium

Stratified squamous

Merkel cells are found in which epidermal layer

Stratum basale

Which epidermal layer is not distinguishable in thin skin, and stains poorly in thick skin

Stratum lucidium

Another name for the subcutaneous layer is the:

Superficial fascia

Eyebrows and eyelashes are examples of

Terminal hairs

During repair, the combination of blood clot, fibroblasts, and extensive capillary network, is called granulation

True

The nail body covers the nail bed, but nail production occurs at the nail root

True

Age-induced weakening of muscles and reduction in bone strength are compounded by the skin's diminished production of _________________, which is required for effective Ca uptake.

Vitamin D