Anatomy Chapter 5 The Skeletal System

A

1) Which is a major function of the skeletal system? A) support of the body B) storage of glucose C) production of ATP D) maintenance of interstitial fluid composition E) None of the answers are correct.

C

14) Layers of bone that go all the way around a bone are referred to as A) concentric lamellae. B) interstitial lamellae. C) circumferential lamellae. D) radial lamellae. E) longitudinal lamellae.

B

15) The two types of osseous tissue are A) Haversian and lamellar bone. B) spongy and compact bone. C) trabecular and osteoclastic bone. D) spicular and trabecular bone. E) None of the answers are correct.

A

16) Spongy bone is made up of a network of bony spines called A) trabeculae. B) osteons. C) lamellae. D) canaliculi. E) perforating canals.

C

17) Perforating canals (canals of Volkmann) A) are arranged parallel to the surface of the bone. B) are always associated with osteons in spongy bone. C) transmit blood vessels to osteons deep inside the bone. D) occur in growing juvenile bone, but are obliterated in adult bone. E) All of the answers are correct.

E

18) Which of the following describes a central canal? A) contains an artery B) contains a vein C) runs parallel to osteons D) contains a nerve E) All of the answers are correct.

A

19) In the skeletal system, compact bone is located A) where bones are most heavily stressed. B) where stresses arrive from many directions. C) in the epiphyses of the long bones. D) in direct contact with articular cartilages. E) All of the answers are correct.

A

2) The skeletal system participates in A) maintaining blood calcium levels. B) absorbing the shock of unexpected rapid body movements. C) facilitating transmission of nerve impulses. D) cushioning abdominal organs such as the kidneys. E) All of the answers are correct.

D

20) The connective tissue covering the inner surface of a bone is (the) A) matrix. B) osteon. C) periosteum. D) endosteum. E) None of the answers are correct.

E

21) The endosteum is best described as A) a tissue that is active during the growth or repair of bone. B) the cellular lining of the marrow cavity and central canals. C) an epithelial layer that covers the trabeculae of spongy bone. D) an incomplete epithelium that sometimes leaves matrix exposed. E) All of the answers are correct.

A

22) The periosteum A) covers the outside of bones. B) covers articular cartilage. C) can form chondrocytes to assist in enlarging cartilages associated with the bones. D) lines the medullary cavity. E) is vital in blood cell formation.

B

23) Ossification of flat bones is called A) synovial. B) intramembranous. C) intrachondral. D) symphyseal. E) endochondral.

A

24) Which of the following is (are) true of the growth of the skeleton? A) It begins to ossify at six weeks of gestational age. B) All bone formation ceases immediately after the end of adolescence. C) Calcification of bones does not occur until an infant begins to learn to walk. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

A

25) Endochondral ossification begins with A) hyaline cartilage. B) elastic cartilage. C) fibrocartilage. D) articular cartilage. E) None of the answers are correct.

D

26) The first location of long bone formation begins in an area called (the) A) trabecula. B) spicule. C) Haversian system. D) primary ossification center. E) secondary ossification center.

A

27) The deposit of calcium salts within a tissue is A) calcification. B) ossification. C) osteogenesis. D) hardening. E) osteolysis.

D

28) Which of the following occurs during endochondral ossification? A) Osteoblasts differentiate within a mesenchymal or fibrous connective tissue. B) Osteoblasts secrete the organic component of the matrix. C) Blood vessels enter the spaces between bone spicules to supply the growing tissues. D) The bone grows in length. E) None of the answers are correct.

E

29) During endochondral bone formation, A) the matrix of the cartilage model becomes calcified. B) cells of the perichondrium differentiate into osteoblasts. C) capillaries and osteoblasts migrate into the heart of the cartilage. D) osteoclasts erode the center of the new bone to form a marrow cavity. E) All of the answers are correct.

D

3) In addition to osseous tissue, a typical bone contains A) other connective tissues. B) smooth muscle tissues (in blood vessel walls). C) neural tissues. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

C

30) A long bone increases in length until A) appositional growth starts. B) the body runs out of calcium. C) the epiphyseal cartilage becomes ossified. D) expansion of the secondary ossification centers ends. E) death; bones grow as long as we are alive.

B

31) What is the fate of the chondrocytes that are present where bone is forming? A) They move to a different region where bone has not yet formed. B) They die and are replaced by bone cells. C) They remain within the bone matrix. D) They line the central canals of the growing bone. E) None of the answers are correct.

A

32) Bones have a vascular supply that is A) very extensive, including many arteries and veins branching throughout the bone. B) very poor; bones are not living, so blood is not needed. C) supplied simply by one or two arteries. D) poor, therefore healing is very limited. E) None of the answers are correct.

E

33) Which of the following describes how bones are innervated? A) Bones are not innervated. B) Only the periosteum is innervated. C) The periosteum and endosteum are innervated by sensory nerves. D) Only the endosteum, marrow cavity, and epiphyses are innervated. E) The periosteum, endosteum, medullary cavity, and epiphyses are innervated by sensory nerves.

B

34) What is the mechanism of marrow cavity enlargement in a long bone? A) There is no mechanism; once formed, the marrow cavity does not change in size. B) As bone matrix is added to the external surface, osteoclasts remove matrix in the center of the bone to enlarge the cavity. C) Blood vessels entering the marrow cavity enlarge it by eroding away the inner surface of the bone. D) The bone marrow cavity only increases in length, as the epiphyseal plates move apart. E) None of the answers are correct.

B

35) How does an epiphysis contribute to the growth and function of a long bone? A) It permits more additional bone to be formed than would occur without it. B) It allows growth at the metaphysis while retaining the shape of the articular surface. C) It allows the bone to replace the cartilage at the metaphysis more rapidly. D) It permits bones of different densities to occur in close proximity. E) None of the answers are correct.

B

36) If a long bone found at an archeological dig contained functional epiphyseal plates, what inference is most accurate? A) The person was a male. B) The person was prepubertal. C) The person had many injuries. D) The person was elderly. E) None of the answers are correct.

A

37) Increased levels of calcium in the blood in a pregnant woman would stimulate the secretion of A) calcitonin. B) calcitriol. C) parathyroid hormone. D) thyroid hormone. E) growth hormone.

B

38) How do hormones regulate the pattern of bone growth? A) They don't; hormones are not involved in bone growth processes. B) They change the rates of osteoblast and osteoclast activity. C) They control the rate of movement of the epiphyseal line. D) They regulate the deposition of calcium and phosphate salts in the bone matrix. E) None of the answers are correct.

B

39) Which of the following works with calcitrol to maintain bone homeostasis? A) growth hormone B) parathyroid hormone C) calcitonin D) calcitriol E) thyroid hormone

A

4) Which of the following is produced within red bone marrow? A) blood cells B) adipose tissue C) calcium D) protein E) All of the answers are correct.

D

40) Which of the following is required to produce calcitrol in the kidneys? A) calcium B) vitamin A C) vitamin C D) vitamin D E) sodium

E

41) Which of the following statements characterizes bones and bone tissue? A) It can undergo remodeling during life. B) It may have both compact and spongy regions. C) It can be changed by hormonal stimuli. D) It contains openings for nutrient blood vessels. E) All of the answers are correct.

E

42) Bone structure is determined by which of the following? A) hormones B) mechanical stress C) muscle attachments D) diet E) All of the answers are correct.

A

43) The period of time when bone remodeling is most likely is A) after injury. B) during aging. C) during youth. D) during embryologic development. E) never.

D

44) Bone remodeling occurs in A) spongy bone. B) compact bone. C) all bone types equally at all times. D) all bone types based on need. E) None of the answers are correct.

A

45) The best way to delay skeletal aging is to A) exercise. B) take hormone supplements. C) have cosmetic surgery. D) diet. E) None of the answers are correct.

A

46) The degenerative effects of osteoporosis are most likely to affect A) older women. B) older men. C) young, active women. D) young, active men. E) children.

D

47) A fracture of a bone that is the result of a twisting of the bone is called a(n) A) Pott's fracture. B) comminuted fracture. C) greenstick fracture. D) spiral fracture. E) compression fracture.

E

48) Which of the following type of fracture produces new and abnormal bone arrangements? A) transverse fracture B) compression fracture C) spiral fracture D) comminuted fracture E) displaced fracture

C

49) A break in a bone is called A) a rupture. B) a defect. C) a fracture. D) an osteon. E) None of the answers are correct.

C

5) Osseous tissue is classified as which of the following? A) neural tissue B) muscle tissue C) connective tissue D) epithelial tissue E) None of the answers are correct.

A

50) Treating a compound fracture differs from other fractures most significantly due to A) risk of infection. B) vascular damage. C) compound fractures' severity. D) potential nerve damage. E) None of the answers are correct.

B

51) During track and field practice one of the runners trips over a hurdle and falls forward. Fortunately, they are able to break their fall with their hands. However, they stand up holding their wrist in pain. What type of fracture might they have sustained? A) compound fracture B) Colles' fracture C) greenstick fracture D) displaced fracture E) None of the answers are correct.

E

52) A great example of a pneumatized bone is the A) parietal bone. B) mandible. C) femur. D) vertebra. E) ethmoid bone.

A

53) Which of the following is a classification of bone? A) long B) round C) square D) triangular E) indefinite

D

54) Which of the following is an example of a sesamoid bone? A) humerus B) carpal bone C) occipital bone D) patella E) None of the answers are correct.

B

55) Extra bones that develop between the usual bones of the skull are called A) sesamoid bones. B) sutural bones. C) flat bones. D) endochondral bones. E) None of the answers are correct.

B

56) The scapula is an example of what type of bone? A) long B) flat C) irregular D) short E) sutural

C

57) A depression or concavity on the surface of a bone is called a A) tuberosity. B) trochanter. C) fossa. D) foramen. E) tubercle.

D

58) Processes that form where tendons or ligaments attach to a bone include A) condyles and trochleae. B) fossae, sulci, and foramina. C) rami and heads. D) trochanters, tuberosities, and tubercles. E) All of the answers are correct.

C

59) Which of the following is most likely to have a nerve pass through it? A) fossa B) process C) foramen D) condyle E) All of the answers are correct.

B

6) Organic components of the matrix of bone include A) calcium phosphate. B) collagen fibers. C) calcium carbonate. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

B

60) Which of the following is best for viewing bones? A) MRI B) X-rays C) CAT D) ultrasound E) PET

A

7) Mature bone cells that monitor the matrix are A) osteocytes. B) chondrocytes. C) osteoblasts. D) osteoclasts. E) osteoplasts.

B

8) Which type of cell divides readily after a bone is damaged? A) osteocyte B) osteoprogenitor cell C) red marrow cell D) osteoclast E) osteoblast

D

9) The function of an osteoprogenitor cell in osseous tissue is A) to produce new bone matrix. B) to break down old bone matrix and release calcium salts. C) to produce new perichondrium for endochondral bone to displace. D) to produce new osteoblasts. E) None of the answers are correct.

C

10) A bone cell that produces new bone matrix is A) stimulated by activity of the thyroid gland. B) an osteoclast. C) an osteoblast. D) an osteocyte. E) located in a lacuna.

C

11) Which of the following is a solid structure? A) lacuna B) medullary cavity C) trabecula D) central canal E) canaliculus

E

12) In osseous tissue, which of the following is able to break down bone? A) nerves B) capillaries C) osteons D) osteocytes E) osteoclasts

C

13) The epiphyseal cartilage connects to the diaphysis by a narrow zone called the A) medulla. B) lacuna. C) metaphysis. D) periosteum. E) endosteum.