anatomy chp 6

41) The presence of ________ strongly indicates that the long bone is still growing. A) an epiphyseal plate B) an articular cartilage C) an epiphyseal line D) an epiphysis E) trabeculae

A) an epiphyseal plate

17) Channels within bone, involved with cell-to-cell communication, are called A) canaliculi. B) lacunae. C) lamellae. D) perforating canals. E) Haversian canals.

A) canaliculi.

209) Which structural feature(s) of the knee function(s) in limiting the anterior and posterior movement of the femur? A) cruciate ligaments B) menisci C) bursae D) patellar ligament E) collateral ligaments

A) cruciate ligaments

171) Found outside or inside a joint capsule, structures that join bone to bone are called A) tendons. B) bursae. C) menisci. D) ligaments. E) alveoli.

D) ligaments.

40) During the process of ________, an existing tissue is replaced with bone. A) blood cell production B) calcification C) resorption D) ossification E) osteolysis

D) ossification

13) Which of the following is found only in compact bone? A) trabeculae B) canaliculi C) osteoblasts D) osteons E) marrow

D) osteons

38) Rickets is a condition marked by a softening and bending of bones that occurs in growing children, as a result of ________ deficiency. A) vitamin A B) vitamin D3 C) growth hormone D) vitamin C E) thyroid hormone

B) vitamin D3

161) Most skull bones are joined by tight connections called A) symphyses. B) sutures. C) syndesmoses. D) gomphoses. E) synchondroses.

B) sutures.

162) Which of the following joints is located between the spinal vertebrae? A) pivot B) symphysis C) gomphosis D) hinge E) synchondrosis

B) symphysis

186) A downward movement toward the longitudinal axis of the body in the frontal plane is termed A) inversion. B) abduction. C) adduction. D) flexion. E) extension.

C) adduction.

29) The bone tissue at E is ________ bone. A) cancellous B) spongy C) compact D) articular E) fibrous bone

C) compact

47) The hormone calcitonin functions to A) stimulate osteoclast activity. B) stimulate the absorption of calcium and phosphate ions in the digestive tract. C) depress calcium levels in body fluids. D) depress osteoblast activity. E) elevate calcium levels in body fluids.

C) depress calcium levels in body fluids.

193) A joint with flattened or slightly curved articulating surfaces is called a ________ joint. A) hinge B) saddle C) gliding D) pivot E) condylar

C) gliding

184) The joints between the phalanges are classified as A) sutures. B) condyloid. C) hinges. D) gomphosis. E) saddle.

C) hinges.

9) Narrow sheets of calcified matrix are referred to as A) osteons. B) canaliculi. C) lamellae. D) osteoclasts. E) central canals.

C) lamellae.

5) The primary function of ________ is exemplified when bones function as to change the magnitude and direction of the forces generated by skeletal muscle. A) support B) protection C) leverage D) storage E) blood cell production

C) leverage

7) Immature, active bone cells that produce new bone matrix are termed A) osteocytes. B) stem cells. C) osteoblasts. D) osteoclasts. E) chondrocytes.

C) osteoblasts.

11) The connective tissue covering the outer surface of a bone is (the) A) matrix. B) osteon. C) periosteum. D) endosteum. E) articular cartilage.

C) periosteum.

16) Tarsal bones are classified as ________ bones. A) long B) flat C) short D) irregular E) sesamoid

C) short

42) The following are major steps in the process of endochondral ossification: 1. Bone forms at the diaphysis surface. 2. Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses. 3. Chondrocytes enlarge and calcify. 4. Osteoclasts create a marrow cavity. 5. Blood vessels invade the inner cartilage and new osteoblasts form spongy bone at a primary ossification center. The correct order for these events is A) 3, 1, 5, 4, 2. B) 1, 3, 5, 4, 2. C) 1, 5, 3, 4, 2. D) 2, 3, 1, 5, 4. E) 3, 1, 4, 5, 2.

A) 3, 1, 5, 4, 2.

183) A structure often associated with synovial joints, but not found in all, is A) a fibrocartilage pad. B) a suture. C) a gomphosis. D) short dense connective tissue fibers. E) synovial membrane.

A) a fibrocartilage pad.

192) An upward movement away from the longitudinal axis of the body in the frontal plane is A) abduction. B) flexion. C) extension. D) rotation. E) adduction.

A) abduction.

189) Movement in the anterior-posterior plane that decreases the angle between articulating bones is which movement? A) flexion B) hyperextension C) elevation D) retraction E) protraction

A) flexion

198) Dorsiflexion involves ________ at the ankle joint and ________ of the foot. A) flexion; elevation of the sole B) extension; elevation of the heel C) flexion; elevation of the heel D) extension; flexion of the sole E) adduction; flexion of the heel

A) flexion; elevation of the sole

3) A primary function of the skeletal system is A) maintaining the normal concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions in body fluids. B) absorbing the shock of unexpected rapid body movements. C) facilitating transmission of nerve impulses. D) cushioning abdominal organs such as the kidneys. E) contracting muscles.

A) maintaining the normal concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions in body fluids.

31) What is located at structure G? A) marrow B) canaliculi C) cartilage D) adipose tissue E) fibrous connective tissue

A) marrow

169) Fibrous cartilage discs that act as shock absorbers in joints are called A) menisci. B) bursae. C) tendons. D) intervertebral discs. E) synovial capsules.

A) menisci.

45) Which cells are very sensitive to calcium levels in the blood? A) muscle cells B) red blood cells C) cartilage cells D) fibroblasts E) epithelial cells

A) muscle cells

33) The bone tissue at J is ________ bone. A) spongy B) periosteal C) compact D) articular E) fibrous

A) spongy

180) Structure E is the A) synovial membrane. B) joint capsule. C) hyaline cartilage. D) compact bone E) periosteum.

A) synovial membrane.

20) In the skeletal system, compact bone is usually located A) where stresses come from a limited range of directions. B) where stresses arrive from many directions. C) only in a narrow ring around the diaphysis of long bones. D) in direct contact with articular cartilages. E) where bones are not heavily stressed.

A) where stresses come from a limited range of directions.

202) Which joint permits the greatest range of motion of any joint in the body? A) hip B) shoulder C) elbow D) knee E) ankle

B) shoulder

52) The appendicular skeleton contains ________ bones. A) 80 B) 206 C) 126 D) 64 E) 62

B) 206

212) Older individuals suffer from a much higher proportion of hip fractures than the young. Why? A) Children fall less than people in their middle ages and on. B) Older people have less bone density than the young. C) The hip is not a stable joint. D) The elderly have a greater incidence of arthritis. E) Hip fractures take longer to heal in older individuals.

B) Older people have less bone density than the young.

175) The anterior connection between the two pubic bones is A) diarthrotic. B) an example of a symphysis. C) a condylar joint. D) actually comprised of three separate joints. E) diarthrotic and an example of a symphysis.

B) an example of a symphysis.

22) The organic component of the matrix, which makes up around one-third of the mass of bone, is dominated by A) calcium phosphate. B) collagen fibers. C) calcium carbonate. D) calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate. E) dendritic fibers.

B) collagen fibers.

26) Structure B is the A) epiphysis. B) diaphysis. C) endosteum. D) periosteum. E) metaphysis.

B) diaphysis.

195) When one closes the mouth, the movement is called A) depression. B) elevation. C) retraction. D) protraction. E) flexion.

B) elevation.

14) The medullary cavity of a long bone is lined with A) periosteum. B) endosteum. C) lacunae. D) lamellae. E) osteon.

B) endosteum.

166) A joint that binds each tooth within a bony socket is called a A) suture. B) gomphosis. C) synchondrosis. D) synostosis. E) symphysis.

B) gomphosis.

167) The structure that surrounds a diarthrotic joint is called a(n) A) meniscus. B) joint capsule. C) synovial membrane. D) bursa. E) alveolus.

B) joint capsule.

179) Structure D is the A) synovial membrane. B) joint capsule. C) hyaline cartilage. D) compact bone. E) periosteum.

B) joint capsule.

12) The bones of the upper arms and thighs are classified as A) short bones. B) long bones. C) flat bones. D) sesamoid bones. E) irregular bones.

B) long bones.

187) The special movement of the thumb that allows it to grasp an object and hold onto it is called A) rotation. B) opposition. C) circumduction. D) eversion. E) retraction.

B) opposition.

44) A compound fracture A) is caused by an underlying pathology. B) results in bone projecting through the skin. C) is a type of incomplete fracture. D) is also known as a closed fracture. E) is completely internal.

B) results in bone projecting through the skin.

43) Which of the following occurs in intramembranous ossification? A) Hyaline cartilage model forms. B) Periosteum forms a collar around the cartilage. C) Fibrous connective tissue is converted to bone tissue, which first resembles spongy bone. D) As the bone enlarges, osteoclasts break down some of the spongy bone and create a marrow cavity. E) Ossification centers are formed as blood vessels and osteoblasts enter the centers of the epiphyses.

C) Fibrous connective tissue is converted to bone tissue, which first resembles spongy bone.

208) Why is the elbow joint considered to be extremely stable? A) Its relatively loose joint capsule permits an extensive range of motion. B) It has especially large and numerous bursae. C) Powerful muscles originating on the trunk, shoulder girdle, and humerus cover the joint capsule. D) The bony surfaces of the humerus and ulna interlock. E) A rotator cuff is associated with the joint.

D) The bony surfaces of the humerus and ulna interlock.

50) Your doctor suggests that you increase your calcium intake to maintain your healthy bones. You do not understand why the doctor suggested this since you are a healthy 32-year-old. What was the doctor's reasoning? A) The doctor is afraid that you will fall and break a bone. B) The increased calcium intake will then increase your vitamin D blood level. C) Calcium intake will increase the activity of osteoblasts, causing more bone to be formed. D) You are at an age where calcium levels in the bone may start to subside, producing weaker bones later in life. E) As you get older you are more prone to arthritis, and calcium reduces that problem.

D) You are at an age where calcium levels in the bone may start to subside, producing weaker bones later in life.

36) An increase in the diameter of growing bone is termed ________ growth. A) epiphyseal B) endochondral C) intramembranous D) appositional E) ossification

D) appositional

164) Which of the following is an example of a synchondrosis? A) distal articulation between the tibia and fibula B) articulation between bones of the skull C) shoulder joint D) articulation between the diaphysis and epiphysis in a growing long bone E) articulation between carpals

D) articulation between the diaphysis and epiphysis in a growing long bone

1) Which of the following primary functions of the skeletal system applies to the role of red bone marrow? A) support B) storage C) protection D) blood cell production E) movement

D) blood cell production

191) Moving the arm in a loop is an example of which angular movement? A) flexion B) adduction C) extension D) circumduction E) gliding

D) circumduction

55) The smooth, rounded, or oval articular process of a bone is termed a A) crest. B) ridge. C) head. D) condyle. E) trochlea.

D) condyle.

204) The ________ ligaments of the knee cross each other as they attach the tibia to the femur. A) patellar B) collateral C) femoral D) cruciate E) posterior

D) cruciate

15) The shaft of a long bone is called the A) epiphysis. B) trabecula. C) canaliculus. D) diaphysis. E) lamella.

D) diaphysis.

174) Which of the following associations is most accurate? A) synarthroses; slightly movable B) amphiarthroses; freely movable C) diarthroses; synchondroses D) diarthroses; synovial E) amphiarthroses; gomphoses

D) diarthroses; synovial

34) Structure H is the A) marrow cavity. B) osteon. C) lamellae. D) epiphyseal line. E) lacuna.

D) epiphyseal line.

205) The intervertebral articulations are classified as ________ joints. A) syndesmosis and pivot B) hinge C) synchondrosis D) gliding and symphysis E) synovial and syndesmosis

D) gliding and symphysis

203) The fibular collateral ligament is part of which joint? A) elbow B) hip C) shoulder D) knee E) ankle

D) knee

51) Which of the following is part of the axial skeleton? A) clavicle B) patella C) carpal bones D) ribs E) coxal bones

D) ribs

207) The ________ joint is the most frequently dislocated joint of the body as it provides an excellent demonstration of the principle that stability must be sacrificed to obtain mobility. A) knee B) hip C) elbow D) shoulder E) intervertebral

D) shoulder

56) Which of the following is part of the appendicular skeleton? A) the skull B) the manubrium C) the sternum D) the scapula E) the vertebrae

D) the scapula

194) ________ is a movement that occurs in the anterior-posterior plane and increases the angle between the articulating bones. A) Eversion B) Flexion C) Elevation D) Reposition E) Extension

E) Extension

32) Where would the osteoclasts be located? A) K B) I C) H D) J E) F

E) F

4) Which of the following is an example of the skeletal system's primary function of providing structural support? A) Calcium salts are found in bone. B) Bones change the magnitude and direction of the forces generated by skeletal muscles. C) Red marrow fills the internal cavities of many bones. D) The skull encloses the brain. E) Individual bones provide a framework for the attachment of soft tissues and organs.

E) Individual bones provide a framework for the attachment of soft tissues and organs.

21) Osteocytes A) are giant cells with 50 or more nuclei. B) are immature bone cells. C) are the cells responsible for the production of new bone. D) secrete acids and enzymes. E) maintain normal bone structure by recycling the calcium salts in the bony matrix around themselves.

E) maintain normal bone structure by recycling the calcium salts in the bony matrix around themselves.

37) Which of the following is formed via intramembranous ossification? A) tibia B) humerus C) carpal bones D) femur E) mandible

E) mandible

176) Structure A is the A) synovial cavity. B) joint capsule. C) hyaline cartilage. D) compact bone. E) marrow cavity.

E) marrow cavity.

53) Which is the anatomical term for a passageway through a bone? A) sulcus B) sinus C) fossa D) trochlea E) meatus

E) meatus

18) Bone-forming cells are called A) osteoclasts. B) osteocytes. C) osteons. D) ossification centers. E) osteoblasts.

E) osteoblasts.

178) Structure C is the A) synovial membrane. B) joint capsule. C) hyaline cartilage. D) compact bone. E) periosteum.

E) periosteum.

54) A crest on a bone is defined as a(n) A) low ridge. B) small, rounded projection. C) narrow groove. D) elongated cleft. E) prominent ridge.

E) prominent ridge.

197) Moving a part of the body anteriorly in the horizontal plane is called A) retraction. B) elevation. C) flexion. D) dorsiflexion. E) protraction.

E) protraction.

168) Which of the following is a function of synovial fluid? A) decrease friction within joint B) increase osmotic pressure within joint C) increase friction within joint D) reduce bacterial infection E) protect bone

A) decrease friction within joint

39) The presence of an epiphyseal line indicates A) epiphyseal growth has ended. B) epiphyseal growth is just beginning. C) growth in bone diameter is just beginning. D) the bone is fractured at that location. E) The presence of an epiphyseal line does not indicate any particular event.

A) epiphyseal growth has ended.

25) Structure A is the A) epiphysis. B) diaphysis. C) endosteum. D) periosteum. E) metaphysis.

A) epiphysis.

210) What is the function of the tibial and fibular collateral ligaments? A) stabilize the joint at full extension B) provide support to the front of the knee joint C) conform to the shape of the articulating surfaces D) reinforce the back of the knee joint E) reduce friction between the patella and other tissues

A) stabilize the joint at full extension

46) You and your twin sister, both 18 years of age, were in a car accident. She had a clean break across the humerus and the upper arm bone-no bleeding, no break in the skin. However, you have a very messy break of the distal tibia in the lower leg, requiring pins to be inserted. Which statement is true regarding the differences in your break and your sister's break? A) Your damage is called a fracture, whereas hers is called a break. B) You will be given antibiotics to reduce bacterial infection, whereas your sister will not. C) Your break will not heal whereas her fracture will heal fine. D) Since her fracture did not penetrate through skin, it will not show up on an X-ray, whereas yours will. E) You are given calcium to take but your sister is not.

B) You will be given antibiotics to reduce bacterial infection, whereas your sister will not.

185) Which joint type can perform rotation movements? A) hinge B) ball-and-socket C) saddle D) condyloid E) ellipsoidal

B) ball-and-socket

199) The movement of turning your head is called A) adduction. B) rotation. C) inversion. D) supination. E) circumduction.

B) rotation.

181) Structure F is A) synovial membrane. B) joint capsule. C) articular cartilage. D) compact bone. E) periosteum.

C) articular cartilage.

2) Red bone marrow functions in the formation of A) adipose tissue. B) new bone. C) blood cells. D) osteoblasts. E) osteocytes.

C) blood cells.

24) Which of the following accounts for almost two-thirds of the mass of bone tissue? A) cells B) protein fibers C) calcium phosphate D) osteons E) polysaccharides

C) calcium phosphate

200) Which type of synovial joint is described as an oval articular face nestling within a depression on the opposing surface? A) saddle B) pivot C) condylar D) ball-and-socket E) gliding

C) condylar

8) Osseous tissue is classified as which of the following? A) neural tissue B) nonstriated muscle tissue C) connective tissue D) epithelial tissue E) striated muscle tissue

C) connective tissue

6) The bone cells that contribute to increases in calcium in blood are the A) chondrocytes. B) osteons. C) osteoclasts. D) osteocytes. E) osteoblasts.

C) osteoclasts.

206) The ________ ligament of the knee continues its attachment on the anterior surface of the tibia and provides support to the front of the knee. A) popliteal B) collateral C) patellar D) cruciate E) tibial

C) patellar

165) Which of the following joints permits slight movement? A) gomphosis B) suture C) syndesmosis D) synchondrosis E) synovial

C) syndesmosis

182) What is found within the space at G? A) blood B) water C) synovial fluid D) fluid from bone E) saline

C) synovial fluid

27) Structure D is the A) epiphysis. B) diaphysis. C) endosteum. D) periosteum. E) metaphysis.

D) periosteum.

35) Structure D is the A) epiphysis. B) diaphysis. C) endosteum. D) periosteum. E) metaphysis.

D) periosteum.

190) In anatomical position, when the palm is moved to face posteriorly, the movement of the wrist and hand is called A) extension. B) protraction. C) reposition. D) pronation. E) supination.

D) pronation.

19) ________ are giant bone cells with 50 or more nuclei. A) Osteocytes B) Osteons C) Osteoblasts D) Canaliculi E) Osteoclasts

E) Osteoclasts

172) Pads of ________ are often found around the edges of diarthrotic joints to provide protection for the articular cartilages. A) connective tissue B) hyaline cartilage C) synovial fluid D) fibrocartilage E) adipose tissue

E) adipose tissue

170) What is defined as a small packet of connective tissue containing synovial fluid, which reduces friction in a joint and acts as a shock absorber? A) meniscus B) fat pad C) articular cartilage D) articular capsule E) bursa

E) bursa

48) The process of depositing calcium salts into a tissue is called A) ossification. B) remodeling. C) resorption. D) osteolysis. E) calcification.

E) calcification.

30) Structure F is the A) blood cavity. B) epiphysis. C) periosteum. D) hyaline cartilage. E) endosteum.

E) endosteum.

201) Typical movements at a hinge joint include A) extension and gliding. B) rotation and inversion. C) gliding and pronation. D) flexion and rotation. E) extension and flexion.

E) extension and flexion.

211) Which of the following is the most important normal hip movement, one that is primarily limited by the surrounding muscles? A) extension B) abduction C) adduction D) rotation E) flexion

E) flexion

188) A twisting motion of the foot that turns the sole inward is termed A) eversion. B) protraction. C) dorsiflexion. D) plantar flexion. E) inversion.

E) inversion.

177) Label B is pointing to A) dense connective tissue. B) fat. C) hyaline cartilage. D) compact bone. E) spongy bone.

E) spongy bone.

173) A joint that permits no movement and is described as an interposition of cartilage plates is called a A) symphysis. B) synovial joint. C) suture. D) meniscus. E) synchondrosis.

E) synchondrosis.

28) Structure K is where A) bone marrow is produced. B) joint fluid is produced. C) red blood cells are produced. D) bone is produced. E) the long bone joins with another bone.

E) the long bone joins with another bone.

49) Two hormones that work together to elevate calcium levels in the body are ________ and ________. A) parathyroid hormone; calcitriol B) vitamin A; vitamin C C) parathyroid hormone; calcitonin D) growth hormone; calcitonin E) vitamin D3; growth hormone

A) parathyroid hormone; calcitriol

196) When one crosses his/her arms, which movement is performed by the clavicles? A) protraction B) retraction C) depression D) abduction E) adduction

A) protraction

163) A fibrous joint in which the bones are held together by a ligamentous connection is a A) syndesmosis. B) suture. C) symphysis. D) diarthrosis. E) synarthrosis.

A) syndesmosis.

10) Spongy bone is made up of a network of bony rods or plates called A) trabeculae. B) osteons. C) lamellae. D) canaliculi. E) perforating canals.

A) trabeculae.

23) Perforating canals A) are arranged parallel to the long axis of the central canal. B) are always associated with osteons in cancellous bone. C) provide passageways for linking the blood vessels of the central canals with those of the periosteum and the marrow cavity. D) occur in growing juvenile bone, but are obliterated in adult bone. E) are arranged in concentric layers around a central canal.

C) provide passageways for linking the blood vessels of the central canals with those of the periosteum and the marrow cavity.