anatomy exam 1

What are the different types of connective tissue

1. Connective Tissue Proper a. loose connective tissue aa. areolar bb. adipose cc. reticular b. dense connective tissue aa. regular bb. irregular cc. elastic 2. cartilage a. hyaline cartilage b. elastic cartilage c. fibrocartilage 3. blood 4. bone tissue a. comact bone b. spongy bone

What are the components of the feed back loop? and explain the function of each

1. Stimulus: produces change in variable 2. receptor: detects change 3. input: information sent along the afferent pathway to control center 4. output: information sent along efferent pathway to effector 5. response: of effector feedback to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level

Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintain?

A relatively stable internal environment, within limits

Provide an example of a positive feedback loop in the body and explain why positive feedback is less often used to maintain homeostasis

An example is enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin or platelet plug formation and blood clotting. Positive feedback is used less often because it usually controls infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustment.

Which tissue type consists of a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity?

Epithelial tissue

Where is nervous tissue found?

Main components of the nervous system (The brain, spinal chord, and the nerves)

In a homeostatic control mechanism, which component monitors the environment?

Receptor. Receptors monitor changes occurring both inside the outside the body and send this information to control centers for processing.

Some of the nerve endings in the skin are sensitive to changes in temperature. The are part of a negative feedback mechanisms regulating body temperature. These nerve endings represent a (blank) in the negative feedback mechanism.

Receptors

Which layer of skin is LEAST protected by melanin?

Stratum corneum

Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which of the following would indicate a liver disease such a hepatitis resulting in elevated bilirubin?

The skin and sclera of the eyes appears to have an abnormal, yellowish tint

William has a cut that is suerficial, painful but not bleeding. Based on this information, you would predict that the cut penetrated to .....?

The stratum basale but not the dermal layers

what are the features of connective tissue proper?

There cell components are fibroblasts, fibrocytes, defense cells and adipocytes. They function as a binding tissue, they resists mechanical stress, particularly tension, provides reservoir for water and salts, there a energy (fat) storage

Dorsal (posterior)

Toward or at the back of the body; behind

medial

Toward the mid line of the body ex: the heart is medial to the arm

Which of the following connective tissues is richly vasculaized and consists of more cells than extracellular matrix? a. adipose b. dense regular c. areolar d. hyaline cartilage

adipose

intermediate

between more medial and a more lateral structure ex: the collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder

skin, lung, and blood vessel all have which tissue characteristic in common?

elastic fibers

Glands, such as thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as.....?

endocrine

Respiratory failure can lead to a change in the color of the skin, which is more evident in light-skinned individuals. Which pigmentation factor is affecting this change?

hemoglobin; when hemoglobin is poorly oxygenated, the skin may take on a bluish-gray tint, especially in the mucous membranes and nail bed.

surface skin cells regenerate from stem cells found in which specific region?

in the stratum basale; the stratum basale is the deepest layer of the epidermis, and the location of highly mitotic cells

what is the ground substance in typical connective tissue matrix?

interstitial fluid, proteoglycans, and cell adhesion proteins

anatomical position is important because.......?

it allows a common point of reference for body position to help communicate anatomical relationships

What are the features of muscle tissue?

muscle tissue is highly vascularized, muscle cells possess myofilaments made up of actin and myosin proteins that bring out contractions.

What are the two cells in nervous tissue?

neurons and nerual glia

Which of the following examples listed below illustrates homeostasis maintained by a negative feedback?

release of sweat by eccrine glands in response to heat

With regards to set point or normal limit, negative feedback always (blank) a physiological value to the set point or normal limit

returns. regardless of the direction of the initial disturbance, returning the original set point or normal limit is negative feed back.

superficial (external)

toward or at the body surface ex: the skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles

ventral (anterior)

toward or at the front of the body; in front of

superior (cranial)

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

The skin is permeable to organic solvents, such as acetone or paint thinner because they.....?

Can dissolve the lipid bilayers of epidermal and dermal cell plasma membranes

What are the four major tissue types?

1. Nervous Tissue 2. Epithelial Tissue 3. Muscle Tissue 4. connective tissue

The arrector pili muscle's predominate, useful function in humans is to....?

Assist in the release sebum from nearby sebaceous glands

deep (internal)

Away from the body surface; more internal ex: the lungs are deep to the skin

What are the features of bone tissue?

the cells components are osteoblasts and osteocytes. There general features include hard tissue that resists both compression and tension, and they function as support

What is homeostasis

the maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment

The nails can provide signs of health and disease, what could be a sign of an underlying medical problem?

the nails appear yellow; yellow nails can be an indication of fungal infection or of a more serious underlying condition as lung disease or a thryoid gland disorder

Which of the following does NOT protect the skin from bacteria?

the temperature of the skin; in fact the temperature of the skin is ideal for many types of bacteria

A histologist examines a tissue slide and observes many fibers tightly packed together in a parallel arrangement. A few cells can be seen squeezed between the fibers. Which type of tissue is being studied ?

Dense regular fibrous connective tissue

The biggest risk factor for the development of skin cancer is excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation from sunlight. Exposure to the type of UV light emitted from a tanning bed is far less dangerous. True or False?

False; UV radiation damages DNA bases and appears to disable tumor suppressor genes, leading to the formation of cancerous cells. There is no such thing as a "healthy" tan. Tanning beds use the same types of UV radiation found in natural sunlight, often at even higher intensities, to stimulate melanin production.

distal

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk ex: the knee is distal to the thigh

Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback? a. withdrawing your hand from a painful stimulus, like a broken glass b. shivering to warm your body up in cold weather c. forming a platelet plug during blood clotting d. reducing of blood sugar by the hormone insulin

Forming a platelet plug during blood clotting. The cascade or enhancement of a process is a positive feedback mechanism.

What is NOT one of the functions of the skin?

Gives the body its overall shape, loss of this function can be seen with the drooping of skin with age

The surge of sex hormones that accompanies puberty has a wide range of effects on the body. One of those effects is to enhance the activity of the sebaceous glands, increasing the production of sebum. What is most likely to result from the increased sebaceous activity?

Increased oily appearance and more acne

What does the hypodermis not do?

It does not supply cells to replace those lost from the epidermis. Cells to replace those lost in the epidermis are provided by the basal cells of the epidermis itself

Which type of skin cancer is the most dangerous because it is highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy?

Melanoma

compare and contrast positive and negative feedback in terms of the relationship between stimulus and response?

Negative feed the response reduces or shuts off original stimulus (the variable change in opposite direction of initial change). Positive feedback the response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus

What are the four major tissue types and contrast their general features?

Nervous Tissue: generates and conducts electrical signals to and from the brain and spinal cord muscle tissue: responsible for most body movement Epithelial Tissue: sheets of cells that cover a body surface or lines a body cavity connective tissue: binding and supporting, protecting, insulating, storing fuel and transport

The integuments ability to resist tearing when stretched is largely due to the (blank)

Network of collagen fibers present in the reticular layer of the dermis; the dermis is thick and strong

What two cells is the nervous tissue made up of?

Neurons: generate and conduct nerve impulses Neuroglia: support, insulate, and protects neurons

demonstrate why negative feedback is the most common mechanism used to maintain homeostasis in the body

Regulation of body temperature and regulation of blood glucose by insulin

Which of the following layers is found only on the palms of the hands or the soles of the feet

Stratum lucidum; found only in the thick skin

Which of the following is the proper description of the human body in the anatomical position? A.The body is erect with feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, and thumbs pointing away from the body. B. The body is erect with feet together, palms facing the thighs, and thumbs pointing forward. C. The body is erect with feet slightly apart and arms extending perpendicular to the torso along a straight line with the clavicle. D. The body is erect with feet together, palms facing backward, and thumbs pointing toward the body.

The body is erect with feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, and thumbs pointing away from the body. This position is easy to remember because it resembles "standing at attention", except that the palms face forward and the thumbs point away from the body.

what are the features of blood?

The cell components are red blood cells and white blood cells and platelets. There general function are as a fluid tissue, to to carry O2 and CO2, nutrients wastes, and other substnaces such as hormones

The friction ridges seen in a finger, palm and foot prints are different among various people but very similar between identical twins. This evidence suggests which of the following.?

The friction ridges are genetically determined

Why do eyebrows NOT grow as long as the hair on the head?

The hair follicles of the eyebrows are active for only a few months before becoming inactive; the hair follicles in the scalp are active for years before becoming inactive

The papillary layer of the dermis is composed of loosely packed connective tissue with numerous peg-like projections that provide a great deal of surface area connecting the dermis to the epidermis. Which of the statements below do NOT preresent benefits provided by the papillary layer's anatomy?

The looseness allows for easy separation of the dead cell layer of epidermis to be shed

The source of the fluid that accumulates in a blister is.......?

The plasma of the blood flowing through the numerous dermal blood vessels; the epidermis, like all epithelium, is avascular the unerlying dermis is rich in blood vessels that supply the epidermis.

A common belief is that having your hair cut makes it become thicker. Is this true? What is the best way to explain why this belief is or is not true?

This is not true. The exposed hair shaft is composed of dead keratinocytes. Damaging these dead cells will not affect growth at the matrix of the follicle. These dead cells are incapable of dividing or releasing growth factors.

What is NOT a role of connective tissue?

absorption, the movement of substances into the body is a role of epithelial tissue. Roles of connective tissue include binding and support, protection, insulation, and transportation of substances, via blood, within the body

Which of the following is a typical effector in a feedback system? a. the brain b. temperature-sensitive nerve endings in the skin c. pressure-sensitive cells in the blood vessel walls d. an endocrine gland

an endocrine gland; many body processes are controlled by chemical signals. Endocrine glands produce most of the those chemical signals.

The stomach is (blank) to the spine ?

anterior

Which skin function is NOT correctly matched with the structure that accounts for that function? a. eccrine glands: excretion b. apocrine gland: thermoregulation c. tactile corpuscles: cutaneous sensation d. keratinocytes: physical barrier

apocrine gland: thermoregulation

inferior (caudal)

away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below ex: the navel is inferior to the chin

lateral

away from the mid line of the body; on the outer side of ex: the arms are lateral to the chest

Which of the following is NOT an immediate threat to the body as a result of a severe burn

bacterial infection; the immediat threat to life resulting from severe burns is a catastrophic loss of body fluids containing proteins and electrolytes. This leads to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, and then renal failure and circulatory shock

why is blood classified as a connective tissue?

blood cells, and the cells of all other connective tissues, come from the same kind of embryonic stem cell (mesenchyme)

What is NOT found in cartilage but is found in bone?

blood vessles

Which is t most atypical connective tissue since it neither connects structures nor provides structural support?

blood; it does not act as a binding or packing material and does not provide structural support. It is classified as a connective tissue because it develops from mesenchyme and consists of blood cells surround by an extracellular fluid matrix.

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

cardiac, smooth, and skeletal

proximal

closer to the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk ex: the elbow is proximal to the wrist

Which description best identifies the unique attributes of connective tissue?

connective tissue is characterized by an extracellular matrix

Connective tissue are made of different combinations of ground substance and fibers. As you compare slide of connective tissues, which would most likely be the strongest type of connective tissue based on the composition of ground substance and fibers?

connective tissues high in a collagen fibers; collagen is the toughest of the fibers.

Which of the following is a modification of the simple columnar epithelium that allows for efficient absorption along portions of the digestive tract? a. fibroblasts b. dense microvilli c. thin and permeable d. cilia

dense microvilli

The fingers are (blank) to the wrist?

distal

You are asked to classify an exocrine gland found in the skin based solely on the chemical analysis of its products, which turns out to be a hypotonic fluid consisting of about 99% water with a pH of 5. It contains NaCl, traces of urea and ammonia, and peptide called dermcidin, but lacks fat and proteins. How would you classify this gland.

eccrine gland

How do endocrine and exocrine glands differ?

endocrine glands do not use ducts; they secrete substances (hormones) into blood without the use of ducts, whereas exocrine glands use ducts to secrete substances into the external environment.

What tissue type has polarity and is avascular?

epithelium; epithelia have polarity, which is to say that there is directionality, there is always an exposed surface and an attached surface.

How is hyaline cartilage different from elastic cartilage of fibrocartilage?

fibers are not normally visible

What are muscle cells responsible for?

for most types of movements, highly vascularized

What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior regions called?

frontal

All of the following will help the skin to fight infection but one. Which of the following will have little effect on the skins ability to fight infection? a. Greater production of melanin. b. Greater production of keratinocytes resulting in more layers of the stratum corneum. c. Increased secretions of defensins from skin cells. d. More tight junctions between keratinocytes of the stratum corneum.

greater production of melanin

The lungs are (blank) to the heard

lateral

Which of the following is not a manner in which any epithelial tissues or glands are classified? a. where secretions are released b. shape of the cells c. location d. number of cell layers

location; epithelia are classified by their shape and layering.

The bridge of the nose is (blank) to the left eye?

medial

Which skin pigment is made in the skin as a natural defense against UV radiation?

melanin; it protects the DNA of skin cells from UV radiation by absorbing the rays and dissipating the energy as heat

what are the features of the two cells in nervous tissue?

neurons generate and conduct nerve impulses and neural glia support, insulate, and protect neurons.

Which type of cell or cellular structure is not found in the epidermis?

pain receptors; pain receptors formed by free nerve endings are found deep to the epidermis in the papillary layer of the dermis

positive feedback differs from negative feedback because.....?

positive feedback tends to enhance the triggering stimulus while negative feedback tends to return the body to a homeostatic balance or ideal level

Cells of the stratum spinosum have many interlocking desmosomes that will remain between the cells as they migrate to the stratum corneum. These cell junctions serve the body by.......?

preventing mechanical stress or trauma from damaging the epidermis

Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage? a. Carotene, which accumulates in the stratum corneum and hypodermal adipose tissue, is synthesized in large amounts in the presence of sunlight. b. The skin is protected by the synthesis of three pigments that contribute to the skin's color. c. The skin is protected by increasing the number of epidermal dendritic cells, which help to activate the immune system. d. Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen.

prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen

The upper arm is (blank) to the forearm?

proximal

provide an example of a negative feedback loop that uses the endocrine system to relay information

regulation of blood glucose by insulin

Provide an example of a negative feedback loop that uses the nervous system to relay information?

regulation of body temperature

What are the types of Muscle Tissue?

skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

Which of the following epithelial tissue types is NOT correctly matched to its function? a. simple cuboidal epithelium; secretion b. simple columnar epithelium with microvilli; absorption c. stratified squamous epithelium; absorption d. simple squamous epithelium; filtration

stratified squamous epithelium; absorption, it is thick and durable it is found in the skin where it provides protection from the external environment

What function do transitional epithelia have?

stretching; it lines the ureters, bladder, and proximal part of the urethra, organs that are subjected to distention or stretching as urine passes through or fills them

Which directional term is used to describe the relationship of the skin to the skeletal muscles?

superficial; the skin covers the outside of the body thus it is superficial to the skeletal muscle

What is the metabolic function of skin?

synthesis of a vitamin D precursor; when sunlight bombards the skin, modified cholesterol molecules are converted to a vitamin D precursor, which is transported via the blood to the liver and kidneys, where it is converted into active vitamin D

What epidermal cells act as sensory touch receptors?

tactile cells; tactile means "touch", tactile cells along the border between the epidermis and dermis are touch receptors.

What are the features of cartilage?

the cell components are chondroblasts and chondrocytes. There features include resists compression because of the large amounts of water held in the matrix and they function to cushion and support body structures