Anatomy exam 1 CH 1-6

phase 5? ch5

*-secondary ossification: migration of capillaries and osteoblasts into epiphysis centers _varies from individuals

what are the two stages of endochondral ossification? ch5

*steps 1-4: inition of ossification in developing bone *steps 5-7: increasing length of developing bone

what happens in phase 1 of bone formation? ch 5

- chondrocytes near the center of the diaphysis increase in size -surrounding matrix begins to calcify -chondrocytes die and disintegrate bc of lack of nutrients -formation of cavities w/in the cartilage

phase 4? ch5

- shaft filled w/ spongy bone -osteoclasts create medullary -bone of shaft becomes thicker - cartilage of metaphysis invaded by osteoblasts (production of bone columns, increase in length and increase in diameter

phase 2? ch5

-BV grow and surround the edges of the cartilage -perichondrium differentiates into osteoblasts -perichondrium converts into periosteum -formation of bone collar (thin layer of compact bone around the shaft of cartilage

phase 7? ch5

-decreased rate of epiphyseal cartilage enlagement - increased rate of osteoblast activity -epiphyseal closure: cartilage gets narrow until the epiphyseal line disappears -epiphyseal line only found in mature bone only

phase 6? ch5

-epiphysis filled w/ spongy bone -formation of epiphyseal cartilage (plate) between the epiphysis and diaphysis, w/in the metaphysis -osteoblasts invade shaft side of epiphyseal cartilage replacing cartilage w/ bone at the same rate that epiphyseal cartilage enlarges through interstitial growth -enlargement

occipital bone features? ch6

-foramen magnum: spinal cord -occipital condyle: articulates with the axis (superior articulating facet) -jugular foramen -hypoglossal canals: hypoglossal nerve goes through here for tongue

what are the bones in the cranium? ch6

-frontal -parietal -occipital -temporal -sphenoid -ethmoid

Phase 3? ch5v

-increased blood supply (capillaries and osteoblasts migrate to the heart of the cartilage,filling the spaces left by chondrocytes -*primary ossification center: cartilaginous matrix is replaced by spongy bone made by osteoblasts

2 features of the maxilla bone ch6

-inferior orbital fissure, infraorbital foramen

temporal bone features? ch6

-internal and external meatus -mandibular fossa -mastoid process -styloid process -carotid canal -foramen lacerum: space left after the occipital and temporal bones come together

mandibular features ch6

-mandibular process (articulates with the mandibular fossa) -mental foramen: nerve for chin and lower lip -mandibular foramen: on inside, nerve for teeth and gum -alveolar part: protects articulation with teeth (on mandible and maxilla)

what bones make up the face? ch6

-maxilla -mandible -palatine -nasal -inferior nasal conchae -zygomatic -lacrimal -vomer

which way does the sacrum project in M&F? ch6

-posteriorly in M and inferiorly in F

Name the 4 cranial sutures ch6

-sagittal -lambdoid -coronal -squamosal

what are the three costal facets of the thoracic vertebrae? ch 6

-superior -inferior -transverse

types of bones and ex ch5

-sutural bone: small, flat bones found between flat bones of skull in suture line -pneumatized: hollow or contain air pockets ex ethmoid -flat bones: thin, roughly parallel surface of compact bone ex: cranial, parietal, occipital, sternum, ribs,scapula, -long bones: have diaphysis, epiphysis, ex: clavicle -sesamoid: small, round, flat, in tendons ex patella -short bone: box like ex carpals, tarsals -irregular bone: have projection ex vertebrae, temporal, coccyx,

characteristics of epithelial cells ch3

1. cellularity: composed of cells or cells 2.polarity: has a top and bottom 3. attachment 4. avascularity 5. arranged into sheet or layers 6. regeneration

what does CT proper contain? ch3

1. extracellular fibers 2. viscous ground substance 3.2 cell types: * fixed cells: stationary, involved w/ local maintenance and energy storage *wandering cells: defense and repair of damaged tissues

types of connective tissue and their functions ch3

1. firboblasts: produce fibers for CT 2. macrophages: look for + kill pathogens 3. mast cells: stimulate local inflammation to bring cells to the site 4. lymphocyte: immune system -> produce T cells to fight pathogens 5. neutrophils/ eosinophils: phagocytic blood cells remove debris during injury 6. melanocytes: produce melanin 7. adipocytes: store lipids used for energy

what are the four types of stratified squamous epithelium? ch4

1. keratinocytes: most abundant 2. melanocytes: produce melanin 3. merkal cells: detection of senses 4.langerhans cells: AKA dendritic cells, have phagocytic functions like macrphages

what cells are inside the stratum granulosum? ch4

1. keratohyalin: forms granules that surround keratin filament 2.keratin: membrane bound granule that releases contents through exocytosis and forms rich lipid substance

what is the dermis divided into? ch4

1. papillary 2. dermal

functions of epithelial tissue ch3

1. provide physical protection 2. control permeability 3. provide sensation (pain, pressure, touch) 4. provide specialized secretions (glandular cells, watery, oily)

where can the different types of epithelial cells be found ch3

1. simple squamous: heart and BV, alveoli of lungs 2. stratified squamous: surface of skin, lining of mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, vagina 3. simple cuboidal: glands, ducts, portions of the kidney, thyroid gland 4. stratified cuboidal: lining of some ducts (rare) 5. simple columnar: lining of the stomach, intestine, gallbladder 6. stratified columnar: small areas of the pharynx, urethra, salivary glands 7. pseudostratified: lining of the nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, portions of male rep tract 8. transitional: urinary bladder, renal pelvis, ureter

function of the different types of epithelial cells ch3

1. simple squamous: reduce friction, control vessel permeability, absorption and secretion 2. stratified squamous: protection against abrasion, pathogens 3. simple cuboidal: limited protection, secretion, absorption 4. stratified cuboidal: protection, secretion, absorption 5. simple columnar: protection, secretion, absorption 6. stratified columnar: protection 7. pseudostratified: protection, secretion 8. transitional:permits expansion and recoil after stretching

what is the skeletal system made up of? ch5

1. skeletal bones 2. cartilage 3.ligaments 4. connective tissue to stabilize the skeleton

functions of the skeletal system ch5

1. support 2. storage of minerals-> calcium salts (calcium is the most abundant ) 3. blood cell production -> red marrow: RBC,WBC, platelets 4. leverage for movements 5. protection of vital organs

mechanisms of glandular secretion ch3

1.Merocrine: sweat glands, goblet cell (least complex) 2.Apocrine: lactiferous gland, just apical part gets released, and nucleus regenerates released part for new release 3. Halocrine: rupture and release cytoplasmic content and secretion. cell dies is renewed by stem cells (most complex)

what are the two types of ossification and where do they happen? ch5

1.intramembranous: involved in the development of the clavicle, mandible, skull, and face 2. endochondral: involved in the development of limbs, vertebrae, and hips. is the most common

collagen fibers make up ________ of bone mass ch5

1/3

how many mg of ca are there per blood ml? ch5

10mg/100ml

How many layers of the dermis is present in thick skin (ch4)

2

Bone cells contribute to _____% of the bone mass ch5

2%

calcium phosphate makes up _______ of bone mass ch5

2/3

which cervical vertebrae are atypical? ch6

C1,C2 & C7

which cervical vertebral are typical and what are the features? ch6

C3-C6: -have bifid tip -only support the weight of the head - spinal cord is thicker at the top -transverse process fuses with costal process -transverse foramen BV artery, go up to the brain

what bone does not directed attach to another? ch6

Hyoid bone

What is a tuberosity?ch 5

Large rounded projection; may be roughened

the lambdoid suture joins the parietal bone to the : ch6

Occipital bone

what does ROS stand for and where is it located in order? ch 6

ROS= 1. Foramen Rotundum 2. Foramen Ovale 3. Foramen Spinosum Located in the sphenoid bone

which thoracic vertebrae attach to the ribs? ch6

T1-T8 (T9-T12 only 1 costal facet bc part of rib doesn't attach

a facet, such as the superior and inferior articulating facets of the vertebra, is described as: ch6

a flattened or shallow articulating surface

What is a sulcus? ch 5

a narrow groove

What is the trochlea?ch5

a smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley

what is a condyle? ch5

a smooth, rounded, articular piece

when does secondary curve happen and what vertebrae are included: ch6

after birth: cervical, lumbar

why is the matrix solid? ch5

because of the position of calcium salts around protein fibers

when does primary curve happen, and what vertebrae are included? ch6

before birth: thoracic and sacral

What is a process? ch5

bumpy projection

Organs in RLQ ch1

cecum, appendix, right ovary and tube, right ureter, right spermatic cord

Types of vertebrae and how many of each ch6

cervica (7)l, thoracic(12), lumbar(5), sacrum(5 fused), coccyx (3-5 fused)

Which bone is not a flat bone? (ch5)

clavicle

what makes bones sturdy? ch5

combination of collagen fibers and calcium phosphate

types of osseous tissue ch5

compact bone and spongy bone (creates lightweight nature of bone, surrounds medullary cavity

abdominopelvic cavity ch1

contains peritoneal cavity. 1.abdominal cavity: contains many digestive glands and organ. 2. pelvic cavity: contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, last portion of the digestive tract

the ________ suture separates the frontal and parietal bones of the skull. ch6

coronal

What is calcification? ch5

deposition of calcium ions into the bone tissue

what muscle divides the ventral cavity into superior thoracic and inferior abdominopelvic cavity? ch1

diaphragm

The hand is ________ to the shoulder.(ch1)

distal

In an adult, the epiphysis is separated from the diaphysis by the (ch5)

epiphyseal line

in which of the following structures can we find stratified squamous epithelium ? ch3

esophagus

the crista galli is a bone feature found on the following bones? ch6

ethmoid bone

what type of bone is the ethmoid and what are its features? ch6

ethmoid bone is pneumatized, includes the cribriform plate (olfactory nerves run through), crista galli, and perpendicular plate

what bones are present at birth? ch5

femur, tibia, humerou

what are the three groups of ribs ch 6

from 1-7 vertebral-sterno attach to the sternum from 8-10 vertebral-chondral attach to cartilage from 11-12 vertebral ribs hang from the vertebrae

Where is the supraorbital foramen located? ch 6

frontal bone

The endocrine system produces these chemicals that help regulate growth(ch1)

hormones

what is the skeleton composed of prior to 6 weeks of development? ch5

hyaline cartilage

what does calcium phosphate convert to? ch5

hydroxyapatite crystals

What are vertebrae separated by?

intervertebral discs made of fibrous cartilage (collagen fibers)

What is a canal or meatus? ch 5

large passageway

Organs in LUQ ch1

left lobe of lung, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of the large intestine

Most of the stomach is in the _____quadrant(ch1)

left upper

The pale crescent found in nails by the root is called (ch4)

lunula

What do osteocytes do? ch5

maintain, and monitor levels of proteins and minerals that form the matrix

Where is bone added during endochondral ossification? (ch5)

metaphysis

Organs in LLQ ch1

most of small intestine and portions of large intestine, left ureter, and reproductive organs: left ovary, left sprematic cord

what is it called when cartilage cells are replaced by bone cells? ch5

ossification

When a fracture does not heal properly, bone formation begins at the site of the fracture. What cell contributes to this formation? (ch5)

osteoblast

what cells removes and remodels bones? ch5

osteoclasts

what is the process of making new bones called? ch5

osteogenesis

What do osteoblasts produce and what happens after they release it? ch5

osteoid to form the matrix, and then they become osteocytes

the functional unit of bone is known as an (ch5)

osteon

what is the basic functional unit of the bone? ch5

osteon

what cell repairs bones? ch5

osteoprogenitor ( form osteoblasts)

if a needle pokes your skin and results in instant bleeding, which layer has the needle reached (ch4)

papillary layer

what happens when there is too little ca? ch5

parathyroid releases PTH, increases bone release calcium, increase calcium uptake, kidneys release vit b to increase calcium uptake in intestines

what bones makes up the superior portion of the lateral side of the cranium? ch6

parietal bone

what makes up the nasal septum? ch6

perpendicular plate and vomer bone

which direction does the spinous process of the thoracic vertebrae point? ch6

posterior and caudal

what forms the matrix? ch3

protein fibers + ground substance

epithelial cells present in pseudostratified epithelium have which shape? ch3

rectangular

what does the epiphysis consist of? ch5

red marrow

Organs in RUQ ch1

right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of the stomach, small and large intestine

what is a foramen? ch 5

round passageway

Where is the pituitary gland located? ch6

sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

what is a fossa? ch 5

shallow depression

Why does Annies pale skin turn red when she goes to the beach (ch4)

she produces less melanin

what is a fissure? ch5

slanted cleft

What is a facet? ch5

small articular flat surface

What is a tubercle? ch5

small rounded projection

What bone is shaped like a butterfly? ch6

sphenoid bone

what is the last layer where cells are alive? ch4

stratum granulosum

What layer is only found in thick skin? ch4

stratum lucidum

thoracic cavity ch1

surrounded by chest wall and diaphragm. 1. left pleural cavity: surrounds left lung,2. mediastinum: contains trachea, esophagus, and major vessels and the pericardial cavity surrounds the heart. 3. right pleural cavity: surrounds the right lung

which vertebrae does not have a body?ch6

the atlas

one of the characteristics of all epithelia is attachment, which means that: ch3

the basal surface of a typical epithelium is bound to a thin basal lamina

what happens when there is too much calcium? ch 5

thyroid gland releases calcitonin and stimulates bones to deposit calcium. kidney reduces calcium uptake

what makes the stratum spinosum spiny? ch4

tonofirbils

what are the top and bottom layer of the basal lamina made up of ch3

top layer is clear, made up of glycoproteins, and microfilaments bottom layer is dense, made up of protein filaments

what type of epithelium is present in the urinary bladder? ch3

transitional epithelium

what ligament holds the axis and atlas together? ch6

transverse ligament

A blood vessel that pumps blood towards the heart (ch1)

vein

Which of the following makes up the greatest amount in terms of molecular composition of the human body?(ch1)

water

where is the periosteum not found? ch5

where bones articulate

what does the medullary cavity in the diaphysis consist of? ch5

yellow marrow