Anatomy Exam 2
Assuming an arteriole starts with a radius of 1 mm and a flow rate of 5 ml/sec, what will be the new flow rate through the arteriole if it is constricted such that the new radius is 0.5 mm? A) 0.5 ml/sec B) 0.3125 ml/sec C) 16 ml/sec D) 81 ml/sec
0.3125 ml/sec
What is the function of lymphoid nodules? A) Defend against infection in the area B) Produce lymph C) Filter the blood D) Pass lymph to lymphatic tr
A) Defend against infection in the area
Activation of a CD4+ cell requires an APC to present antigen with A) MHC class II protein. B) MHC class I protein. C) CD8 protein. D) a B cell receptor.
A) MHC class II protein.
Compared to its partial pressure at sea level, what would be the partial pressure of oxygen at an altitude with an atmospheric pressure of only 380 mm Hg (recall that sea level atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg)? A) Po2 would be half as much as it would be at sea level. B) Po2 would be twice as much as it would be at sea level. C) Po2 would be one-fourth as much as it would be at sea level. D) Po2 would be three-quarters as much as it would be at sea level.
A) Po2 would be half as much as it would be at sea level.
Two individuals of the same size (same dead space) have a minute ventilation of 6 L/min, but one is breathing 10 breaths/min and the other is breathing 15 breaths/min. How do their alveolar ventilation rates compare? A) The slower breather has a greater alveolar ventilation rate. B) The faster breather has a greater alveolar ventilation rate. C) Their alveolar ventilation rates are equivalent.
A) The slower breather has a greater alveolar ventilation rate.
The immunity that occurs as a result of a vaccination is _________ immunity. A) active B) passive
A) active
The alveolar cell that secretes pulmonary surfactant is the A) alveolar type II cell. B) alveolar type I cell. C) alveolar macrophage. D) dust cell. E) squamous alveolar cell.
A) alveolar type II cell.
If someone were to have abnormally low levels of protein in their blood, then net filtration pressure would A) be higher than normal. B) be lower than normal.
A) be higher than normal
If T-lymphocytes that failed the negative selection test were not destroyed, the immune system would likely A) cause autoimmune disorders. B) exhibit very delayed activity. C) be unable to recognize a particular class of pathogen. D) exhibit more negative membrane potentials.
A) cause autoimmune disorders.
Lymph nodes A) filter lymph. B) contain a dense network of collagen fibers. C) serve as auxiliary exchange surfaces for respiratory gases. D) produce red blood cells. E) serve as the main recycling centers for red blood cells and their parts.
A) filter lymph.
Radius of a blood vessel is reduced to one half of its starting radius. What effect will this have upon blood flow? A) flow decreases by a factor of 16 B) flow decreases by a factor of 3.16 C) flow decreases by a factor of 4 D) flow decreases by a factor of 81
A) flow decreases by a factor of 16
In the aorta, the pressure driving blood flow increases by about a factor of 1.5 comparing diastole and systole. What specific effect will this increase in pressure have upon flow rate (Q) of blood in the aorta during systole compared with diastole? A) increase flow rate by 1.5x B) decrease flow rate by 1.5x
A) increase flow rate by 1.5x
If the lungs lose compliance, which will require more force from the skeletal muscles? A) inhalation B) exhalation
A) inhalation
Air flows out of the body during expiration because A) intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure. B) intrapleural pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure. C) atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure. D) intrapleural pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.
A) intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.
Suppose that following an automobile accident, a broken rib penetrates into the pleural cavity, causing air to accumulate in the space between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition is known as a: A) pneumothorax. B) tension hemothorax. C) hemothorax. D) cystic fibrosis.
A) pneumothorax.
In terms of their chemical structure, cytokines are _______; their function is to serve as _________. A) proteins; chemical messengers B) proteins; receptors C) steroids; chemical messengers. D) steroids; receptors.
A) proteins; chemical messengers
When the baroreceptor reflex is triggered by a decline in blood pressure. A) sympathetic activity increases B) cardiac output decreases C) peripheral resistance decreases
A) sympathetic activity increases
Blood colloid osmotic pressure is largely due to A) the proteins in the blood, and it promotes reabsorption. B) the high amount of water in the blood, and it promotes diffusion out of the capillaries. C) the proteins in the blood, and it promotes filtration. D) the pressure generated by the heart, and it favors osmosis into the arteriole end of the capillary bed. E) the high amount of water in the blood, and it promotes filtration from arterioles.
A) the proteins in the blood, and it promotes reabsorption.
Assume that the constriction in the arteriole in the question above (#34) occurred with the onset of exercise. This tells you that the arteriole was delivering blood to: A) the small intestine B) the legs
A) the small intestine
The functional significance of the plateau phase of the action potential in cardiac muscle is: A) to prolong the action potential and thereby prevent tetanus in the ventricle B) to prolong the action potential and thereby cause tetanus in the ventricle C) to rapidly spread the action potential through the ventricle D) to prevent backflow of blood from the ventricle into the atria
A) to prolong the action potential and thereby prevent tetanus in the ventricle
When women with breast cancer undergo surgery to remove the tumor or the entire breast, the axillary lymph nodes are often removed as well. Why? A) In removing the breast, the blood supply to the nodes is removed and they will inevitably cease to function. B) The axillary lymph nodes receive lymph from the breast and may contain cancer cells. C) The nerves that supply the axillary lymph nodes are often cut during the breast surgery. D) It is impossible to remove the breast without physically damaging the lymph nodes. E) With the removal of the breast, there is no further need for lymph drainage and filtering in that part of the body.
B) The axillary lymph nodes receive lymph from the breast and may contain cancer cells.
The thymus is at its maximum size A) at birth. B) at puberty. C) between 30 and 50 years of age. D) in old age
B) at puberty.
In an ECG, the P wave is generated when the A) ventricles depolarize. B) atria depolarize. C) atria repolarize. D) ventricles repolarize. E) Purkinje fibersinitiate an impulse.
B) atria depolarize.
Chemotaxins function in: A) digesting invading cells B) attracting additional immune cells C) poisoning and killing invading cells
B) attracting additional immune cells
MHC class I molecules on a cell allow it to interact with A) macrophages and dendritic cells. B) cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. C) helper T-lymphocytes. D) CD8 + B-lymphocytes.
B) cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.
According to Boyle's law, the pressure of a gas _________ if the volume of its container increases. A) increases B) decreases C) remains the same
B) decreases
Which of the following conditions would have the greatest effect on peripheral resistance? A) doubling the length of a vessel B) doubling the diameter of a vessel C) doubling the viscosity of the blood
B) doubling the diameter of a vessel
A membrane attack complex is a protein grouping that A) triggers phagocytosis of a target cell by a nearby macrophage or neutrophil. B) forms a channel in the target cell membrane that causes cytolysis. C) links a pathogen to a red blood cell so that it is carried to the liver or spleen. D) stimulates basophils to attack a multicellular parasite in the body.
B) forms a channel in the target cell membrane that causes cytolysis.
The lungs remain inflated because A) intrapulmonary pressure is less than intrapleural pressure. B) intrapleural pressure is less than intrapulmonary pressure. C) intrapleural pressure is exactly equal to intrapulmonary pressure. D) intrapleural pressure is exactly equal to atmospheric pressure.
B) intrapleural pressure is less than intrapulmonary pressure.
MHC class II molecules are found on the surface of macrophages. When a cytotoxic T cell binds to an MHC class II receptor that is presenting a suitable antigen fragment (like a head displayed on a castle wall!) the message the T-cell receives is: A) kill me! B) kill other cells that display this fragment, but don't kill me! C) go away!
B) kill other cells that display this fragment, but don't kill me!
A lymphatic capillary that picks up dietary lipids in the small intestine is called a(n) A) cisterna chyli. B) lacteal. C) afferent lymphatic vessel. D) trabeculum. E) efferent lymphatic vessel.
B) lacteal
Lymph differs from plasma in that A) lymph contains more protein than plasma B) lymph contains less protein than plasma
B) lymph contains less protein than plasma
Opsonins function by: A) poisoning and killing invading cells B) marking or tagging pathogens so phagocytes can find and ingest them C) digesting invading cells directly
B) marking or tagging pathogens so phagocytes can find and ingest them
The heart valves A) stabilize and hold the arteries leaving the heart. B) permit the passage of blood in one direction. C) separate the right and left sides of the heart. D) are only used in the fetal heart. E) direct the conduction impulse through the heart muscle.
B) permit the passage of blood in one direction
If you climb a tall mountain, you may experience difficulty breathing. This is because: A) the percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere is less at high altitude B) the partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere is less at high altitude
B) the partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere is less at high altitude
If a test subject has a Tidal Volume of 500 ml, an Inspiratory Reserve Volume of 800 ml, and a Vital Capacity of 2500 ml, what is this subject's Expiratory Reserve Volume? A) 500 ml B) 1000 ml C) 1200 ml D) 1300 ml E) 2500 ml
C) 1200 mL
f someone's blood pressure were listed as 125/75 mmHg, then their pulse pressure would be A) 125 mmHg. B) 5/3. C) 50 mmHg. D) 40 mmHg. E) 100 mmHg.
C) 50 mmHg.
During the S-T segment, what is occurring within cardiac muscle cells A) Sodium is rapidly diffusing out of atrial muscle cells. B) Sodium channels are beginning to open in ventricular cells and calcium is entering through slow channels in atrial cells. C) Calcium is entering and potassium is leaving ventricular cells. D) Potassium is entering atrial cells and sodium is leaving ventricular cells.
C) Calcium is entering and potassium is leaving ventricular cells.
An increase in dead space results in A) increases in both alveolar and minute ventilation. B) decreases in both alveolar and minute ventilation. C) a decrease in alveolar ventilation but no change in minute ventilation. D) an increase in alveolar ventilation but a decrease in minute ventilation. E) a decrease in alveolar ventilation but an increase in minute ventilation. F) an increase in alveolar ventilation but no change in minute ventilation.
C) a decrease in alveolar ventilation but no change in minute ventilation.
Poison ivy can cause an allergic reaction due, in part, to the production of antibodies to the oil (urushiol) that is found in the poison ivy plant. The second time a person touches poison ivy, they may have a more dramatic allergic reaction compared with the reaction they suffer the first time they touch the plant. This enhanced response is due to: A) the death of B-cells after first exposure to the antigen B) the production of antibodies was relatively less the second time C) after initial exposure, a number of memory cells were lying in wait, capable of a more dramatic response the second time
C) after initial exposure, a number of memory cells were lying in wait, capable of a more dramatic response the second time
5) The largest arteries of the body are classified as A) muscular arteries. B) arterioles. C) elastic arteries. D) muscular and elastic because they have the same dimensions. E) None of the answers is correct.
C) elastic arteries.
If someone had a cut in their skin through which a bacterium entered, but that bacterium was then destroyed by a neutrophil, this would be an example of A) failed external adaptive immunity, but successful innate immunity. B) failed innate immunity, but successful adaptive immunity. C) failed external innate immunity, but successful internal innate immunity. D) failed external immunity, but successful internal acquired immunity.
C) failed external innate immunity, but successful internal innate immunity.
The main function of tonsils is to detect and protect against infections agents that are A) in the blood. B) in the lymph. C) ingested or inhaled. D) secreted by salivary glands.
C) ingested or inhaled.
Often a virus-infected cell will release _________ to prevent spread of the infection. A) histamine B) complement C) interferon D) perforin E) serotonin
C) interferon
Angiotensin II causes A) increased heart rate, vasodilation, and less urine formation. B) decreased heart rate, vasoconstriction, and increased urine formation. C) vasoconstriction, decrease urine formation, and increased thirst. D) decreased thirst, vasodilation, and increased urine formation. E) vasoconstriction, increased urine formation, anddecreased thirst.
C) vasoconstriction, decrease urine formation, and increased thirst.
Which part of an antibody attaches to an antigen? A) The hinge region B) The constant region C) The heavy chain D) The variable region
D) The variable region
Where do T-lymphocytes mature? A) Spleen B) White bone marrow C) Tonsils D) Thymus gland E) Thyroid gland
D) Thymus gland
For the repolarization phase of an SA nodal cell action potential: A) sodium and potassium channels open. B) calcium channels open and sodium channels close. C) calcium and potassium channels close. D) calcium channels close and potassium channels open. E) sodium and chloride channels open.
D) calcium channels close and potassium channels open.
The first heart sound ("lub" of "lub-dub") occurs when the atrioventricular valves close, and thus it marks A) the end of ventricular B) ejectionthe start of ventricular C) ejectionthe start of ventricular D) diastolethe start of isovolumetric contraction
D) diastolethe start of isovolumetric contraction
Functions of antibodies include all of the following except: A) activation of B lymphocytes to form memory cells and plasma cells B) opsonization C) activation of cytotoxic cells D) inactivation or inhibition of complement
D) inactivation or inhibition of complement
The velocity of blood flow through capillaries is A) rapid, due to their small total cross sectional area. B) rapid, which prevents pooling in lower extremeties. C) slow, due to small total cross-sectional area, low friction and high pressure. D) slow, which allows sufficient time for exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues.
D) slow, which allows sufficient time for exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues.
A subject, during exercise, has a heart rate of 140 beats per minute, a stroke volume of 80 ml per beat, and a peripheral resistance of 112 min * Hg per ml. What is this person's cardiac output? A) 100ml/min B) 8,960 ml / min C) 11,200 ml / min D) 15,680 ml / min E) 0.57 ml / min
c) 11,200 ml/min
