Anatomy Exam 2

Which of the following structures is composed primarily of connective tissue proper?

a tendon

stratum lucidum

a layer of the epidermis found only in the thick skin of the fingers, palms, and soles

dermis and epidermis

contains macrophages

dermis

contains sensory receptors for deep touch

5 strata of epidermis

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

A basement is located between

epithelial and connective tissue

The major cell type of a tendon is the:

fibroblast

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

outermost cells are dead and contain keratin

stratum corneum

outermost layer of epidermis

Which of the following functions is carried out by both epithelial tissue and connective tissue?

protection

functions of epithelial tissue

protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, sensory reception

Epidermis

protects skin cells from UV radiation

Melanin

A pigment that gives the skin its color

Epiphysis

End of a long bone

Melanocytes

cells that produce melanin

stratum basale

deepest layer of epidermis

burn

wound caused by agents such as heat, extreme cold, electricity, chemicals, and radiation; grouped into three classes according to extent and depth of tissue damage

Carotene

yellow-orange pigment

general process of fracture healing

1. Hematoma fills in gap between bone fragments 2. Fibroblasts and chondroblasts infiltrate hematoma and form a soft callus 3. Osteoblasts build a bone callus 4. Bone callus is remodeled and primary bone is replaced with secondary bone

What skin functions are carried out by epidermis?

1. immunity 2. protection from UV radiation 3. sensory reception

second degree burn

A burn marked by pain, blistering, and superficial destruction of dermis with edema and hyperemia of the tissues beneath the burn.

Periosteum

A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles.

skeletal muscle

A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones.

Which of the following statements concerning connective tissue is not true?

All connective tissue is vascular

Hemoglobin

An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.

Perichondrium

Dense irregular connective tissue membrane covering cartilage

Which of the following statements concerning skin is true?

Epidermal dendritic cells arise in the bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis

smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body

cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.

What happens to epithelial tissue damaged by a superficial paper cut?

It heals by regeneration

Which of the following statements is true concerning the epidermis?

Melanin is transferred via melanosomes from melanocytes to neighboring keratinocytes

basal cell carcinoma

Most common and least severe type of skin cancer; often characterized by light or pearly nodules.

malignant melanoma

Most serious form of skin cancer; often characterized by black or dark brown patches on the skin that may appear uneven in texture, jagged, or raised.

endochondral ossification

Process of transforming cartilage into bone.

first degree burn

Superficial burns through only the epidermis.

sweat glands

The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin.

squamous cell carcinoma

Type of skin cancer more serious than basal cell carcinoma; often characterized by scaly red papules or nodules.

third degree burn

a burn involving all layers of the skin; characterized by the destruction of the epidermis and dermis, with damage or destruction of subcutaneous tissue

stratum granulosum

a layer of the epidermis that marks the transition between the deeper, metabolically active strata and the dead cells of the more superficial strata

stratum spinosum

a layer of the epidermis that provides strength and flexibility to the skin

rule of nines

a method used in calculating body surface area affected by burns

Generally speaking, connective tissues are largely non-living extracellular matrix. Which of the following tissue types is an exception to this general rule?

adipose

The sodium/potassium pump transports three sodium ions out of the cell for every two potassium ions moved into the cell. This mechanism is an example of:

an antiport pump

ABCDE rule for skin cancer

asymmetry, border, color, diameter, evolving

functions of connective tissue

binding and support, protection, insulation, transportation

Which of the following structures is composed primarily of tissue that is vascular?

bone

medullary cavity

cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow

Neurons

cells that are highly specialized to receive stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses to all parts of the body

characteristics of epithelial tissue

cellularity, polarity, attachment, avascularity, innervation, high regeneration capacity

Fibers

collagen, elastic, reticular

three types of connective tissue fibers

collagen, elastic, reticular

Marfan syndrome is a disorder of:

connective tissue

Cardiac muscle fibers

contain actin and myosin

dermis

contains abundant hyaluronic acid

dermal root sheath

dense dermis surrounding the hair follicle

Characteristics of muscle tissue

excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity

red bone marrow

hematopoietic tissue

3 types of cartilage

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

Dermis

is vascular

Three cell types in the stratum basale

keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile cells

Which of the following structures contains collagen?

ligament dermis bone meniscus

types of connective tissue proper

loose, dense, reticular, adipose

Endosteum

membrane that covers the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the medullary cavity

functions of muscle tissue

movement, maintain posture, heat production, stabilize joints

Which type of membrane lines cavities that open to the outside of the body?

mucous

merocrine secretion

no loss of cellular material with secretion

neuroglial cells

non irritable cells which protect, support, and insulate the neurons

Cancer

one of most common diseases in world; caused by mutations in DNA that induce a cell to lose control of cell cycle

intramembranous ossification

process by which bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue

mammary glands

produce milk

apocrine sweat glands

produce true sweat plus fatty substances and proteins; found in the axillary (armpit) and anogenital areas of the body

epiphyseal line

remnant of the epiphyseal plate, seen in adult bones

eccrine sweat glands

respond primarily to elevated body temperature

Which of the following tissue types is the major tissue type in most lymphoid organs?

reticular connective tissue

Glands of the skin

sebaceous glands and sweat glands

sebaceous glands

secrete sebum (oil) into the hair follicles where the hair shafts pass through the dermis

cereminous glands

secretes ear wax

Diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

Which of the following epithelia forms the lining of the digestive tract from stomach to anus?

simple columnar

Which of the following tissue types is correctly matched with one of its locations?

simple squamous epithelium- alveoli

dendritic cells

specialized white blood cells that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections

Histology

study of tissues

Sensation

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

three specialized types of cellular junctions

tight gap desmosomes

moist stratified squamous epithelium

tissue whose surface cells are still alive due to a covering of mucus

Merkel cells

touch receptors in the skin

Some antibiotics inhibit tRNA from delivering amino acids to the ribosome. What process cannot be completed?

translation

Three categories of lipids

triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols

ground substance

unstructured material that fills the space between the cells and contains the fibers