Anatomy Exam 3 Chapter 8

Three planes

Correctly match the synovial joint to its range of motion: Multiaxial.

"Peg-in-socket" fibrous joint

Match the following joint type to its characteristic: Gomphosis.

Fibrous joint

Match the following: Bones united by collagen fibers.

Cruciate The knee's intracapsular ligaments are called cruciate ligaments because they cross each other, forming an X (cruci = cross) in the notch between the femoral condyles. They act as restraining straps to help prevent anterior-posterior displacement of the articular surfaces and to secure the articulating bones when we stand. Although these ligaments are in the joint capsule, they are outside the synovial cavity, and synovial membrane nearly covers their surfaces.

Which ligaments prevent backward displacement of the tibia or forward sliding of the femur?

Location of the joint The stability of a synovial joint depends chiefly on three factors: the shapes of the articular surfaces; the number and positioning of ligaments; and muscle tone not location of the joint.

Which of the following is not considered a primary factor influencing the stability of synovial joints?

syndesmosis

A ligamentous connection, such as that between the bones of the lower leg, is called a __________.

amphiarthrosis

A slightly movable joint is a(n) __________.

Reinforcing ligaments

Correctly match the description to the structure of synovial joints: Can be intracapsular or extracapsular.

Articular capsule

Correctly match the description to the structure of synovial joints: Composed of the fibrous and synovial layers.

Synovial fluid

Correctly match the description to the structure of synovial joints: Secreted into the joint cavity and contains hyaluronic acid.

Sprain Common sites of sprains are the ankle, the knee, and the lumbar region of the spine. Partially torn ligaments will repair themselves, but they heal slowly because ligaments are so poorly vascularized. Sprains tend to be painful and immobilizing.

Correctly match the term and definition: Ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn.

Adduction Adduction ("moving toward") is the opposite of abduction, so it is the movement of a limb toward the body midline or, in the case of the digits, toward the midline of the hand or foot.

Correctly match the term and definition: Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body in the frontal plane.

Rotation Rotation is the turning of a bone around its own long axis. It is the only movement allowed between the first two cervical vertebrae.

Correctly match the term and definition: Movement permitted by the atlantoaxial joint.

bursae

Flattened fibrous sacs that reduce friction between adjacent structures are called __________.

Ligament A: Ligament B: joint (articular) cavity C: Articular (hyaline) cartilage D: Fibrous Layer E: Synovial membrane

Identify the part of a generalized synovial joint indicated by "A."

Hinge joint A: Condylar Joint B: Saddle joint C: Ball-and-socket joint D: Plane joint E: Hinge joint F: Pivot joint

Identify the type of synovial joint indicated by "E."

Bones connected exclusively by ligaments

Match the following joint type to its characteristic: Syndesmoses.

gout

The presence of uric acid crystals in the joints is a hallmark of __________.

lubricate joints

The role of synovial fluid is to __________.

The shoulder joint

The rotator cuff is part of what joint?

gliding movements only

The term "nonaxial movement" means __________.

The jaw (TMJ) Dislocations of the jaw (TMJ) occur more readily than any other joint dislocation because of the shallow socket in the joint. Even a deep yawn can dislocate it. This joint almost always dislocates anteriorly, the condylar process of the mandible ending up in a skull region called the infratemporal fossa. In such cases, the mouth remains wide open.

This joint is more likely to dislocate than any other joint.

tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii

The "superstabilizer" of the shoulder joint is the __________.

bursitis of the prepatellar bursa Bursitis is inflammation of a bursa and is usually caused by a blow or friction. Falling on one's knee may result in a painful bursitis of the prepatellar bursa, known as housemaid's knee or water on the knee. Prolonged leaning on one's elbows may damage the bursa close to the olecranon, producing student's elbow, or olecranon bursitis.

"Water on the knee" is caused by __________.

Posterior cruciate ligaments

Correctly match the ligaments to their function: Prevent backward displacement of the tibia or forward sliding of the femur.

Anterior cruciate ligaments

Correctly match the ligaments to their function: Prevent forward sliding of the tibia and checks hyperextension of the knee

Fibular and tibial collateral ligaments The extracapsular fibular and tibial collateral ligaments are critical in preventing lateral or medial rotation when the knee is extended.

Correctly match the ligaments to their function: Prevent lateral or medial rotation when the knee is extended.

Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common chronic arthritis. A chronic degenerative condition, OA is often called "wear-and-tear arthritis." OA is most prevalent in the aged and is probably related to the normal aging process (although it is seen occasionally in younger people and some forms have a genetic basis). More women than men are affected, and nearly all of us will develop this condition by the age of 80.

Correctly match the term and definition: A degenerative condition most common in the elderly.

Synostosis

Correctly match the term and definition: A joint formed by fusion of two bones

Flexion

Correctly match the term and definition: A movement permitted by the elbow joint.

Synarthrosis

Correctly match the term and definition: An immovable joint.

Dislocation A dislocation (luxation) occurs when bones are forced out of alignment. It is usually accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and difficulty in moving the joint.

Correctly match the term and definition: Displacement of a bone from its normal position at a joint.

Gouty arthritis

Correctly match the term and definition: Joint inflammation caused by the deposit of urate crystals in soft joint tissues.

Abduction Abduction ("moving away") is movement of a limb away from the midline or median plane of the body, along the frontal plane. Raising the arm or thigh laterally is an example of abduction.

Correctly match the term and definition: Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.

Hyperextension

Correctly match the term and definition: Movement that increases the angle between two bones along the sagittal plane beyond the anatomical position.

Protraction Nonangular anterior and posterior movements in a transverse plane are called protraction and retraction, respectively. The mandible is protracted when you jut out your jaw and retracted when you bring it back.

Correctly match the term and definition: The movement of a body part forward in a transverse plane.

flexion Flexion is a bending movement, usually along the sagittal plane, that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the articulating bones closer together. Examples include bending the head forward on the chest and bending the body trunk or the knee from a straight to an angled position. As a less obvious example, the arm is flexed at the shoulder when the arm is lifted in an anterior direction.

Decreasing the angle between bones in the sagittal plane is called __________.

Joint (articular) cavity A: Ligament B: joint (articular) cavity C: Articular (hyaline) cartilage D: Fibrous Layer E: Synovial membrane The joint (articular) cavity is the innermost space within a synovial joint. It contains a small amount of lubricating synovial fluid.

Identify the part of a generalized synovial joint indicated by "B."

Articular (hyaline) cartilage A: Ligament B: joint (articular) cavity C: Articular (hyaline) cartilage D: Fibrous Layer E: Synovial membrane

Identify the part of a generalized synovial joint indicated by "C."

Fibrous capsule A: Ligament B: joint (articular) cavity C: Articular (hyaline) cartilage D: Fibrous Layer E: Synovial membrane The joint cavity is enclosed by a two-layered articular capsule, or joint capsule. The tough external fibrous layer strengthens the joint so that the bones are not pulled apart.

Identify the part of a generalized synovial joint indicated by "D."

Synovial Membrane A: Ligament B: joint (articular) cavity C: Articular (hyaline) cartilage D: Fibrous Layer E: Synovial membrane

Identify the part of a generalized synovial joint indicated by "E."

Hyperextension A: Hyperextension B: Extension C: Flexion Continuing such movements beyond the anatomical position is called hyperextension

Identify the type of movement at the neck indicated by "A."

Flexion A: Hyperextension B: Extension C: Flexion Bending the head forward at the chest is an example of flexion. Flexion is a bending movement, usually along the sagittal plane, that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the articulating bones closer together.

Identify the type of movement at the neck indicated by "C."

Adduction A: Abduction B: Adduction C: Circumduction Adduction ("moving toward") is the opposite of abduction, so it is the movement of a limb toward the body midline.

Identify the type of movement of the upper limb at the shoulder as indicated by "B."

Circumduction A: Abduction B: Adduction C: Circumduction

Identify the type of movement of the upper limb at the shoulder indicated by "C."

Condylar Joint A: Condylar Joint B: Saddle joint C: Ball-and-socket joint D: Plane joint E: Hinge joint F: Pivot joint

Identify the type of synovial joint indicated by "A."

Saddle Joint A: Condylar Joint B: Saddle joint C: Ball-and-socket joint D: Plane joint E: Hinge joint F: Pivot joint

Identify the type of synovial joint indicated by "B."

Ball-and-socket joint A: Condylar Joint B: Saddle joint C: Ball-and-socket joint D: Plane joint E: Hinge joint F: Pivot joint

Identify the type of synovial joint indicated by "C."

Plane joint A: Condylar Joint B: Saddle joint C: Ball-and-socket joint D: Plane joint E: Hinge joint F: Pivot joint

Identify the type of synovial joint indicated by "D."

Pivot joint A: Condylar Joint B: Saddle joint C: Ball-and-socket joint D: Plane joint E: Hinge joint F: Pivot joint

Identify the type of synovial joint indicated by "F."

Fibrocartilage disc

Correctly match the following: Meniscus.

Turning the palm down

Correctly match the following: Pronation.

Turning the palm up

Correctly match the following: Supination.

Flexion

Correctly match the following: Touching your chin to your chest.

plantar flexion depressing the foot (pointing the toes) is plantar flexion

When a ballerina or gymnast points their toes, this motion is __________.

The small size of the glenoid cavity compared to the head of the humerus

Which of the following contributes to the instability of the shoulder joint?

The deep socket that encloses the femoral head

Which of the following factors contributes the most to the stability of the hip joint?

Rotation Rotation is the turning of a bone around its own long axis. It is the only movement allowed between the first two cervical vertebrae.

Correctly match the following: Shaking your head "no."

inversion

A twisting motion of the foot that turns the sole inward is called __________.

Turning the sole of the foot laterally

Correctly match the following: Eversion.

Turning the sole of the foot medially

Correctly match the following: Inversion.

temporomandibular The temporomandibular joint (TMJ), or jaw joint, is a modified hinge joint. It lies just anterior to the ear.

Chewing involves the __________ joint.

Saddle joint

Correctly match the following joint: Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.

Ball-and-socket joint

Correctly match the following joint: Glenohumeral joint.

Hip joint

Correctly match the following joint: Iliofemoral ligament.

Hinge Joint The interphalangeal joints are between bones of the fingers or toes. In a hinge joint, the cylinder part of one bone fits into the trough part of another bone. This joint allows for uniaxial movement, flexion, and extension.

Correctly match the following joint: Interphalangeal joint.

Condylar joint

Correctly match the following joint: Metacarpophalangeal joint.

Pivot joint

Correctly match the following joint: Proximal radioulnar joint.

Pivot joint

Correctly match the following joint: Radioulnar joint.

Cartilaginous joint

Correctly match the following joint: Symphysis.

Fibrous joint

Correctly match the following joint: Syndesmosis.

Synovial joint Synovial joints are freely movable (diarthrosis; movements depend on design of joint).

Correctly match the following joints: Diarthrosis.

Synovial sac

Correctly match the following: Bursa.

Intervertebral joint Gliding occurs when one flat, or nearly flat, bone surface glides or slips over another (back and-forth and side-to-side; without appreciable angulation or rotation. Gliding occurs at the intercarpal and intertarsal joints, and between the flat articular processes of adjacent vertebrae (intervertebral joints).

Gliding is one of the simplest synovial joint movements. Gliding movement occurs at which of the following joints?

Subacromial bursa A: Subacromial bursa B: Tendon sheath C: Joint cavity containing synovial fluid D: Synovial Membrane

Identify the friction-reducing structure associated with synovial joints indicated by "A."

Joint cavity containing synovial fluid A: Synovial Membrane B: Tendon sheath C: Joint cavity containing synovial fluid D: Subacromial bursa The joint (articular) cavity (indicated by letter C) is the innermost space within a synovial joint. It contains a small amount of lubricating synovial fluid.

Identify the friction-reducing structure associated with synovial joints indicated by "C."

Joint (Articular) Cavity A: Ligament B: joint (articular) cavity C: Articular (hyaline) cartilage D: Fibrous Layer E: Synovial membrane

Identify the part of a generalized synovial joint indicated by "B."

bacteria transmitted by tick bites Lyme disease often results in joint pain and arthritis, especially in the knees, and is characterized by a skin rash, flu-like symptoms, and foggy thinking. If untreated, neurological disorders and irregular heartbeat may ensue. Because symptoms vary from person to person, the disease is hard to diagnose. Antibiotic therapy is the usual treatment, and works best when initiated soon after the initial infection.

Lyme disease is an inflammatory disease caused by __________.

Bony edges interlocked by short fibers Sutures, literally "seams," occur only between bones of the skull. The wavy articulating bone edges interlock, and the junction is completely filled by a minimal amount of very short connective tissue fibers that are continuous with the periosteum. The result is nearly rigid splices that knit the bones together, yet allow the skull to expand as the brain grows during youth.

Match the following joint type to its characteristic: Sutures.

Bones united mainly by fibrocartilage Since fibrocartilage is compressible and resilient, it acts as a shock absorber and permits a limited amount of movement at the joint. Even though fibrocartilage is the main element of a symphysis, hyaline cartilage is also present in the form of articular cartilages on the bony surfaces. Symphyses are amphiarthrotic joints designed for strength with flexibility. Examples include the intervertebral joints and the pubic symphysis of the pelvis.

Match the following joint type to its characteristic: Symphysis.

Bones united by plate of hyaline cartilage Virtually all synchondroses are synarthrotic (immovable). The most common examples of synchondroses are the epiphyseal plates in long bones of children. Epiphyseal plates are temporary joints and eventually become synostoses. Another example of a synchondrosis is the immovable joint between the costal cartilage of the first rib and the manubrium of the sternum.

Match the following joint type to its characteristic: Synchondrosis.

Synchondroses and symphyses In cartilaginous joints, the articulating bones are united by cartilage. Like fibrous joints, they lack a joint cavity and are not highly movable.

Match the following joint types: Cartilaginous.

Synovial joint

Match the following: Adjoining bones are covered with articular cartilage; a joint cavity is present.

Cartilaginous joint

Match the following: Bones united by cartilage.

the knee Of all body joints, the knees are most susceptible to sports injuries because of their high reliance on nonarticular factors for stability and the fact that they carry the body's weight. The knee can absorb a vertical force equal to nearly seven times body weight. However, it is very vulnerable to horizontal blows, such as those that occur during blocking and tackling in football and in ice hockey.

Of all body joints, what joint is most susceptible to sports injuries?

a type of arthritis, referred to as degenerative joint disease or "wear-and-tear arthritis"

Osteoarthritis is considered __________.

Diarthroses Diarthroses are freely movable joints that predominante in the appendicular skeleton (limbs).

Select the joint type that predominates in the appendicular skeleton.

a synchondrosis In a synchondrosis, bones are united by hyaline cartilage. The most common examples of synchondroses are the epiphyseal plates in long bones of children. Epiphyseal plates are temporary joints and eventually become synostoses. Another example of a synchondrosis is the immovable joint between the costal cartilage of the first rib and the manubrium of the sternum.

The epiphyseal growth plate is an example of __________.

Cartilaginous and amphiarthrosis

The hip bones join anteriorly at the pubic symphysis joint. During pregnancy, this joint loosens to provide a little movement. Select the correct classification of this joint.

shoulder

The joint that permits the greatest range of mobility of any joint in the body is the __________ joint.

stabilizes the posterior aspect of the knee joint The oblique popliteal ligament is part of the tendon of the semimembranosus muscle that fuses with the joint capsule and helps stabilize the posterior aspect of the knee joint.

The oblique popliteal ligament __________.

6% The capsules and ligaments of synovial joints unite the bones and prevent excessive or undesirable motion. As a rule, the more ligaments a joint has, the stronger it is. However, when other stabilizing factors are inadequate, undue tension is placed on the ligaments and they stretch. Stretched ligaments stay stretched, like taffy, and a ligament can stretch only about 6% of its length before it snaps. Thus, when ligaments are the major means of bracing a joint, the joint is not very stable.

To what percent of its length can a ligament be stretched and not snap?

A lateral force to the extended knee When thinking of common knee injuries, remember the 3 Cs: collateral ligaments, cruciate ligaments, and cartilages (menisci). Most dangerous are lateral blows to the extended knee. These forces tear the tibial collateral ligament and the medial meniscus attached to it, as well as the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). It is estimated that 50% of all professional football players have serious knee injuries during their careers.

Which of the following forces to the knee would be the most dangerous?

Synovial joint Joints are classified by structure and by function. The structural classification focuses on the material binding the bones together and whether or not a joint cavity is present. Structurally, there are fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. Only synovial joints have a joint cavity.

Which of the following has a joint cavity?

Gomphosis A gomphosis is a peg-in-socket fibrous joint.

Which of the following is classified as a fibrous joint?

Sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses

Which of the following lists all of the fibrous joint types?

A pitcher winding up to throw the ball

Which of the following movements is an example of circumduction movement?

Supination

__________ refers to rotation of the forearm laterally so that the palm faces anteriorly or superiorly.