Anatomy Exam 3

Tony is a chronic alcoholic with cirrhosis of the liver, a condition in which liver cells die and are replaced by connective tissue. Which of the following signs would you expect to observe in Tony? portal hypertension and ascites jaundice increased clotting time All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

all of the answers are correct

The movement of organic molecules, electrolytes, minerals, and water across the digestive epithelium into interstitial fluid is known as filtration. absorption. compaction. peristalsis. ingestion.

absorption

Substances larger than ________ do not pass through the filtration membrane. urea amino acids albumin sodium ions glucose

albumin

During deglutition, the soft palate elevates. the lower esophageal sphincter opens. the larynx elevates and the epiglottis closes. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

all of the answers are correct

Enterogastric reflexes inhibit gastric motility. involve the enteric nervous system. are triggered by chyme entering the duodenum. inhibit gastric secretion. All of the answers are correct

all of the answers are correct

Enzymes secreted by the pancreas include nuclease. trypsin. chymotrypsin. amylase. All of the answers are correct.

all of the answers are correct

Functions of the large intestine include reabsorption of water and compaction of feces. storage of fecal material prior to defection. absorption of vitamins. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

all of the answers are correct

The Kupffer cells of the liver present antigens. destroy damaged RBCs. are phagocytic. destroy bacteria. All of the answers are correct.

all of the answers are correct

The activities of the digestive system are regulated by hormones. parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons. intrinsic nerve plexuses. the contents of the digestive tract. All of the answers are correct.

all of the answers are correct

The mechanism for producing concentrated urine involves the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). a high concentration of NaCl in the fluid surrounding the collecting ducts. a properly functioning nephron loop aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells. All of the answers are correct.

all of the answers are correct

The pancreas produces nucleases. lipases and amylase. peptidases and proteinases. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

all of the answers are correct

The position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity is stabilized by the overlying peritoneum. supporting connective tissues. contact with adjacent visceral organs. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

all of the answers are correct

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term nephron loop? creates high NaCl concentration in the renal medulla enables production of hypertonic urine relies on countercurrent multiplication All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

all of the answers are correct

Which of the following enhance the absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine? microvilli intestinal movements circular folds villi All of the answers are correct.

all of the answers are correct

Which of the following substances is not normally found in filtrate? ions, such as sodium and potassium water and small solutes nitrogenous waste particles, such as urea blood cells and large particles

blood cells and large particles

In response to the arrival of acid chyme in the duodenum, the blood levels of secretin rise. blood levels of gastrin rise. blood levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) fall. blood levels of cholecystokinin fall. blood levels of gastrin rise and blood levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) fall.

blood levels of secretin rise

The part of the stomach that functions as a mixing chamber for food and secretions is the antrum. cardia. pylorus. body. fundus.

body

The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of the distal convoluted tubule. the proximal convoluted tubule. the collecting duct. the nephron loop. both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct.

both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct

The roof of the oral cavity is formed by the frenulum. the uvula. the soft palate. the hard palate. both the hard palate and the soft palate.

both the hard palate and the soft palate

Which of the following is characterized as a slowly progressing disease that is irreversible? acute renal failure kidney stones prostate enlargement dysuria chronic renal failure

chronic renal failure

After food and gastric juices combine, the gastric contents are referred to as plicae. a bolus. secretin. chyme. bile.

chyme

Which renal structure begins in the renal cortex and carries tubular fluid through the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla? proximal convoluted tubule collecting duct distal convoluted tubule nephron loop

collecting duct

Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures? renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter, collecting duct collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra collecting duct, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter collecting duct, ureter, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder renal pelvis, collecting duct, bladder, ureter, urethra

collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

The fusion of the hepatic duct and the cystic duct forms the bile canaliculus. hepatic portal vein. common pancreatic duct. common bile duct. porta hepatis.

common bile duct

The duodenal ampulla receives secretions from the duodenum and the bile duct. duodenum and the jejunum. duodenum and the pancreatic duct. common bile duct and the pancreatic duct. duodenum and the pylorus.

common bile duct and the pancreatic duct

The detrusor muscle surrounds the renal pelvis. moves urine along the ureters by peristalsis. functions as the internal urinary sphincter. functions as the external urinary sphincter. compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.

compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra

________ are pointed teeth that are adapted for tearing and slashing. Premolars Bicuspids Molars Cuspids Incisors

cuspids

The bulk of each tooth consists of a mineralized matrix similar to that of bone called periodontium. pulp. cementum. dentin. enamel.

dentin

The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the distal convoluted tubule. calyx. proximal convoluted tubule. papillary tubule. nephron loop.

distal convoluted tubule

The order of the of the small intestine segments, from proximal to distal, is duodenum, jejunum, ileum. jejunum, duodenum, ileum. ileum, jejunum, duodenum.

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

The condition called ________ is characterized by painful or difficult urination. This condition can be due to pathologic or benign causes. renal calculi urinary retention pyelonephritis dysuria incontinence

dysuria

Bile salts break lipids apart in a process called ingestion. emulsification. absorption. the alkaline tide. deglutition.

emulsification

The crown of a tooth is covered by dentin. pulp. cementum. enamel. periodontium.

enamel

The gastric phase of gastric secretion is triggered by the sight, thought, or smell of food. entry of chyme into the large intestine. entry of chyme into the small intestine. entry of food into the stomach. release of cholecystokinin and secretin by the small intestine.

entry of food into the stomach

The nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons have an important function that other parts of the nephron do not share. What is this function? reabsorption of glucose reabsorption of water and ions establishing the concentration gradient in the renal medulla secretion of drugs and toxins

establishing the concentration gradient in the renal medulla

Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system? regulates plasma concentrations of electrolytes eliminates organic waste products excretes excess albumin molecules contributes to stabilizing blood pH regulates blood volume

excretes excess albumin molecules

The outermost layer of the kidney is the major calyx. renal pelvis. fibrous capsule. renal cortex. renal medulla.

fibrous capsule

Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system? ingestion mechanical processing compaction absorption filtration

filtration

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term calyx? initial filtrate enters here superficial portion of the kidney releases renin tip of the medullary pyramid final urine enters here

final urine enters here

The portion of the stomach that is superior to the junction between the stomach and the esophagus is the body. fundus. pylorus. cardia. antrum.

fundus

Bile is stored in the appendix. liver. gallbladder. duodenum. pancreas.

gallbladder

What other organ in Mrs. Fender's right upper quadrant, besides the liver, must be considered when investigating her abdominal pain? appendix gallbladder cecum spleen

gallbladder

An intestinal hormone that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreatic islet cells is cholecystokinin. vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). secretin. enteropeptidase. gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP).

gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

An intestinal hormone that stimulates gastric secretion is gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP). enteropeptidase. secretin. gastrin. cholecystokinin.

gastrin

G cells of the stomach secrete enteropeptidase. cholecystokinin. gastrin. pepsin. secretin.

gastrin

Which of these hormones stimulates the digestive activity of the stomach? cholecystokinin (CCK) vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) gastrin secretin

gastrin

Your patient has inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the stomach. This is known clinically as gastritis. ascites. gingivitis. cholecystitis. an ulcer.

gastritis

The amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute is called the corpuscular output. autoregulation capacity. filtration ratio. net filtration pressure. glomerular filtration rate.

glomerular filtration rate

The process of filtration is driven by active transport. glomerular hydrostatic pressure. renal pumping. net filtration pressure. blood colloid osmotic pressure.

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

The process of filtration occurs at the distal convoluted tubule. proximal convoluted tubule. collecting duct. nephron loop. glomerulus.

glomerulus

________ nephrons are essential to water conservation and the production of concentrated urine. Juxtamedullary Cortical

juxtamedullary

know the parts of a villus of the small intestine

lacteal capillary network arteriole venule smooth muscle cell lymphatic vessel lamina propria nerve mucous celll columnar epithelial cell

Serous cells in the submandibular salivary gland secrete what substance? lingual lipase lysozyme gastrin intrinsic factor mucins

lysozyme

Hepatocytes contain an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and abundant exocytotic vesicles. These cellular structures work together to ______. phagocytize and destroy bacteria produce and secrete glucagon detoxify oxygen-free radicals manufacture and export a variety of proteins

manufacture and export a variety of proteins

Which function below is NOT carried out by the liver? transaminating and deaminating amino acids manufacturing and secreting insulin storing glucose as glycogen producing bile as a result of blood detoxification

manufacturing and secreting insulin

Powerful peristaltic contractions that occur a few times each day in the colon are called defecation. segmentation. mass movements. haustral churning. pendular movements.

mass movements

The ______ control(s) capillary diameter and the rate of capillary blood flow. mesangial cells juxtaglomerular complex podocytes dense layer

mesangial cells

The ________ is a double sheet of peritoneal membrane that suspends the visceral organs and carries nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels. lamina propria adventitia mesentery serosa fibrosa

mesentery

Which type of teeth function in crushing and grinding, and typically have three or more roots? bicuspids cuspids incisors molars

molars

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases, less urine is produced. more urine is produced. the osmolarity of the urine decreases. more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases. None of the answers is correct.

more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the stomach. ileum. mouth. duodenum. esophagus.

mouth

The gastroileal reflex is relayed through the CNS. promotes gastric secretion. decreases peristaltic activity. empties the duodenum. moves some chyme to the colon.

moves some chyme to the colon

A viral infection that often involves the parotid glands, which swell noticeably, is mumps. gastric ulceration. HIV. cirrhosis. hepatitis.

mumps

The functional unit of the kidney is the calyx. renal sinus. kidney lobe. nephron. collecting duct.

nephron

Countercurrent multiplication takes place in the glomerulus. nephron loop. collecting duct. distal convoluted tubule. glomerular capsule.

nephron loop

The U-shaped segment of the nephron is the distal convoluted tubule. collecting loop. proximal convoluted tubule. nephron loop. minor calyx.

nephron loop

If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease? net filtration would increase net filtration would not be altered net filtration would decrease

net filtration would decrease

Gastric pits are hollows where proteins are stored. involved in absorption of liquids from the stomach. openings into gastric glands. ridges in the body of the stomach. acid scars in the esophagus.

openings into gastric glands

The exocrine portion of the pancreas is composed of pancreatic acini. pancreatic crypts. pancreatic lobules. pancreatic islets. triads.

pancreatic acini

The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx. nephron loop distal convoluted tubule papillary duct ureter renal corpuscle

papillary duct

Increased secretion by all the salivary glands results from hormonal stimulation sympathetic stimulation myenteric reflexes parasympathetic stimulation hunger

parasympathetic stimulation

Functions of the tongue include all of the following except partitioning the oropharynx from the nasopharynx. mechanical processing of food. sensory analysis of food. aiding in speech. manipulation of food.

partitioning the oropharynx from the nasopharynx

Chief cells secrete mucus. gastrin. hydrochloric acid. pepsinogen. intrinsic factor.

pepsinogen

Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called mastication. pendular movements. peristalsis. segmentations. churning movements.

peristalsis

Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following except osmosis. phagocytosis. secondary active transport. facilitated diffusion. active transport.

phagocytosis

The lining of the small intestine bears a series of transverse folds and is called which of the following? taeniae coli plicae circulares haustra rugae

plicae circulares

Hormonal or metabolic complications of the urinary system such as those associated with diabetes or glomerulonephritis result in: dysuria. polyuria. urinary retention. anuria.

polyuria

All of the following are true of the intestinal phase of gastric digestion except that it begins when chyme enters the small intestine. precedes the gastric phase. involves both neural and endocrine reflexes. helps ensure that the functions of the small intestine proceed with relative efficiency. functions to control the rate of gastric emptying.

precedes the gastric phase

Transaminases, coagulation factors, and albumin are all what kind of organic compound? lipid nucleic acid protein carbohydrate

protein

Which substance would be found in higher concentration if the membrane were damaged? chloride protein creatinine glucose

protein

Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine except hydrogen ions. creatinine. uric acid. proteins. urea.

proteins

The enzyme pepsin digests lipids. carbohydrates. proteins. nucleic acids. vitamins.

proteins

In which region of the nephron is tubular fluid first formed? nephron loop proximal convoluted tubule distal convoluted tubule renal corpuscle

proximal convoluted tubule

The filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the distal convoluted tubule. minor calyx. proximal convoluted tubule. collecting duct. nephron loop.

proximal convoluted tubule

The chamber within a tooth that contains blood vessels and nerves is the pulp cavity. periodontium. enamel. dentin. cementum.

pulp cavity

An X-ray image of the urinary system is called a nephrograph. pelvigram. pyelogram. urogram. renogram.

pyelogram

The region of the stomach that empties into the duodenum is the body. fundus. pylorus. antrum. cardia.

pylorus

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is adjusting the urine volume. secretion of drugs. filtration. reabsorbing nutrients. secretion of acids and ammonia.

reabsorbing nutrients

All of the following are true of the lining of the stomach except that it has a simple columnar epithelium. is constantly being replaced. recycles bile. is covered by thick, alkaline mucus. contains gastric pits.

recycles bile

so.. features of the regions of the small intestine

regions: duodenum, jejunum, ileum features: duodenal submucosal glands, circular folds, serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, mucosa, muscularis mucosae, villi, aggregate lymphoid nodules (Peyer's patches)

The glomerular capsule and the glomerulus make up the renal corpuscle. renal pyramid. nephron loop. collecting tubule system. renal papilla.

renal corpuscle

Which structure filters the blood? nephron loop proximal convoluted tubule collecting duct renal corpuscle

renal corpuscle

The inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is termed renal failure. hematuria. calculi. polycystic kidney disease. glomerulonephritis.

renal failure

The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the renal pelvis. renal medulla. renal cortex. renal sinus. renal papilla.

renal pelvis

The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the renal hilum. renal corpuscle. renal sinus. renal pelvis. renal calyx.

renal pelvis

Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called renal columns. nephrons. calyces. renal pyramids. renal pelvises.

renal pyramids

Know the hepatic vessels from largest to smallest

renal vein/artery segmental artery interlobular veins/arteries arcuate veins/arteries cortical radiate veins/arteries

Formation of angiotensin I is triggered by ______. ADH aldosterone angiotensin II renin

renin

The prominent ridges in the lining of the empty stomach are called rugae. plicae. cardia. papillae. villi.

rugae

The intestinal hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release enzymes and buffers is secretin. gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP). gastrin. vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). lipase.

secretin

Regarding kidney function, in ________, solutes are transported from the peritubular fluid across the tubular epithelium into the tubular fluid. secretion filtration reabsorption

secretion

Muscles known as the pharyngeal constrictors function in opening the cardiac sphincter. swallowing. mastication. moving the tongue. esophageal peristalsis.

swallowing

H. pylori probably prefers the pyloric antrum, because The environment is slightly less acidic Gastrin is produced in the antrum Fewer immune system cells that could kill the bacteria reside there More pepsinogen can be found in that region

the environment is slightly less acidic

If you have to urinate, but have to "hold it" until you can find a bathroom, what structure are you "holding it" with? the internal anal sphincter the pyloric sphincter the external urethral sphincter the trigone the internal urethral sphincter

the external urethral sphincter

The area of the urinary bladder bounded by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra is called the detrusor muscle. trigone. vasa recta. lamina propria. ruga.

trigone

True or false? The micturition reflex is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system.

true

The most abundant waste solute in urine is uric acid. potassium. urea. creatine. protein.

urea

The inability to urinate is termed urgency. dysuria. oliguria. urinary retention. incontinence.

urinary retention

A structure that helps prevent food from entering the pharynx prematurely is the pharyngeal arch. epiglottis. palatopharyngeal arch. palatoglossal arch. uvula.

uvula

Which process, supported by the posterior margin of the soft palate, helps prevent food from entering the pharynx prematurely? gingiva fauces vestibule uvula

uvula

All five hormones have a role in regulating digestion, but only one of them affects absorption. Which hormone acts to increase the absorption of nutrients? vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) gastrin gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) cholecystokinin (CCK)

vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

An intestinal hormone that stimulates mucus secretion by the submucosal duodenal glands and dilation of intestinal capillaries is cholecystokinin. gastrin. vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP). secretin.

vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

The space between the cheeks or lips and the teeth is called the larynx. fauces. dip sulcus. pharynx. vestibule.

vestibule

What type muscle cells are arranged in sheets or layers, with adjacent muscle cells electrically connected by gap junctions and mechanically connected by dense bodies? visceral smooth muscles skeletal muscles multi-unit smooth muscles cardiac muscles

visceral smooth muscles

Mary had most of her stomach surgically removed in an effort to overcome obesity. As a result you would expect Mary to be at risk for dehydration. an ulcer. protein malnutrition. vitamin B12 deficiency. diarrhea.

vitamin B12 definciency

Know the 8 steps in the catabolism of complex carbohydrates

1) carbohydrates are ingested 2) salivary amylase breaks down complex carbohydrates 3)salivary amylase continues to act to some extent in the stomach 4)pancreatic alpha-amylase breaks down complex carbohydrates in the duodenum 5)GIP stimulates insulin release by the pancreas 6)maltose, sucrase, and lactase break down disaccharides into simple sugars 7)simple sugars reach the interstitial fluid by facilitated diffusion 8)colon bacteria break down indigestible carbohydrates, and generates flatus

Know the 8 steps in the catabolism of lipids

1)lipids ingested 2)chewing reduces food particle size; lingual lipase breaks down lipids 3)churning reduces food particle size; lingual lipase continues lipid breakdown 4)bile salts emulsify lipids, pancreatic lipase breaks down triglycerides, and micelles form 5) micelles release lipids, which enter intestinal cells, and form chylomicrons 6) bile salts are released, reabsorbed, and returned to the liver 7) intestinal cells secrete chylomicrons into the ISF by exocytosis 8)chylomicrons diffuse into intestinal lacteals, and enter the lymphatic system

Know the 6 step process of protein catabolism

1)proteins ingested 2)chewing and saliva distort the tough 3-D structure of food 3) churning and enzymatic digestion of proteins by pepsin occur in the stomach 4)chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, elastase from the pancreas digest proteins in the duodenum 5)peptidases break down dipeptides into amino acids in the small intestine 6)amino acids are released into the ISF by facilitated diffusion and cotransport

A healthy adult typically produces ________ of urine per day. 1200 mL 2500 mL 500 mL 250 mL 25 mL

1200 mL

Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day. 18 1.8 125 180 480

180

Calculate the net filtration pressure if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 60 mm Hg, capillary osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure is 10 mm Hg. 50 mm Hg 60 mm Hg 35 mm Hg 25 mm Hg

25 mm Hg

As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation? 99 38 1 63 74

99

Explain why the underproduction of albumin by a cirrhotic liver contributes to excessive filtration, which leads to ascites. Choose ALL correct answers decreased albumin leads to an increased inflammatory response excess water is actively secreted by liver cells Kupffer cells become non-functional decreased albumin leads to decreased production of antibodies resulting in ascites reabsorption of water into the capillaries decreases blood osmotic pressure decreases

Blood osmotic pressure decreases and reabsorption of water into the capillaries decreases

Which of the following is not a general characteristic of normal urine? osmolarity of 855-1335 mOsm/L zero bacterial content a volume of 100-250 mL/day an average pH of 6.0

a volume of 100-250 mL/day

Which is true regarding the defecation reflex? The short reflex stimulates mass movements that push feces toward the rectum from the descending colon and sigmoid colon. Stimulation of sympathetic motor neurons in the sacral spinal cord results in stimulation of somatic motor neurons. Stimulation of the myenteric plexus in the sigmoid colon and rectum results in decreased local peristalsis. It involves two positive feedback loops.

It involves two positive feedback loops

Know the different components of digestive mucosa

Know: secretory glands- mucosal glands and submucosal glands muscularis externa- circular muscle layer and longitudinal muscle layer circular folds submucosal plexus myenteric plexus components of the mucosa- villi, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae

know the components of the digestive system

Major organs: oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine Accessory organs: salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

In which portion of the nephron and collecting system does the most reabsorption occur? collecting duct nephron loop proximal convoluted tubule distal convoluted tubule

PCT

Both secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulate secretion from the liver and pancreas. Which of the following statements correctly describes their related functions? Both hormones stimulate the production of pancreatic enzymes. CCK stimulates production of digestive juices, while secretin relaxes the hepatopancreatic sphincter so the juices can be released. CCK stimulates secretions that increase the pH of chyme, while secretin stimulates secretions that decrease its pH. Secretin increases production of bile by the liver, while CCK stimulates the gallbladder to contract, releasing the bile that was already made.

Secretin increases production of bile by the liver, while CCK stimulates the gallbladder to contract, releasing the bile that was already made

Which of the following is a structure of the portal triad? liver sinusoid a branch of the hepatic artery central vein hepatic vein

a branch of the hepatic artery

The greater omentum is a sheet of mesentery that attaches to the liver. a fatty sheet that hangs like an apron over the abdominal viscera. attached to the stomach at the lesser curvature. important in the digestion of fats. the entrance to the stomach.

a fatty sheet that hangs like an apron over the abdominal viscera

A glomerulus is the expanded end of a nephron. the middle segment of the renal tubule. a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle. attached to the collecting duct. the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron.

a knot of capillaries wishing the renal corpuscle

Colon cancer is the #3 cancer killer. Whether you are a man or a woman, current guidelines urge you to have a screening colonoscopy when you reach age 50 because colon cancer is treatable with surgery if caught in time with a colonoscopy, but you could die if you don't get screened. colon cancer is the #3 cancer killer, behind breast and lung cancer for women, so you could die if you don't get screened. early colon cancer often has no symptoms, which is why screening is so important, so you could die if you don't get screened. colon cancer is the #3 cancer killer, behind prostate and lung cancer for men, so you could die if you don't get screened. all of the answers are correct, and you could die if you don't have a screening colonoscopy when you reach age 50.

all of the answers are correct, and you could die if you don't have a screening colonoscopy when you reach age 50.

Autoregulation of the rate of glomerular filtration has which of the following properties? depends on changes in the efferent arteriole depends on changes in the mesangial cells depends on changes in the afferent arteriole All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

all of the following are correct

The root of each tooth sits in a bony cavity known as a(n) buccal. sulcus. alveolus. cementum. ileum.

alveolus

Liver transaminases (leaked into the blood from damaged liver cells) remove amine groups from amino acids so that ______. amino acids can be metabolized for energy lipids can be synthesized and stored amino acids can be stored glycogen can be metabolized for fuel

amino acids can be metabolized for energy

The enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates is lysozyme. amylase. lactase. rennin. carbonic anhydrase.

amylase

The renal sinus is a large branch of the renal pelvis. a renal corpuscle. the innermost layer of kidney tissue. part of a renal pyramid. an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule.

an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule

A small, wormlike structure attached to the posteromedial surface of the cecum is the pancreas. gallbladder. haustra. appendix. ileum.

appendix

Renal columns are internal cavities lined by the fibrous capsule. the basic functional units of the kidney. bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex. conical structures that are located in the renal medulla. expanded ends of the ureters.

bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex

The esophagus connects to which region of the stomach? pylorus cardia body fundus antrum

cardia

Lacteals produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine. produce milk. increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine. carry absorbed fats to the lymphatic system. secrete digestive enzymes.

carry absorbed fats to the lymphatic system

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term cholecystokinin (CCK)? stimulates pancreas to secrete insulin stimulates gastric secretion causes gall bladder to contract carries absorbed sugars and amino acids where pancreatic juice and bile enter duodenum

causes gallbladder to contract

In the center of a liver lobule there is a central vein. portal area. portal vein. sinusoid. hepatic duct.

central vein

An intestinal hormone that stimulates contraction of the gallbladder to release bile is gastrin. enteropeptidase. gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP). cholecystokinin. secretin.

cholecystokinin

What is the function of each of the following: glomerulus, PCT, nephron loop, DCT, collecting duct

glomerulus - filters water and solutes from plasma while retaining cells and large proteins PCT - reabsorbs most of the water, ions, and organic solutes; secretion of waste nephron loop - reabsorbs water and salt; creates a concentration gradient DCT - secretion of wastes; reabsorbs water and ions in response to hormones collecting duct - reabsorbs water and sodium ions in response to hormones; secretes hydrogen and potassium ions

Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid. mucus. enteropeptidase. gastrin. pepsinogen.

hydrochloric acid

When the pH of body fluids decreases, which of the following are secreted in exchange for sodium ions reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule? potassium ions glucose hydrogen ions toxins and drugs

hydrogen ions

What is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration? colloid osmotic pressure of blood gravity hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)

hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)

The portion of the small intestine that attaches to the cecum is the haustrum. appendix. duodenum. jejunum. ileum.

ileum

Antidiuretic hormone causes the kidneys to produce a larger volume of very dilute urine. increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water. is secreted by the anterior pituitary. release is insensitive to the osmolarity of interstitial fluid. is secreted in response to low potassium ion in the blood.

increases the permeabilty of the collecting ducts to water

Cholecystitis is: inflammation of the intestine. inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach. inflammation of the gallbladder. a general term referring to inflammation of the colon.

inflammation of the gallbladder

The ________ is composed of smooth muscle fibers and is not under voluntary control. sigmoid flexure internal anal sphincter external anal sphincter anal canal rectum

internal anal sphincter

Why might the positive feedback loop described above potentially cause damage to digestive organs? It will result in very high gastrin concentrations, which are toxic to the body It will lead to indigestion and constipation It will diminish the activity of parietal cells It will cause the stomach pH to get lower and lower

it will cause the stomach pH to get lower and lower

Which characteristic of H. pylori is most likely an adaptation to deal with the stomach's powerful muscle contractions that churn its contents? Its preference for the pyloric antrum Its stimulation of G cells Its ability to sense chemical gradients Its surface adhesins

its surface adhesins

Tom has hepatitis, an inflammation of the liver. Which of the following symptoms would you expect to observe in Tom? overproduction of blood plasma albumin impaired digestion of protein jaundice elevated levels of blood glucose blood in the feces

jaundice

The middle segment of the small intestine is the cecum. ileum. duodenum. jejunum. pylorus.

jejunum

The part of the digestive tract that plays the primary role in chemical digestion and nutrient absorption is the colon. duodenum. jejunum. cecum. stomach.

jejunum

What organ is primarily responsible for water absorption? anus esophagus small intestine large intestine stomach

large intestine

Which organ is responsible for dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials? stomach large intestine small intestine anus esophagus

large intestine

Major calyces are basic functional layers of the kidney. conical structures that are located in the renal medulla. large tributaries of the renal pelvis. expanded ends of nephrons. the expanded ends of renal pyramids.

large tributaries of the renal pelvis

parts of the large intestine

left colic (splenic) flexure greater omentum descending colon haustra taenia coli sigmoid flexure sigmoid colon rectum

The basic functional unit of the liver is the hepatocyte. Kupffer cell. bile canaliculus. lobule. portal area.

lobule

concept map of how the digestive hormones work together

look at 3/17 number 18

The left kidney lies ________ to the right kidney. slightly posterior slightly superior slightly inferior slightly transverse slightly ipsilateral

slightly superior

During the micturition reflex, the internal sphincter is consciously relaxed. sympathetic motor neurons that control the detrusor muscle become active. stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall sends impulses to the sacral cord. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall sends impulses to the sacral cord.

The oral mucosa has ________ epithelium. pseudostratified stratified columnar simple squamous stratified squamous transitional

stratified squamous

The urethral lining consists of: stratified squamous epithelium near the external urethral orifice. stratified columnar epithelium at the neck of the urinary bladder. transitional epithelium at the midpoint of the urethra. stratified squamous epithelium at the neck of the urinary bladder.

stratified squamous epithelium near the external urethral orifice

Why does liver dysfunction, such as cirrhosis, lead to hyperglycemia? Insulin is not secreted in adequate quantities by the liver and glucose accumulates in the blood. The liver overproduces insulin, lowering glucose levels in the blood. Glucagon is overproduced by the liver, leading to elevated blood glucose concentrations. The liver is unable to take up glucose and store it as glycogen.

the liver is unable to take up glucose and store it as glycogen

During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion, secretin inhibits parietal and chief cells. the intestinal reflex inhibits gastric emptying. the vagus nerve innervates the stomach. the stomach responds to distention. production of gastric juice slows down.

the vagus nerve innervates the stomach

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term "renal papilla"? releases renin tip of the medullary pyramid final urine enters here initial filtrate enters here granular tissue separating renal pyramids

tip of the medullary pyramid

The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium. stratified squamous simple cuboidal transitional simple columnar pseudostratified columnar

transitional

Regarding kidney function, in reabsorption, water and solutes are transported from the tubular fluid, across the tubular, epithelium, and into the peritubular fluid. blood pressure forces water and solutes across the membranes of the glomerular capillaries and into the capsular space. solutes enter the tubular fluid after exiting the peritubular fluid and crossing the tubular epithelium.

water and solutes are transported from the tubular fluid, across the tubular, epithelium, and into the peritubular fluid.