Anatomy Final Exam Study Guide

Which structure prevents knee hyperextension?

ACL

What breaks the bond between the active site on actin and the myosin head?

ATP

What neurotransmitter does the ANS use in the synapse between the vagus nerve and the pacemaker of the heart?

Acetylcholine

Which process only occurs in the plasma membrane of a living cell?

Active transport

What are the inactive and active forms of vitamin D after hydroxylation in the liver and kidney?

Active: 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol Inactive: Cholecalciferol

What mediates emotions and projections to the prefrontal cortex that allows us to decide how we will respond emotionally?

Amygdala

What beneficial adaptations occur during a lengthy aerobic training program?

An improved capacity for oxygen extraction from the blood supply and an altered cellular control of energy metabolism

What is the most common form of shoulder dislocation?

Anterior Dislocation

Which glands are inactive until puberty, produce a milky sweat that contains fatty acids, and responds to stress and sexual stimulation?

Apocrine glands

What is the molecule that unzips and unwinds the DNA molecule?

DNA Helicase

DNA is the polymer of what and what does it consist of?

DNA is the polymer of nucleotides, consists of monomers

Which cell type is only located in two layers of the epidermis, the stratum spinosum, and the stratum granulosum?

Dendritic cells

Tendons are composed of which connective tissue?

Dense connective tissue

What are the symptoms of meningitis? What is used to make a diagnosis?

Diagnosed by Spinal Tap Symptoms: Fever. Severe headache that doesn't go away. Confusion. Vomiting. Stiff neck.

Which tracts of the spinal cord send feedback to the cerebellum from the muscles and joints?

Dorsal spinocerebellar tract

What happens to the covalent bonds in an exchange reaction?

During a exchange reaction covalent bonds are broken and new covalent bonds are formed

What type of neuron comprises 90% of the neurons in the nervous system?

Association neurons

Which specialized cells within nervous tissue protect and assist neurons and function as "housekeepers" of the nervous system?

Astrocytes

What equalizes air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane?

Auditory Tube

Which division of the nervous system has two nerve fibers connecting the CNS to an effector?

Autonomic

What are important to the chemical reactivity, osmotic effects, and electrical excitability of nerve and muscle?

Electrolytes

What can increase the rate of a reaction in the human body?

Enzymes

What is the most abundant formed element of the blood?

Erythrocytes

What produces the collagen of areolar tissue?

Fibroblasts

What type of lever is the atlanto-occipital joint?

First-Class Lever

What is the seat of sensory perception, memory, thought, judgment, and voluntary motor actions?

Frontal Cortex

What are the swellings of the clustered somas of neurons outside the central nervous system?

Ganglia

What are the functions of the skeleton?

Gives the body shape and structure, makes blood cells, provides protection to organs

What cells found in simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelia produce a protective mucous coating over the mucous membranes?

Goblet Cells

What qualities do glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) give to the ground substance in tissue?

Holding water, and maintaining electrolyte balance

What is a substance that is capable of dissolving freely in water?

Hydrophilic

What part of the diencephalon senses dehydration and regulates the sleep-wake cycle and body temperature?

Hypothalamus

What part of the temporal bone houses the middle and inner ear cavities, the receptors for hearing and balance, and the internal auditory meatus?

Inner ear, or the bony labyrinth

Where is elastic cartilage found in the human body?

Internal and external ear, and the pharynx

What would happen to the resting membrane potential of a resting neuron if the potassium leak channels were suddenly blocked?

It would become more positive.

During exercise when your muscles produce lactate, how does the body maintain a constant blood pH?

Lactate is converted back to pyruvate

What structures are found within the spinal cord?

Lateral Grey Horn, Ventral Grey Horn, Dorsal Grey Horn, Lateral Ventricle, Dorsal Funiculus, Dorsal Root Ganglia, Anterior column, Central Canal

What is the bony feature of the scapula that is the attachment site for the biceps brachii tendon?

Long head: Supraglenoid tubercle Short head: Coracoid process

Which white blood cell is found in the dendritic cells of the epidermis that originates in the bone marrow and guards against pathogens?

Macrophange

What is homeostasis?

Maintaining a stable internal environment

What type of receptor are most encapsulated nerve endings?

Mechanoreceptors

What parts of the brainstem control respiration?

Medulla oblongata

What is involved in spinal gating of pain signals?

Nociceptors Second-order neurons The reticulospinal tract The spinothalamic tract

Which monoamine neurotransmitter does an adrenergic synapse use that has an important role in your body's fight or flight response?

Norepinephrine

Which glial cell forms the myelin sheath in the central nervous system?

Oligodendrocytes

Which bone cell secretes the hormone osteocalcin and stimulates insulin secretion increasing insulin sensitivity in adipocytes limiting the growth of adipose tissue?

Osteoblasts

What are the bone dissolving cells on the bone surfaces called?

Osteoclasts

What is the most abundant element found in the human body?

Oxygen

What is the study of the mechanism of disease?

Pathophysiology

What links individual amino acids together?

Peptide bonds

What is the delicate membrane that follows the contours of the spinal cord, continues inferiorly as fibrous terminal filum, fuses with the dura, and forms the coccygeal ligament?

Pia mater

What are the functions of myelin?

Protect and electrically insulate the axon Increase speed of nerve impulse transmission

Which tissue is multilayered with nuclei at several layers, contains cilia, and goblet cells, and is found in the respiratory tract?

Psuedostratified columnar epithelia

What are examples of negative feedback in the human body?

Regulation on calcium levels in the blood and Regulating blood glucose level

What are examples of oxidation?

Respiration and combustion reactions

Which connective tissue is a mesh of reticular fibers and fibroblasts, forms a supportive stroma (framework) in lymphatic organs, and can be found in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow?

Reticular

What type of joint is biaxial and exhibits an oval convex surface on one bone that fits into the concave depression on the other?

Saddle Joint

What is the longest muscle in the human body?

Sartorius

When a hormone cannot enter a cell, what does it activate the formation of to get inside the cell?

Secondary messenger

Which tissue permits rapid diffusion or transport of substances, secretes a serous fluid and is located in the alveoli of the lungs and glomeruli of the kidneys?

Simple Squamous Epithelia

What are the air-filed holes in the skull that act as chambers and add resonance to the voice?

Sinuses

How many skull bones are there? How many phalanges? (Adult body)

Skull: 22 bones Phalanges: 14

What is formed during fracture healing when cartilage is deposited in granulation tissue?

Soft Callus

What is the layer of skin that is predominantly composed of adipose tissue and is the common site for drug injections due to its vascularity?

Subcutaneous Tissue

What is the name of the cartilaginous joint in which hyaline cartilage binds the bones together?

Synchondrosis

What is rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid and has a viscous, slippery texture like raw egg whites?

Synovial fluid

Which cells are associated with the sense of touch?

Tactile

What is considered the gateway to the cerebral cortex and is also the integration center of the autonomic nervous system?

Thalamus

What are the 3 hormones that regulate calcium exchanges between blood and bone?

calcitriol calcitonin parathyroid hormone

What are the characteristics of carbohydrates?

contain only the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, and that their combustion will yield carbon dioxide plus one or more molecules of Water.

What is the crossed-extension reflex?

contraction of extensor muscles in limb opposite of the one that is withdrawn

What type of junctions does the blood-CSF barrier utilize between cells of the choroid plexus capillaries to form tight junctions between ependymal cells?

Tight Junctions

Where are the trusses and arches found that help form the internal scaffolding networking of bone?

Trabecular bone

Which nerve does most fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system travel in?

Vagus Nerve

Which autonomic reflex is not controlled by the spinal cord?

Vasoconstriction

What type of reflex occurs when body temperature increases, and thermoreceptors are stimulated sending nerve signals to the CNS and motor signals to the sweat glands to reduce body temperature?

Visceral

Which channels in the plasma membrane open or close in response to changes in the electrical charge difference across the membrane?

Voltage-gated ion channel

What two types of joints are found in the shoulder region?

acromioclavicular joint glenohumeral joint

Where is CSF reabsorbed into the blood? (Hint: it projects into the space between the dural layers)

arachnoid granulations

What is highly permeable to water, glucose, and lipid-soluble substances but can be an obstacle for delivering medications to the brain?

blood-brain barrier

Why does resting membrane potential (RMP) exist?

differences in the concentrations of ions inside and outside the cell.

When the adrenal medulla is stimulated in response to stress, what hormones does it release?

epinephrine (adrenaline)

What is the attachment site for the nuchal ligament?

external occipital protuberance

What beneficial adaptations occur following anaerobic resistance training?

increasing its size, facilitating fiber type transitions, and enhancing its biochemical and ultra-structural components.

What is the synaptic contact between neurons in the gray matter of the spinal cord or brainstem that determines whether afferent neurons issue a signal to the muscles?

integrating Center

What is the name of the dense fibrous connective tissue membrane that forms the ligament found between the radius & ulna and tibia & fibula?

interosseous membrane

Which joints are cartilaginous joints?

intervertebral discs symphysis pubis

What is spatial summation?

postsynaptic neuron is stimulated by a large number of terminals at the same time

What is the most injured SITS muscle?

supraspinatus

What is the name of the joint between the diaphyses of the radius and ulna?

the distal radioulnar joint

When & how does transcription occur? (hint: DNA & RNA)

the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA

What structure do the calcium ions bind to when muscle contraction is initiated?

troponin

What establishes the resting membrane potential?

1. Concentration Gradients 2. Electrostatic Pressure 3. Membrane Permeability 4. Active Ion Transport

How many liters of blood does the muscular system utilize per minute during intense exercise?

11.6 L

What is the simplest structure considered to be alive?

A cell

Which stretch receptors in the walls of the arteries trigger a reflex that causes the heart rate to decrease?

Baroreceptors

How do you identify squamous cell carcinoma?

Biopsy

Where are osteogenic/osteoprogenitor stem cells found?

Bone (periosteal surface)

Which mineral is most important throughout life to assist in maintaining strong bones?

Calcium

In an excitatory cholineragic synapse, the AP depolarizes at the axon terminal, opening what channels to trigger exocytosis of acetylcholine?

Calcium Channels

What is the inorganic matter of osseous tissue matrix composed of?

Calcium and Phosphate salts( hydroxyapatite)

What is the forerunner of most bones, and covers many joint surfaces of mature bone?

Cartilage

The anterior rami of spinal nerves form which nerve plexuses?

Cervical plexus

Which vertebrae provide the largest ranges of motion in each of the 3 body planes?

Cervical spine

What stimulates olfaction?

Chemoreceptors

When a skeletal muscle lengthens, what helps it resist excessive stretching and subsequent injury to the muscle?

Collagen

Which tissue has more matrix than cells? Hint: some forms of this are bone, adipose, and blood.

Connective Tissue

What type of contraction occurs when you hear a loud noise behind you, and you look back over your left shoulder?

Contralateral contraction

What bony structure of the humerus holds the biceps tendon?

Coracoid Process

What is the "rooflike" structure that is posterior to the cerebral aqueduct and has four bulges that are involved in visual tracking and reflexes as well as the processing of auditory signals and reflexes?

Corpora quadrigemina

What supplies ATP for muscle contraction during short bursts of intense activity?

Creatine Phosphate

What is a motor unit?

The combination of an individual motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates

What action does the stretch reflex require to prevent an antagonistic muscle from interfering with the agonist?

The opposing muscle group must be inhibited

Define hypothesis?

a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.

How does the skeletal system help maintain acid-base balance?

absorbing or releasing alkaline phosphate and carbonate salts

What is the only polysaccharide synthesized in the human body?

glycogen

What makes the resting membrane potential slightly less negative than if the RMP was determined solely by potassium?

is created by the cell membrane being more permeable to potassium ion movement than sodium ion movement.

What is the name of the spaces found in the concentric lamellae? What do they contain?

lacunae, contains osteoclasts

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

mechanical barrier, selective permeability, electrochemical gradient, communication, cell signaling

What is the function of dietary antioxidants?

neutralizing free raticals

What is the name of the fibrocartilage that provides shock absorption, lubrication, and nutrition to the knee joint?

the menisci