Anatomy II - Chapter 1

In living organisms, what is the smallest unit that carries out all the basic functions of life? 1) Organelle 2) Organ 3) Cell

Cell

What is the definition of extracellular fluid? 1) Fluid located within cells 2) Fluid located outside of cells

Fluid located outside of cells

The ______ reproductive system includes the scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis, and urethra.

Male

Body movement and the production of body heat are functions of the ______ system.

Muscular

The teeth and tongue are found in the ______ cavity.

Oral

The eyes are found in the ______ cavities. 1) Orbital 2) Cranial 3) Oral

Orbital

A structure, molecule, or cell that detects a stimulus is called a(n) ______. 1) Effector 2) Control center 3) Receptor

Receptor

A characteristic of life that allows for formation of new cells and new generations of organisms is ______.

Reproduction

The brachial region is ______. 1) The armpit (under the arm) 2) The ankle 3) The arm (above the elbow) 4) The thigh (upper leg)

The arm (above the elbow)

A group of cells organized into layers or other structures that has common function is called a(n) ______.

Tissue

The appendicular portion of the body includes the _______. 1) Head, neck and trunk 2) Upper and lower limbs 3) Right side of the body

Upper and lower limbs

The kidneys and bladder are organs of the ______ system.

Urinary

Identify three organs of the urinary system. 1) Urinary bladder 2) Ligaments and cartilage 3) Kidneys 4) Ureters 5) Trachea

Urinary bladder Kidneys Ureters

Match the areas of medical science with the appropriate definition.

Anatomy - Examines form and organization of structures Physiology - Examines function and processes of body parts

The ______ portion of the body includes the upper and lower limbs.

Appendicular

The heart, arteries, and veins are organs of the ______ system.

Cardiovascular

A(n) ______ is a molecule, cell, or organ that directly carries out a response to a stimulus. 1) Receptor 2) Effector 3) Integrator

Effector

The ______ system functions to control various body functions using hormones.

Endocrine

Cells of the body are ______, meaning they rely on each other for survival. 1) Independent 2) Interdependent

Interdependent

The lymph nodes and spleen are organs of the ______ system.

Lymphatic

The ______ serous membranes and fluid cavity are associated with the heart. 1) Parietal 2) Mediastinal 3) Pericardial 4) Pleural

Pericardial

The visceral ______ is the specific membrane that covers the surface of the abdominopelvic organs.

Peritoneum

True or false: Cells depend on one another.

True

Place in order that sequence of events that occurs when body temperature drops below the control center set point.

1) Body temperature decreases 2) Thermoreceptors transmit signals to the hypothalamus 3) Hypothalamus detects a negative deviation from set point, sends signals to effectors 4) Skin blood vessels constrict, sweat glands are inactive 5) Body temperature increases back to set point and body heat is conserved

Place in order, starting at the top, the sequence of events that occurs in response to a change in the internal environment.

1) Change occurs in the internal environment (stimulus) 2) Receptor transmits information about the status of the internal environment 3) The information sent is compared to the set point by the control center 4) Effectors respond to directions to alter the internal environment

An example of a stimulus is ______. 1) The product of a long series of chemical reactions 2) A specific change in the condition of the environment 3) A muscle or gland 4) Homeostasis

A specific change in the condition of the environment

The superior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity is the ______ cavity.

Abdominal

______ is the cavity that includes an upper abdominal portion and a lower pelvic portion and extends from the diaphragm to the floor of the pelvis.

Abdominopelvic

From top to bottom, put the following levels of organization in order, starting with the smallest (most simple) on top to the largest (most complex) on the bottom.

Atom Macromolecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ

What are three functions of the skeletal system? 1) Attachment for muscles 2) Removal of waste from the body 3) Covers the body 4) Protection for soft tissue 5) Production of blood cells 6) Transport oxygen in the body

Attachment for muscles Protection for soft tissue Production of blood cells

What factors do homeostatic mechanisms control? 1) Body temperature and hormone levels of the bood 2) The internal environment 3) The external environment 4) Oxygen levels of the air outside the body

Body temperature and hormone levels of the bood The internal environment

The skeletal system consists of _______. 1) The lungs and breathing passageways 2) The brain and spinal cord 3) Bones, ligaments, and cartilages 4) Muscles

Bones, ligaments, and cartilages

The digestive system functions to ______. 1) Break down food into particles small enough to absorb into the body 2) Produce and secrete chemical messengers that are transported throughout the body 3) Remove waste products from the blood and excrete them 4) Prevent pathogens from infecting the body

Break down food into particles small enough to absorb into the body

Match the level of organization with the corresponding characteristic:

Cell - Basic unit of structure and function Tissue - A group of cells that perform similar functions Organ - Comprised of two or more different tissues Organism - Comprised of organ systems

The ______ of a homeostatic mechanism receives input regarding environment, compares it to a set point, and initiates necessary changes in function. 1) Receptor 2) Control center 3) Set point 4) Effector

Control center

The brain is found in the ______ cavity of the body. 1) Head 2) Cranial 3) Thoracic 4) Vertebral

Cranial

The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by the ______.

Diaphragm

The salivary glands, liver, and intestines are organs of the ______ system.

Digestive

One function of the respiratory system is to ______. 1) Protect internal organs 2) Exchange gas between the air and the blood 3) Allow movement of the body 4) Cover the body and regulate body temperature

Exchange gas between the air and the blood

What organ system consists of ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus and vagina? 1) Female urinary system 2) Male reproductive system 3) Female reproductive system 4) Male urinary system

Female reproductive system

Some substances move in the body down a pressure ______, such as from high pressure to low pressure.

Gradient

What four structures are located in the axial portion of the body? 1) Head 2) Thoracic (chest) region 3) Neck 4) Upper limbs 5) Abdominal (stomach) region 6) Lower limbs

Head Thoracic (chest) region Neck Abdominal (stomach) region

The axial portion of the body includes the ______. 1) Head, neck, and trunk 2) Trunk only 3) The whole body 4) Upper and lower limbs

Head, neck, and trunk

Identify four of the organs located within the mediastinum. 1) Heart 2) Lungs 3) Trachea 4) Thymus 5) Esophagus 6) Spinal cord

Heart Trachea Thymus Esophagus

______ is a product of metabolic reactions that also helps govern the rates of these reactions.

Heat

The maintenance of a stable internal environment for all the cells of the human body is called ______.

Homeostasis

The term for a relatively stable internal environment that allows an organism to survive is known as

Homeostasis

Which two of the following pertain to the abdominopelvic cavity? 1) It is the space within the mediastinum 2) It contains the trachea, esophagus, and the abdominal organs 3) Includes an upper abdominal portion and a lower pelvic portion 4) It contains the stomach, liver, intestines, and kidneys

Includes an upper abdominal portion and a lower pelvic portion It contains the stomach, liver, intestines, and kidneys

When body temperature increases, negative feedback mechanisms work to lower temperature back to normal range. Which of the following are mechanisms used in response to an increased body temperature? 1) Vasoconstriction of blood vessels of the skin 2) Increased activity of sweat glands 3) Vasodilation of blood vessels of the skin 4) Shivering (the rapid contraction of skeletal muscle)

Increased activity of sweat glands Vasodilation of blood vessels of the skin

Regulation of body temperature, protection of underlying structures and sensing the environment are all functions of the ______. 1) Skeletal system 2) Endocrine system 3) Integumentary system 4) Digestive system

Integumentary system

Match the function with the appropriate organ system.

Integumentary system - Protects underlying tissues, regulates body temperature, houses sensory receptors, and synthesizes various substances Lymphatic system - Carries certain fatty substances away from the digestive organs, and aids in defending the body against disease-causing agents Urinary system - Filters wastes from the blood and helps maintain water and electrolyte concentrations and the acidity of the internal environment Digestive system - Receives foods, breaks down food molecules into nutrients that can pass through cell membranes, and eliminates materials that are not absorbed

The ______ environment is the environment within the body in which the cells live in.

Internal

Water or fluid inside a cells is called ______ fluid; while fluid outside the cell is called ______ fluid.

Intracellular Extracellular

Which three of the following are functions of the lymphatic system? 1) It carries certain fatty substances away from the digestive organs and into the bloodstream 2) It transports some of the tissue fluid back to the bloodstream 3) It defends the body against infections by removing disease-causing microorganisms and viruses from tissue fluid 4) It carries wastes from body cells to the excretory organs and also nutrients from the digestive organs to all body cells

It carries certain fatty substances away from the digestive organs and into the bloodstream It transports some of the tissue fluid back to the bloodstream It defends the body against infections by removing disease-causing microorganisms and viruses from tissue fluid

The ______ system transports some of the tissue fluid back to the bloodstream, carries fatty substances away from the digestive organs into the bloodstream, and defends the body against infections by removing pathogens from tissue. 1) Digestive system 2) Lymphatic system 3) Cardiovascular system

Lymphatic system

All of the processes associated with obtaining and processing food, using absorbed nutrients to generate cellular energy, and the elimination of waste, are all described by the term ______, which includes all of the life-supporting chemical reactions that cells perform.

Metabolism

The term ______ refers to all chemical reactions occurring in the body. 1) Metabolism 2) Respiration 3) Assimilation 4) Digestion

Metabolism

______ is the general term that refers to the sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in cells to obtain, release, and use energy.

Metabolism

Match the following characteristics of life with their appropriate description:

Movement - Changing body position or moving internal parts Growth - Increasing size without changing shape Respiration - Obtaining oxygen, using oxygen to release energy from foods, and removing gaseous wastes Circulation - Moving substances through the body in body fluids

The muscular system consists of ______. 1) Bones, cartilages, and ligaments 2) The heart and blood vessels 3) Muscles attached to the skeleton

Muscles attached to the skeleton

Muscles that are attached to the skeleton are part of the organ system called the ______ system.

Muscular

Bodily changes are detected and responses are activated that reverse that change and restore stability during ______. 1) Negative feedback 2) Positive feedback

Negative feedback

The brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves are organs of the ______ system. 1) Endocrine 2) Urinary 3) Integumentary 4) Nervous

Nervous

What organ system functions to control other body functions? 1) Integumentary system 2) Nervous system 3) Respiratory system 4) Lymphatic system

Nervous system

Identify the organ systems that sustain the life of an individual human: 1) Nervous system 2) Respiratory system 3) Reproductive system 4) Lymphatic system 5) Endocrine system 6) Cardiovascular system

Nervous system Respiratory system Lymphatic system Endocrine system Cardiovascular system

An angular cut made through a cylindrical structure such as the esophagus or a blood vessel is called a(n) ______ section.

Oblique

Place in order the levels of organization from least complex (top) to most complex (bottom).

Organelle Cell Organ Organ System Organism

The structures within cells that carry out specific activities are called ______. 1) Tissues 2) Organelles 3) Systems 4) Organs

Organelles

The ability of a(n) ______ to stay alive is dependent on the proper functioning of its ______, each of which is composed of specialized assemblages of organs. 1) Organ system; organism 2) Cell; organelles 3) Organism; organ systems 4) Organism; cells

Organism; organ systems

The substance that permits us to release energy from nutrients that can be used to drive metabolic processes is a gas called ______.

Oxygen

Which membrane is more superficial? 1) Visceral membrane 2) Parietal membrane

Parietal membrane

Match the membrane with its location.

Parietal pleura - lines parts of the thoracic cavity Visceral pleura - attached to the lung surface

What membranes are associted with the abdominopelvic cavity? 1) Pericardial membranes 2) Pleural membranes 3) Peritoneal membranes

Peritoneal membranes

What is the branch of science called that is concerned with the functions of body parts, what they do, and how they do it? 1) Physiology 2) Embryology 3) Anatomy 4) Pathology

Physiology

Which two are components of the endocrine system? 1) Pituitary gland 2) Urinary bladder 3) Spleen 4) Bones 5) Thyroid gland

Pituitary gland Thyroid gland

Which of the following two cavities have an associated serous membrane? 1) Oral 2) Pleural 3) Abdominal 4) Nasal

Pleural Abdominal

A process that moves conditions away from the normal state is called a ______ feedback mechanism.

Positive

A self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction is known as a ______ feedback mechanism.

Positive

"Food" is a general term for nutrients that ______. 1) Provide raw materials for growth and repair of living matter 2) Apply force that keeps substances moving through the bloodstream 3) Supply chemical energy that can be converted to a form cells can use 4) Can be converted to water in case a person does not drink enough fluids

Provide raw materials for growth and repair of living matter Supply chemical energy that can be converted to a form cells can use

Indicate the three components of a homeostatic mechanism. 1) Modulator 2) External environment 3) Receptor 4) Effector 5) Control center (set point)

Receptor Effector Control center (set point)

Match the component of the homeostatic mechanism with its role.

Receptor - Provides information about specific conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment Set point - Tells what a particular value should be Effector - Causes responses that alter conditions in the internal environment.

Water contributes to the maintenance of life in many ways, including which three ways listed below. 1) Regulation of body temperature 2) Serving as a solvent inside cells as well as in fluids that transport substances 3) Serving as a medium for chemical reactions in the body 4) Providing energy necessary for metabolic reactions

Regulation of body temperature Serving as a solvent inside cells as well as in fluids that transport substances Serving as a medium for chemical reactions in the body

The membrane type that lines the walls of internal body cavities, as well as covers the organs in those cavities, is a ______ membrane. 1) Peritoneal 2) Visceral 3) Mucous 4) Serous

Serous

The control center compares input from a receptor with a(n) ______, the normal value for a condition. 1) Set point 2) External environment value 3) Most recent value

Set point

Match each organ system name with the organs of that system.

Skeletal - Bones, ligaments, cartilage Nervous - Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs Cardiovascular - Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries) Digestive - Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas Urinary - kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra Female reproductive - ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva

The organs that form the integumentary system include the ______ and accessory organs like glands, nails, and hair.

Skin

The integumentary system consists of ______. 1) The pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands 2) The stomach, liver, and intestines 3) The kidneys, urinary bladder, and urethra 4) Skin, hair, glands and nails

Skin, hair, glands and nails

What organ(s) is/are found in the vertebral canal of the body? 1) Brain 2) Spinal cord 3) Heart 4) Stomach and intestines

Spinal cord

Arrange the following terms representing levels of organization of the human body starting with the smallest at the top.

Subatomic particle Atom Molecule Macromolecule

The term "viscera" refers to ______. 1) The muscles, nerves, and blood vessels of the body 2) The internal organs of the trunk 3) The brain and sensory organs of head

The internal organs of the trunk

The respiratory system consists of ______. 1) The kidneys, ureters, and the urethra 2) The heart and blood vessels 3) The lungs, pharynx, and larynx 4) Lymphatic vessels and organs 5) Small and large intestines

The lungs, pharynx, and larynx

What is cellular differentiation? 1) A system that helps maintain homeostasis in the body 2) The process of substances moving across a cell membrane 3) The process of cells becoming specialized 4) The process of cells dividing into new cells

The process of cells becoming specialized

What is the definition of anatomy? 1) The study of body structures 2) The study of body functions 3) The study of structure and function of microorganisms 4) The study of diseases

The study of body structures

A ______ is a group of cells that has a common function and is organized into layers or other structures. 1) Molecule 2) Tissue 3) Atom 4) Organelle

Tissue

An organ is a group of two or more ______ that work together to perform a common function.

Tissues

The spinal cord is the only organ found in what cavity of the body?

Vertebral

The internal organs of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are referred to as the ______. 1) Viscera 2) Pleura

Viscera

Within the human body, the most abundant chemical compound is ______.

Water

Match each life-maintaining factor with its description.

Water - A chemical substance that helps regulate body temperature, transports substances, and is the medium for metabolic reactions Nutrients - Chemical substances that supply building blocks for growth and repair as well as energy for cellular processes Oxygen - A chemical substance that aids in the release of energy from nutrients Heat - A form of energy that helps regulate the rate of metabolic reactions Pressures - Physical forces that influence the movement of substances into, through, and out of the body

In a membrane of the thoracic or abdominopelvic cavities, the ______ layers lines the cavity wall and the ______ layers cover the surface of the internal organ(s). 1) visceral; parietal 2) parietal; visceral

parietal; visceral