Anatomy II - Chapter 14

White blood cells comprise ______% of the blood volume. 1) 1 2) 30 3) 50 4) 90

1

Place in order the events in the life cycle of red blood cells.

1) Erythropoiesis takes place in the red bone marrow 2) Red blood cells are released in the blood stream and live for ~120 days 3) RBCs are destroyed by macrophages in liver and spleen 4) Hemoglobin liberated is broken down into heme and globin 5) Iron is transported to bone marrow and recycled; biliverdin and bilirubin are excreted

The most common type of blood typing test is based on the presence or absence of which erythrocyte-bound antigens? 1) A antigens, B antigens, O antigens 2) A antigens and O antigens 3) A antigens and B antigens 4) B antigens and O antigens

A antigens and B antigens

Abnormal red blood cell counts (RBCCs) have what consequences on health? 1) Altered ability to fight infection 2) Altered ability to clot blood 3) Altered oxygen-carrying capability of blood 4) Altered heart rate and contractility

Altered oxygen-carrying capability of blood

Match the condition with the resulting change in which blood cell count.

Bacterial infection - Increase in neutrophils Parasitic infection or allergic reaction - Increase in eosinophils HIV or AIDS - decrease in lymphocytes

Which of the following is the most effective in stopping the loss of blood. 1) Platelet plug formation 2) Vasodilation 3) Vascular spasm 4) Blood clot formation

Blood clot formation

Rank the following from the type of blood most likely to coagulate to the type that is least likely to coagulate.

Blood that is pooled and unmoving Slow moving blood Rapidly circulating blood

The presence or absence of A and/or B antigens on RBC surfaces determine what feature of the blood? 1) Blood type 2) Colloid osmotic pressure of blood 3) Ability to effectively produce blood clots

Blood type

Place the three main events of hemostasis in order.

Blood vessel spasm Platelet plug formation Coagulation

Oxyhemoglobin appears ______ in color; deoxyhemoglobin appears ______. 1) Darker red; bright red 2) Bright red; darker red

Bright red; darker red

Red blood cells lack a nucleus. Which cell function is most dramatically affected by this? 1) Cell division 2) Membrane transport processes 3) Hemoglobin synthesis 4) Oxygen binding

Cell division

Red blood cells are biconcave in shape. List three advantages that this shape confers upon the RBCs. 1) Cells can readily squeeze through narrow capillaries 2) Increased surface area for diffusion of gases 3) Cell membrane is close to hemoglobin molecules 4) Ability to divide rapidly when more RBCs are needed 5) More surface area for sodium channels that are needed for red blood cell function

Cells can readily squeeze through narrow capillaries Increased surface area for diffusion of gases Cell membrane is close to hemoglobin molecules

Which anion is the most abundant in blood? 1) Bicarbonate 2) Sodium 3) Phosphate 4) Chloride

Chloride

Formation of a blood clot by the process of ______ (use physiological term) is the most effective hemostatic mechanism.

Coagulation

Blood is a type of ______ tissue composed of an extracellular matrix called plasma surrounding a variety of cells.

Connective

Blood is classified as what type of tissue? 1) Connective 2) Neural 3) Epithelial 4) Muscle

Connective

Red blood cells, which transport oxygen throughout the body, are also known as ______.

Erythrocytes

True or false: White blood cells and platelets comprise about 90% of the blood volume.

False

Match each characteristic with the correct ABO blood type.

Individual with type O blood - Neither A nor B antigens are present on RBCs Both anti-A and anti-B antibodies are present in plasma Individual with type A blood - Only A antigens are present on RBCs Only anti-B antibodies are present in plasma Individual with type B blood - Only B antigens are present on RBCs Only anti-A antibodies are present in plasma Individual with type AB blood - Both A and B antigens are present on RBCs Neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies are present in plasma

Match the product of red blood cell destruction with the statement that best describes its fate.

Iron - Mostly recycled to the bone marrow Billirubin - Orange pigment that is secreted into bile or excreted by kidneys Billiverdin - A greenish pigment that is eventually converted into an orange pigment or secreted into the bile Globin - Broken down into amino acids and recycled

What is the meaning of the root word "macro-"? 1) To produce 2) Many 3) Large 4) Abnormal condition

Large

What is an antibody? 1) Any molecule that triggers an immune response 2) A type of fibrous protein that aids in stabilizing a blood clot 3) Molecule produced during immune response that attacks an antigen

Molecule produced during immune response that attacks an antigen

Indicate two causes of leukopenia. 1) Leukemia 2) Low carbon dioxide levels 3) Poisoning (lead, arsenic, or mercury poisoning) 4) Infections 5) Low oxygen levels

Poisoning (lead, arsenic, or mercury poisoning) Infections

Which root word means "many"? 1) Thromb- 2) Macro- 3) Poly- 4) Hema-

Poly-

List three functions of blood. 1) Produces body heat 2) Prevents infection 3) Transports body heat 4) Triggers nerve impulses 5) Prevents fluid loss

Prevents infection Transports body heat Prevents fluid loss

What is the definition of hematopoiesis? 1) Production of blood cells 2) Break down of red blood cells 3) Maturation of white blood cells 4) Formation of red bone marrow

Production of blood cells

A ______ blood cell is shaped as a biconcave disc.

Red

What are two types of lymphocytes? 1) Monocytes 2) Platelets 3) T cells 4) B cells

T cells B cells

Indicate two characteristics of lymphocytes. 1) They are large cells with a multilobed nucleus 2) They are the second-most common leukocytes 3) They are agranulocytes 4) Their granules are stained dark red

They are the second-most common leukocytes They are agranulocytes

What is the alternative term for platelets? 1) Reticulocytes 2) Leukocytes 3) Thrombocytes 4) Erythrocytes

Thrombocytes

Arrange in order the steps that occur during coagulation, beginning with the injury.

Tissue is damaged Factor X is produced Prothrombin activator is activated Prothrombin is converted to thrombin Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin Fibrin adheres to vessel walls and forms clot

What is the main function of red blood cells? 1) Transport oxygen from the tissues to the lungs 2) Transport both oxygen and carbon dioxide 3) Transport carbon dioxide from the lungs to the tissues

Transport both oxygen and carbon dioxide

True or false: Red blood cells do not undergo mitosis.

True

Individuals with which ABO blood type(s) would have anti-B antibodies present in their blood plasma? 1) Type A and type B 2) Type B 3) Type B and type O 4) Type A and type O

Type A and type O

Individuals with which ABO blood type(s) would have anti-A antibodies present in their blood plasma? 1) Type B 2) Type B and type O 3) Type A and type B 4) Type A and type O

Type B and type O

Match each ABO blood type with the antigens that are present on the RBCs.

Type O - Neither A nor B antigens are present Type A - Only A antigens are present Type B - Only B antigens are present Type AB - Both A and B antigens are present

Match the waste product with its source.

Urea - Protein catabolism Uric acid - Nucleic acid catabolism Creatinine - Creatine metabolism

List three components of plasma. 1) Fibroblasts 2) Water 3) Electrolytes 4) Hormones 5) Adipocytes

Water Electrolytes Hormones

The ______ blood cells primarily function to protect the body against disease.

White

What is the meaning of the root word "leuko-"? 1) Blood 2) Infection 3) White 4) Immunity

White

During blood clot formation, the soluble plasma protein called ______ is converted into the insoluble protein called ______. 1) fibrin; fibrinogen 2) Thromboplastinogen; thromboplastin 3) Collagen; procollagen 4) fibrinogen; fibrin

fibrinogen; fibrin

Molecules produced during immune responses that attack antigens are called ______.

Antibodies

Any molecule that triggers an immune response is called a(n) ______.

Antigen

The presence of ______ on the surface of red blood cells determine blood type. 1) Antibodies 2) Hemoglobin 3) Antigens 4) Anemia

Antigens

What determines a person's ABO blood type? 1) Determine by type of antigen(s) circulating in the blood plasma 2) Determined by type of antigen(s) on RBCs surfaces 3) Determined by type of antibody(ies) circulating in the blood plasma 4) Determined by type of antibody(ies) on RBCs surfaces

Determined by type of antigen(s) on RBCs surfaces

The term ______ describes the movement of white blood cells (leukocytes) out of a blood vessel by squeezing between the cells of the blood vessel wall.

Diapedesis

Plasma contains chemicals called ______, which include sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate and sulfate ions. 1) Electrolytes 2) Vitamins 3) Proteins

Electrolytes

What is the result of the process of coagulation? 1) Formation of globulin 2) Formation of a scar 3) Formation of a platelet plug 4) Formation of a blood clot

Formation of a blood clot

What is the correct term to describe red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, all included together? 1) Formed elements 2) Blood cells 3) Clotting factors 4) Immune cells

Formed elements

Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils have granules in their cytoplasms, and are therefore classified as a type of leukocyte called ______.

Granulocytes

Leukocytes circulating in blood are divided into two categories: three cell types are classified as ______ (with markedly granular cytoplasm) and two cell types are classified as ______ (with less obvious cytoplasmic granules). 1) Agranulocytes; granulocytes 2) Granulocytes; agranulocytes

Granulocytes; agranulocytes

What is the primary function of platelets? 1) Help in repair of damaged blood vessels 2) Transport blood gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) 3) Fight infection 4) Maintain osmotic pressure of the blood

Help in repair of damaged blood vessels

Which root word means "blood"? 1) Thromb- 2) Erythr- 3) Hema-

Hema-

The term ______, or packed cell volume (PCV), refers to the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood. The typical value for this is about 45%.

Hematocrit

The term for the formation of all formed elements is ______.

Hematopoiesis

Iron is critical for the synthesis of ______, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells.

Hemoglobin

The blood protein that is made up of four globin chains and four heme group is ______.

Hemoglobin

The root word ______ means "white". 1) Hemo- 2) Thromb- 3) Leuko- 4) Macro-

Leuko-

The technical term for a white blood cell is ______.

Leukocyte

Granulocytes and agranulocytes are two categories of ______. 1) Growth factors 2) Leukocytes 3) Erythrocytes

Leukocytes

List four types of nutrients present in the plasma. 1) Lipids 2) Ammonia 3) Urea 4) Simple sugars 5) Amino acids 6) Nucleotides

Lipids Simple sugars Amino acids Nucleotides

Which two statements describe a differential white blood cell count? 1) List of the percentages of the types of leukocytes in a blood sample 2) Useful for determining blood oxygenation levels 3) List of the ratio of white blood cells versus red blood cells 4) Useful for diagnosing whether an illness is due to a bacterial infection or allergic reaction

List of the percentages of the types of leukocytes in a blood sample Useful for diagnosing whether an illness is due to a bacterial infection or allergic reaction

List two underlying possible causes of anemia. 1) Low blood levels of hemoglobin 2) Elevated vitamin B12 intake 3) Red blood cell deficiency 4) White blood cell deficiency

Low blood levels of hemoglobin Red blood cell deficiency

List two underlying possible causes of anemia. 1) Low blood levels of hemoglobin 2) Elevated vitamin B12 intake 3) White blood cell deficiency 4) Red blood cell deficiency

Low blood levels of hemoglobin Red blood cell deficiency

The white blood cell shown in the image is a(n) ______.

Lymphocyte

What type of leukocyte accounts for about 25-33% of the circulating leukocytes? 1) Lymphocytes 2) Neutrophils 3) Eosinophils 4) Basophils

Lymphocytes

What is the meaning of the root word "poly-"? 1) Clot 2) Many 3) Immune defense 4) To produce

Many

Platelets are fragments of cells. They are fragments of very large cells called ______.

Megakaryocytes

White blood cells called ______ migrate into tissues and become macrophages which phagocytize bacteria, dead cells, and other debris.

Monocytes

Leukocytes that lack visible granules in their cytoplasm include ______ and ______.

Monocytes Lymphocytes

Which two types of leukocytes are agranulocytes? 1) Monocytes 2) Eosinophils 3) Neutrophils 4) Basophils 5) Lymphocytes

Monocytes Lymphocytes

Name the two cell types that directly result from the division of hematopoietic stem cells. 1) Erythrocytes 2) Myeloid stem cells 3) Monocytes 4) Platelets 5) Lymphoid stem cells

Myeloid stem cells Lymphoid stem cells

The hormone erythropoietin (EPO) controls the rate of red blood cell formation through ______ feedback mechanisms.

Negative

ABO blood typing is based upon the presence or absence of certain antigens. List the four possible combinations of these antigens. 1) Only antigen A present on RBCs 2) Only antigen O present on RBCs 3) Both antigen A and antigen B present on RBCs 4) Only antigen B present on RBCs 5) Neither antigen A nor antigen B present on RBCs

Only antigen A present on RBCs Both antigen A and antigen B present on RBCs Only antigen B present on RBCs Neither antigen A nor antigen B present on RBCs

Describe a macrophage. 1) Originally a neutrophil that has been exposed to an antigen 2) Originally a monocyte that migrates into the tissues 3) Originally a basophil that has released its histamine granules 4) A cell that lives in the blood stream and phagocytizes antigen-antibody complexes

Originally a monocyte that migrates into the tissues

Anemia is a class of conditions that have one thing in common: the blood can't carry enough ______.

Oxygen

The most important blood gases are ______ and carbon dioxide.

Oxygen

Name the two blood gases that are most important to homeostasis. 1) Nitrogen 2) Oxygen 3) Sodium 4) Carbon dioxide

Oxygen Carbon dioxide

When hemoglobin combines with oxygen, it forms ______. When hemoglobin releases oxygen, it is called ______. 1) Oxyhemoglobin; deoxyhemoglobin 2) Deoxyhemoglobin; oxyhemoglobin

Oxyhemoglobin; deoxyhemoglobin

Within the circulation, ______ is a complex cell-free solution of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, wastes, hormones, and gases. 1) Plasma 2) Interstitial fluid 3) Cytoplasm

Plasma

Within the circulation, formed elements are suspended in liquid called ______.

Plasma

List the three hemostatic mechanisms. 1) Platelet plug formation 2) Vascular spasm 3) Vasodilation 4) Blood clotting

Platelet plug formation Vascular spasm Blood clotting

Cell fragments produced from megakaryocytes are called ______.

Platelets

Name the type of formed element that is important in the repair of damaged blood vessels. 1) Lymphocytes 2) White blood cells 3) Platelets 4) Red blood cells

Platelets

What is the alternative term for thrombocytes?

Platelets

List four of the electrolytes that are found in the plasma. 1) Potassium 2) Iron 3) Urea 4) Calcium 5) Sodium 6) Albumin 7) Bicarbonate

Potassium Calcium Sodium Bicarbonate

List three characteristics of type O blood. 1) RBCs have neither A nor B antigens 2) Plasma contains antibodies against antigens A and B 3) Can receive transfusion from any other ABO blood type 4) Can be donated to any other ABO blood type 5) Plasma has neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies

RBCs have neither A nor B antigens Plasma contains antibodies against antigens A and B Can be donated to any other ABO blood type

Which of the following lacks a nucleus? 1) White blood cell 2) Red blood cell

Red blood cell

List two names for the cells that transport oxygen in the blood. 1) Red blood cells 2) Erythrocytes 3) Leukocytes 4) Platelets 5) White blood cells 6) Thrombocytes

Red blood cells Erythrocytes

List three types of formed elements of the blood. 1) Clotting factors 2) Red blood cells 3) White blood cells 4) Platelets 5) Plasma

Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets

List three types of formed elements of the blood. 1) Red blood cells 2) Clotting factors 3) White blood cells 4) Plasma 5) Platelets

Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets

Leukocytes develop in ______ in response to various hormones. 1) The blood 2) Lymphatic tissue 3) Liver and spleen 4) Red bone marrow

Red bone marrow

What situation would reduce the ability of the blood to carry oxygen? 1) Decreased platelet count 2) Reduced red blood cell count 3) Increased hematocrit 4) Increased red blood cell count

Reduced red blood cell count

Which three statements describe plasma proteins? 1) Produced by hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow 2) Remain in the blood and interstitial fluid 3) Most abundant of the dissolved substances in the plasma 4) Not ordinarily used as a source of energy 5) Waste products of red and white blood cell breakdown

Remain in the blood and interstitial fluid Most abundant of the dissolved substances in the plasma Not ordinarily used as a source of energy

What is the most abundant cation found in the blood? 1) Potassium 2) Nitrogen 3) Sodium 4) Calcium

Sodium

List three characteristics of erythrocytes (red blood cells). 1) They are biconcave discs 2) They have a large nucleus 3) They are large and spherical 4) They are cell fragments 5) They are specialized for carrying oxygen 6) They lack mitochondria

They are biconcave discs They are specialized for carrying oxygen They lack mitochondria

Indicate which two statements describe the development of white blood cells. 1) They develop from hematopoietic stem cells 2) The hormone erythropoietin increases their production 3) They lose their organelles upon maturity 4) They develop in the red bone marrow

They develop from hematopoietic stem cells They develop in the red bone marrow

Indicate two characteristics of neutrophils. 1) They are agranulocytes 2) They phagocytize bacteria , fungi, and some viruses 3) They are the largest leukocytes in a blood smear 4) They are the most abundant leukocytes in a typical blood sample

They phagocytize bacteria , fungi, and some viruses They are the most abundant leukocytes in a typical blood sample

How does erythropoietin (EPO) regulate red blood cell production? 1) Through positive feedback 2) By removing excess red blood cells that enter the kidney 3) Through negative feedback 4) By regulating the amount of hemoglobin produced

Through negative feedback

Match the blood type with the presence of antibodies in plasma.

Type A blood - Plasma contains anti-B antibodies, but not anti-A antibodies Type B blood - Plasma contains only anti-A antibodies, but not anti-B antibodies Type AB blood - Plasma contains neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies Type O blood - Plasma contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies