Anatomy II - Chapter 16

The form of adaptive immunity in which direct interaction occurs between activated T lymphocytes and targeted cells is called ______ immunity.

Cell-mediated

List three reasons why a given species may be resistant to diseases that affect other species ("species resistance"). 1) Cells/tissues lack the temperature that a particular pathogen requires 2) Cells/tissues lack lymphocytes and macrophages that a particular pathogen requires 3) Cells/tissues lack the chemical environment that a particular pathogen requires 4) Cells/tissues lack receptors that a particular pathogen requires

Cells/tissues lack the temperature that a particular pathogen requires Cells/tissues lack the chemical environment that a particular pathogen requires Cells/tissues lack receptors that a particular pathogen requires

One branch of the immune system uses antibodies to fight pathogens, while the other branch call ______ immunity, uses cells for immune attack. 1) Cellular 2) Nonspecific 3) Humoral

Cellular

Activated T cells are responsible for the ______ immune response. 1) Humoral (antibody-mediated) 2) Cellular (cell-mediated)

Cellular (cell-mediated)

What structure(s) or area(s) is/are lacking lymph nodes? 1) Skeletal muscles 2) Central nervous system 3) Digestive system organs 4) Thoracic cavity

Central nervous system

Match the lymph node location with its description.

Cervical lymph nodes - Deep to the mandible, and near the ears Axillary lymph nodes - Under the shoulder Supratrochlear lymph nodes - Near the elbow Inguinal lymph nodes - In the groin

When T or B cells are activated, they proliferate, forming a group of genetically identical cells descending from the original activated cell. What is the name of this group of identical cells? 1) Clone 2) Hapten 3) Lymphocyte precursors 4) Memory cells

Clone

Lymph from lymphatic trunks empties into the one of the two ______. 1) Lymph nodes 2) Collecting ducts 3) Lymphatic capillaries 4) Subclavian veins

Collecting ducts

Lymphatic trunks converse to form the largest of the segments of the lymphatic pathway, called ______. 1) Subclavian veins 2) Lacteals 3) Collecting ducts 4) Lymphatic capillaries

Collecting ducts

What are lymphatic nodules? 1) Compact masses of lymphatic tissue 2) Regions of bone marrow that produce lymphocytes 3) Encapsulated lymphatic organs

Compact masses of lymphatic tissue

Activation of what group of proteins in the plasma leads to inflammation, attraction of phagocytes, and enhancement of phagocytosis? 1) Lysozymes 2) Complement 3) Interferon

Complement

Place in the correct order the events during an inflammatory response that help inhibit the spread of pathogens to tissues around an area of infection.

1) Fluids (containing fibrinogen) accumulate 2) Clotting results in a network of fibrin threads 3) Fibroblasts arrive, and secrete matrix components 4) Infected area enclosed in connective tissue sac

What is the meaning of the root word patho- (as in pathogen)? 1) Knot 2) Disease 3) Be produced 4) Free; exempt

Disease

For each body region, indicate whether lymph drainage from each region ends up in the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct.

Drains into thoracic duct - Left lower limb Left upper limb Abdomen Left side of head/neck Right lower limb Drains into right lymphatic duct - Right upper limb Right head/neck Right side of thorax

Describe phagocytosis. 1) A process of programmed cellular death 2) Lysing of a cell due to the formation of a membrane attack complex 3) A process where foreign particles are engulfed by a cell

A process where foreign particles are engulfed by a cell

List three areas drained by the thoracic duct. 1) Abdomen 2) Right upper limb 3) Right side of thorax, head, and neck 4) Left side of thorax, head, and neck 5) Lower limbs

Abdomen Left side of thorax, head, and neck Lower limbs

Define edema. 1) Blockage of lymph drainage 2) Accumulation of excess tissue fluid 3) Excessive blood pressure in capillaries 4) Inflammation of lymph nodes

Accumulation of excess tissue fluid

A B lymphocyte encounters the antigen that matches its membrane-bound antigen receptors. What is the immediate result of the binding of the antigen to the receptor? 1) Death of B cell 2) Destruction of antigen 3) Activation of B cell 4) Release of antibodies

Activation of B cell

Match the type of defense with the definition.

Adaptive (specific) defenses - Different mechanisms to fight each type of pathogen Innate (nonspecific) defenses - Protect against many pathogens, regardless of the pathogen type

The type of antigen that triggers an allergic reaction is called a(n) ______.

Allergen

What is the term for an antigen that triggers an allergic response? 1) Autogen 2) Allergen 3) Self antigen

Allergen

For each classification of transplant, indicate the correct type of donor.

Allograft - Same species Isograft - Identical twin Xenograft - Different species Autograft - Self

Where are lymph nodes generally located? 1) At the locations of lymphatic valves 2) At the subclavian veins 3) Along larger lymphatic vessels 4) Along lymphatic capillaries

Along larger lymphatic vessels

By definition, what is a hypersensitivity reaction? 1) The type of immune response that occurs with the first exposure to an antigen 2) An exaggerated immune response to a nonharmful antigen 3) The type of immune response that involves only T cell activity

An exaggerated immune response to a nonharmful antigen

Proteins that are present in plasma and body fluids that bind to antigens are called ______.

Antibodies

Absence or blockage of lymph vessels in a body region leads directly to what condition? 1) Dehydration 2) Coagulation 3) Hypertension 4) Edema

Edema

Excess tissue fluid resulting from the failure of proper lymphatic drainage is called ______.

Edema

Indicate three characteristics of the class of immunoglobulins called IgG. 1) Effective against bacteria, viruses, and toxins 2) Activates complement proteins 3) Can cross the placenta 4) Active during allergic responses 5) Found in secretions

Effective against bacteria, viruses, and toxins Activates complement proteins Can cross the placenta

Indicate three mechanisms by which antibodies react to antigens. 1) Antibodies cause cytotoxic T cells to destory the antigen 2) Antibodies stimulate inflammation 3) Antibodies directly attack the antigen 4) Antibodies activate complement

Antibodies stimulate inflammation Antibodies directly attack the antigen Antibodies activate complement

What are autoantibodies? 1) Antibodies that bind to pathogens such as bacteria 2) Antibodies that bind to "self" cells 3) Antibodies that bind to foreign antigens 4) Antibodies that bind to allergens

Antibodies that bind to "self" cells

What is another name for the humoral immune response? 1) Antibody-mediated immune response 2) Non-specific immune response 3) Cell-mediated immune response

Antibody-mediated immune response

What is another name for the humoral immune response? 1) Cell-mediated immune response 2) Non-specific immune response 3) Antibody-mediated immune response

Antibody-mediated immune response

Any large molecule capable of triggering an immune response is called a(n) ______.

Antigen

T cells are activated when they interact with antigens that are attached to the surface of ______-presenting cells.

Antigen

What term refers to any molecule that elicits an immune response? 1) Antibody 2) Antigen 3) Cytokine 4) Clone

Antigen

True or false: The thymus enlarges after puberty?

False

True or false: Within the tissues, the pressure within blood capillaries is responsible for filtering large molecules and blood cells out of the capillaries.

False

An abnormal elevation in body temperature is called ______. 1) Leukopenia 2) Hypothermia 3) Fever

Fever

An innate defense mechanism called ______ is an abnormal elevation in body temperature.

Fever

T cell activation required that targeted antigens have been processed (phagocytized and digested) and then attached to the surface of a cell type called ______ cells. 1) Antigen-presenting 2) Memory 3) Plasma 4) Natural killer (NK)

Antigen-presenting

What type of immunity will result from receiving a vaccination? 1) Artificially acquired active immunity 2) Naturally acquired active immunity 3) Artificially acquired passive immunity 4) Naturally acquired passive immunity

Artificially acquired active immunity

On an antibody molecule, where is the antigen-binding site? 1) At the variable region 2) At the constant region

At the variable region

Match each word root with its meaning.

Auto - Self Humor - Moisture, fluid Immun - Free, exempt Inflamm - To set on fire Nod - Knot Patho - Disease, sickness

Antibodies that attack "self" cells and tissues are called ______.

Autoantibodies

In immune system disorders known as ______ disorders, the immune system attacks self-antigens.

Autoimmune

What term is used for disorders resulting from the immune system attacking "self" cells? 1) Autoimmune diseases 2) Allergies 3) Humoral diseases 4) Tissue rejection reactions

Autoimmune diseases

In the cadaver image shown, name the structures highlighted in yellow. 1) Inguinal lymph nodes 2) Cervical lymph nodes 3) Axillary lymph nodes 4) Mediastinal lymph nodes

Axillary lymph nodes

Leukocytes called ______ lymphocytes are produced in red bone marrow where they also complete their maturation.

B

List three cell types found in lymphatic tissue. 1) B cells 2) Macrophages 3) T cells 4) Megakaryocytes 5) Erythrocytes

B cells Macrophages T cells

In order to be fully activated, most ______ cells require interaction with ______ cells. 1) T; B 2) B; T

B; T

Lymphatic pathways begin at the lymphatic capillaries which empty into lymphatic vessels. From there, fluid flows through lymphatic ______ into lymphatic ______, eventually emptying into veins in the thorax. 1) trunks; ducts 2) ducts, trunks

trunks; ducts

List three functions associated with the spleen. 1) Filtration of blood 2) Phagocytosis 3) Formation of lymphocytes and other immune cells 4) Destruction of old and fragile red blood cells 5) Filtration of lymph

Filtration of blood Phagocytosis Destruction of old and fragile red blood cells

What event leads to activation of B cells? 1) Finding and binding the B cell's target antigen 2) Phagocytosis of B cell by macrophages 3) Specific antibody binding to the B cell's receptors 4) Release of B cell from red bone marrow into blood

Finding and binding the B cell's target antigen

Hair traps infectious agents associated with the skin, providing a ______ line of defense against pathogens. 1) Second 2) First

First

Indicate three functions of the lymphatic system. 1) Fluid recovery from tissues 2) Immunity 3) Absorption of lipids 4) Transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide 5) Vitamin D synthesis

Fluid recovery from tissues Immunity Absorption of lipids

What are three common types of pathogens that humans encounter? 1) Antibodies 2) Insects 3) Fungi 4) Viruses 5) Bacteria 6) Lymphocytes

Fungi Viruses Bacteria

The region of a lymph node through which blood vessels and nerves pass is called the ______. 1) Sinus 2) Capsule 3) Hilum 4) Nodule

Hilum

The antibody-mediated immune response is also known as the ______ immune response.

Humoral

The general term for an exaggerated immune response to a nonharmful antigen is ______.

Hypersensitivity

What class of immunoglobulin is involved in immediate-reaction allergic reactions? 1) IgG 2) IgE 3) IgA 4) IgM

IgE

Match the class of immunoglobulin with their function.

IgG - Activates complement; responds to bacteria, viruses, and toxins IgA - Defends against bacteria and viruses; found in secretions IgM - Reacts with antigens on RBC membranes; activates complement IgD - Activates B cells IgE - Promotes inflammation and allergic reaction

Indicate the two primary functions of lymph nodes. 1) Immune surveillance 2) Production of lymphocytes and macrophages 3) Filter lymph 4) Filter blood

Immune surveillance Filter lymph

Indicate the two primary functions of lymph nodes. 1) Production of lymphocytes and macrophages 2) Immune surveillance 3) Filter lymph 4) Filter blood

Immune surveillance Filter lymph

Drugs that organ transplant patients take to decrease the chance of tissue rejection are called ______ drugs.

Immunosuppressive

Where is the thymus located? 1) In the anterior neck 2) Attached to the first part of the large intestine 3) In the upper left quadrant of the abdominal cavity 4) In the thoracic cavity, above the heart

In the thoracic cavity, above the heart

List three beneficial effects of fever. 1) Increased phagocytic activity 2) Inhibition of bacterial and viral replication 3) Increased pain tolerance 4) Elevated metabolic rate 5) Discomfort

Increased phagocytic activity Inhibition of bacterial and viral replication Elevated metabolic rate

Upon injury to or infection in a tissue, the innate defense mechanism of ______ occurs first, leading to redness, heat, swelling, and pain.

Inflammation

Fever is part of the ______ defenses of the body.

Innate

Match the type of tissue graft with its definition.

Isograft - Tissue from an identical twin Autograft - Tissue from another area of the patient's body Allograft - Tissue from a non-identical twin donor Xenograft - Tissue from a different species (nonhuman)

The role of fever in innate defense is to make the body ______ hospitable to certain pathogens. 1) More 2) Less

Less

Name the fluid found within the lymphatic pathways.

Lymph

The fluid contained in lymphatic vessels, which originates as tissue fluid, is called ______.

Lymph

What is the name of the fluid contained within vessels of the lymphatic system? 1) Lymph 2) Nodular fluid 3) Edema 4) Interstitial fluid

Lymph

What structure functions to filter lymph? 1) Lymph nodes 2) White pulp of spleen 3) Red pulp of spleen 4) Tonsils

Lymph nodes

List two locations where both B cells and T cells can be found. 1) Liver 2) Central nervous system 3) Lymph nodes 4) Spleen

Lymph nodes Spleen

In addition to circulating in the blood, T cells and B cells reside in the ______ tissues and organs.

Lymphatic

List the order of lymphatic vessels as lymph flows from the tissue to the subclavian vein.

Lymphatic capillaries Afferent lymphatic vessel Lymph node Efferent lymphatic vessel Lymphatic trunk Collecting duct

Listed are the general terms for the different segments of the lymphatic pathways of the body. Place them in the correct order, starting at the tissues and ending at the veins in the thorax.

Lymphatic capillaries Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic trunks Lymphatic ducts

Which body system maintains fluid balance, absorbs lipids, and protects the body against pathogens? 1) Cardiovascular system 2) Endocrine system 3) Respiratory system 4) Lymphatic system

Lymphatic system

The two cell types responsible for adaptive immune responses are ______ and macrophages.

Lymphocytes

What cell type has receptors on their surfaces that enable them to recognize nonself antigens? 1) Lymphocytes 2) Platelets 3) Monocytes 4) Erythrocytes

Lymphocytes

List cell types found in lymphatic tissue. 1) Lymphocytes and macrophages 2) Erythrocytes and lymphocytes 3) Macrophages and erythrocytes

Lymphocytes and macrophages

Which two of these factors are examples of chemical barriers important in innate defense? 1) Natural killer (NK) cells 2) Lysozyme found in tears 3) Mucus membranes 4) Pepsin and HCl of gastric juice

Lysozyme found in tears Pepsin and HCl of gastric juice

Phagocytic cells in the lymph nodes called ______ engulf and destroy cellular debris as lymph is being filtered.

Macrophages

What cell type functions to engulf and destroy foreign substances, damaged cells, and cellular debris as lymph is being filtered by lymph nodes? 1) Lymphocytes 2) Macrophages 3) Neutrophils

Macrophages

Indicate the two cell types in the lymph nodes that function to attack microorganisms as lymph is being filtered. 1) Macrophages 2) Neutrolphils 3) Erythrocytes 4) Lymphocytes 5) Eosinophils

Macrophages Lymphocytes

Which two cell types are responsible for the adaptive defenses? 1) Macrophages 2) Neutrophils 3) Basophils 4) Lymphocytes

Macrophages Lymphocytes

When monocytes migrate out of the bloodstream and into the tissues, they become cells called ______.

Macrophages.

Two mechanical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens into the body are ______ and ______. 1) Macrophages 2) Mucosa 3) Tears 4) Skin

Mucosa Skin

Which of the following is an example of first line of defense of innate immunity? 1) Lysozyme 2) Mucous membranes 3) Interferon 4) T and B lymphocytes

Mucous membranes

A primary immune response due to the exposure to a live pathogen would result in ______ acquired ______ immunity.

Naturally Active

Exposure to a live pathogen that stimulates a primary immune response leads to what type of immunity? 1) Artificially acquired passive immunity 2) Artificially acquired active immunity 3) Naturally acquired passive immunity 4) Naturally acquired active immunity

Naturally acquired active immunity

Match the term with the definition.

Naturally acquired immunity - Follows exposure to a live pathogen Artificially acquired immunity - Due to injection of antiserum or antitoxin Active immunity - One's own immune system is engaged Passive immunity - Due to the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another

Match the term with the examples.

Naturally acquired passive immunity - Due to the transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus Artificially acquired active immunity - Due to an injection of an attenuated flu virus Naturally acquired active immunity - Due to becoming sick with the flu Artificially acquired passive immunity - Due to an injection of lab-produced antibodies

Indicate two of the several mechanisms by which antibodies directly render antigens harmless. 1) Neutralization by covering toxic parts of antigen 2) Breaking chemical bonds, destroying the antigen 3) Binding to phospholipids and disrupting plasma membrane structure 4) Causing agglutination

Neutralization by covering toxic parts of antigen Causing agglutination

Small encapsulated lymphatic organs found along lymphatic vessels that function to filter the lymph are called lymph ______.

Nodes

Compact masses of lymphatic tissue seen within MALT and some lymphatic organs are called lymphatic ______. 1) Sinuses 2) Nodes 3) Marrow 4) Nodules

Nodules

Normally, an immune response occurs in response to the presence of ______ antigens. 1) Nonself 2) Self

Nonself

Name the body's three lines of defense against pathogens. 1) Vaccinations, antibodies, and antigens 2) Nonspecific defenses such as chemical barriers and interferons 3) Spleen, tonsils, and thymus 4) Adaptive (specific) defenses 5) Mechanical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes

Nonspecific defenses such as chemical barriers and interferons Adaptive (specific) defenses Mechanical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes

Name the body's three lines of defense against pathogens. 1) Nonspecific defenses such as chemical barriers and interferons 2) Mechanical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes 3) Spleen, tonsils, and thymus 4) Vaccinations, antibodies, and antigens 5) Adaptive (specific) defenses

Nonspecific defenses such as chemical barriers and interferons Mechanical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes Adaptive (specific) defenses

Indicate the two statements that describe lymphocytes production. 1) Occurs only during fetal development (before birth) 2) Begins at the time of birth 3) Occurs in red bone marrow 4) Occurs in spleen and liver 5) Occurs throughout life

Occurs in red bone marrow Occurs throughout life

Which two phrases describe passive immunity? 1) Occurs when a person's immune system did not respond; antibodies were produced by another individual 2) long-term immunity; protected from later exposure to pathogen 3) Occurs when the person's immune system responds and produces antibodies and memory cells 4) Short-term immunity; the individual is susceptible to the antigen upon exposure at a later date

Occurs when a person's immune system did not respond; antibodies were produced by another individual Short-term immunity; the individual is susceptible to the antigen upon exposure at a later date

List four cardinal signs/symptoms of inflammation. 1) Increased heart rate 2) Pain 3) Edema 4) Hemorrhage 5) Heat 6) Redness

Pain Edema Heat Redness

Match each sign of inflammation with the correct description of its cause.

Pain - Appropriate receptors are stimulated in area of injury or infection Heat - Blood enters area from deeper body parts Redness - Greater blood volume enters area due to vasodilation Edema - Capillaries in area of injury or infection have increased permeability (leakiness)

Which root word means "disease"? 1) Inflamm- 2) Nod- 3) Immun- 4) Patho-

Patho-

The general term for a disease-causing organism or chemical is ______.

Pathogen

Bacteria, protozoa, viruses, and fungi sometimes cause disease. Therefore, they are classified as ______.

Pathogens

The process by which a cell removes and destroys foreign particles from fluid (blood, lymph, or interstitial fluid) is called _______.

Phagocytosis

A(n) ______ cell is a differentiated B cell which functions to produce and secrete antibodies.

Plasma

Lymph differs from plasma in that ______. 1) Lymph has more protein than plasma 2) Plasma has more protein than lymph 3) Lymph is thin and plasma is viscous 4) Lymph is colorless and plasma is red

Plasma has more protein than lymph

The first exposure to a particular antigen leads to a ______ immune response. 1) Primary 2) Secondary

Primary

What is the term for the activation of B cells or T cells that occurs upon first exposure to a specific antigen? 1) Secondary immune response 2) Primary immune response

Primary immune response

List three characteristics of interferons. 1) Plasma proteins that help with blood clotting 2) Produced by lymphocytes and fibroblasts 3) Block viral replication 4) Hormone-like peptides 5) Pyrogens

Produced by lymphocytes and fibroblasts Block viral replication Hormone-like peptides

Indicate the two descriptions of antibodies. 1) Glycoproteins on the cell surface that identify the cell as "self" or "foreign" 2) Produced by plasma cells 3) Proteins that bind to antigens 4) Produced by T cells 5) Molecules that stimulate an immune response

Produced by plasma cells Proteins that bind to antigens

Indicate the two descriptions of antibodies. 1) Molecules that stimulate an immune response 2) Produced by plasma cells 3) Glycoproteins on the cell surface that identify the cell as "self" or "foreign" 4) Proteins that bind to antigens 5) Produced by T cells

Produced by plasma cells Proteins that bind to antigens

As a B cell is activated, it ______, forming ______. 1) Releases cytokines; a clot 2) Proliferates; a clone 3) Dies; pus

Proliferates; a clone

Indicate the two descriptions of antibodies. 1) Proteins that bind to antigens 2) Produced by plasma cells 3) Glycoproteins on the cell surface that identify the cell as "self" or "foreign" 4) Produced by T cells 5) Molecules that stimulate an immune response

Proteins that bind to antigens Produced by plasma cells

Where do B lymphocytes mature? 1) Red bone marrow 2) Spleen 3) Thymus 4) Yellow bone marrow

Red bone marrow

Matching tissue types between organ donors and recipients will help avoid a tissue ______ reaction after transplantation.

Rejection

In the cadaver image, identify the structure highlighted in yellow. 1) Remnant of thymus 2) Thoracic nodes 3) Spleen 4) Thoracic duct

Remnant of thymus

List three benefits of the process of inflammation. 1) Induce hemorrhaging 2) Remove debris of damaged cells 3) Stimulate erythrocyte production 4) Limit the spread of pathogens 5) Initiate tissue repair

Remove debris of damaged cells Limit the spread of pathogens Initiate tissue repair

The term "species ______" refers to the fact that a given organism may not be susceptible to diseases that affect other organisms.

Resistance

Lymph eventually is returned to the circulation at what blood vessels? 1) Right and left subclavian veins 2) Right and left subclavian arteries 3) Internal and external jugular veins 4) Superior and inferior venae cavae

Right and left subclavian veins

The right lymphatic duct receives lymph from which lymphatic trunks? 1) Left lumbar trunk 2) Left jugular trunk 3) Right lumbar trunk 4) Left subclavian trunk 5) Right subclavian trunk 6) Intestinal trunk 7) Right jugular trunk

Right subclavian trunk Right jugular trunk

Into what blood vessel does the right lymphatic duct drain? 1) Left subclavian artery 2) Right subclavian artery 3) Left subclavian vein 4) Right subclavian vein

Right subclavian vein

Memory T and B cells function in what type of reaction? 1) Secondary immune response 2) Primary immune response

Secondary immune response

What is the meaning of the root word auto- (as in autoimmune disease)? 1) Self 2) Knot 3) Disease 4) Free; exempt

Self

In autoimmune disorders, the immune system mistakenly attacks ______. 1) Pathogens 2) Self antigens 3) Antibodies

Self antigens

Which of the following acts as a mechanical barrier to pathogen entry into the body. 1) Skin 2) Cell membranes 3) Sweat

Skin

List three effects of the complement system. 1) Stimulation of inflammation 2) Production of antibodies 3) Enhancement of phagocytosis 4) Enzymatically destroy pathogens 5) Attraction of phagocytes 6) Prevent viral replication

Stimulation of inflammation Enhancement of phagocytosis Attraction of phagocytes

Cell-mediated (cellular) immunity is a type of specific defense mediated mainly by ______ lymphocytes, which interact directly with antigen-presenting cells.

T

Name the type of leukocyte that is produced in the red bone marrow and that matures in the thymus. 1) B cells 2) NK cells 3) Plasma cells 4) T cells

T cells

After being activated, a B cell forms a clone. What does this mean? 1) The B cell proliferates, making many copies of itself 2) The B cell releases a large quantity of antibody molecules 3) The B cell binds with many antigen particles, forming a cluster of cells

The B cell proliferates, making many copies of itself

What is not true of the spleen? 1) It contains nodules similar to lymphatic nodules 2) It contains many phagocytes 3) The spaces in the lobes of the spleen are filled with lymph 4) It is the largest lymphatic organ

The spaces in the lobes of the spleen are filled with lymph

Indicate two characteristics of antigens. 1) They are molecules that can trigger an immune response 2) They can be proteins, carbohydrates, or glycolipids 3) They are cells that phagocytize foreign particles 4) They are molecules that bind to cell-surface glycoproteins to neutralize pathogens.

They are molecules that can trigger an immune response They can be proteins, carbohydrates, or glycolipids

How do antibodies neutralize antigens? 1) They bind to the toxic parts of antigens so the antigens cannot do damage 2) They bind to the DNA of the pathogen, initiating gene transcription 3) They poke holes in pathogens, causing them to lyse

They bind to the toxic parts of antigens so the antigens cannot do damage

The two collecting ducts that drains the lymphatic trunks are the ______. 1) Lumbar duct and left lymphatic duct 2) Bronchmediastinal duct and subclavian duct 3) Intestinal duct and left intercostal duct 4) Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

Some of the precursors to lymphocytes are released from the bone marrow and travel to the lymphatic organ called the ______ gland, where they specialize into T lymphocytes.

Thymus

T lymphocytes originate in the red bone marrow, then finish their maturation in the ______. 1) Thymus 2) Lymph node 3) Yellow bone marrow 4) Spleen

Thymus

The encapsulated, bilobed lymphatic organ that shrinks with age is called the ______.

Thymus

What is the first component(s) of the immune system to decline with age? 1) Lymphocyte count 2) Lymph nodes 3) Antibody count 4) Thymus

Thymus

Name the encapsulated bilobed lymphatic organ located anterior to the aorta and posterior to the sternum. 1) Spleen 2) Thyroid gland 3) Thoracic lymph node 4) Thymus gland

Thymus gland

What is inflammation? 1) Process of manufacturing antibody molecules 2) Type of endocytosis used by macrophages 3) Clumping of pathogens by immune cells 4) Tissue response to injury or infection

Tissue response to injury or infection

What is the function of the variable region of an antibody molecule? 1) To bind antigens 2) To determine which class of antibody it is 3) To determine the three-dimensional conformation of each type of antibody

To bind antigens

List three functions of lymph. 1) Drain plasma proteins from blood capillaries 2) Transport dietary fats to the bloodstream 3) Transport dietary proteins to the bloodstream 4) Transport foreign particles into blood capillaries 5) Return to the bloodstream most of the small proteins filtered by the blood capillaries 6) Transport foreign particles to lymph nodes

Transport dietary fats to the bloodstream Return to the bloodstream most of the small proteins filtered by the blood capillaries Transport foreign particles to lymph nodes

True or false: Lymph nodes are encapsulated lymphatic organs.

True

True or false: Muscle contraction moves lymph through lymphatic vessels.

True

True or false: Older red blood cells may be destroyed in the spleen.

True

True or false: The thymus is in the mediastinum behind the sternum.

True

List two factors that might minimize transplant rejection reactions. 1) Use of immunosuppressive drugs 2) Administration of autoantibodies 3) Matching donor and recipient tissues 4) Eating a healthy diet

Use of immunosuppressive drugs Matching donor and recipient tissues

The injection of a killed, or attenuated, pathogen in order to induce immunity is termed ______.

Vaccine

The type of preparation that produces artificially acquired active immunity against the injected substance is called a(n) ______.

Vaccines

The structure of a lymphatic vessel is most similar to that of a(n) ______. 1) Arteriole 2) Capillary 3) Artery 4) Vein

Vein

The collecting ducts empty into ______, returning the fluid from the interstitium back to the blood circulation. 1) Arteries 2) Veins

Veins

As lymph is returned to the blood, it enters the ______ circulation. 1) Arterial 2) Venous

Venous

Which three items are components of lymph? 1) Water 2) Hormones 3) Plasma proteins 4) Gases and nutrients 5) Red blood cells

Water Hormones Gases and nutrients

At the tissues, which two of the following substances are filtered out of the plasma due to blood pressure within blood capillaries? 1) Water 2) Blood cells 3) Large molecules 4) Small molecules

Water Small molecules