Anatomy test 1

Place the following layers of thin skin in order from superficial to deep.

1. stratum corneum 2. stratum granulosum 3. stratum spinosum 4. stratum basale

Migration of a keratinocyte from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum takes about ___ weeks.

2

The integument accounts for about _____% of the body weight.

8

Identify the body region labeled B. Shin area

Crural

The anatomical term for the portion of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle is ______.

Crural

Cardiovascular system

Distributes hormones, nutrients, and gases; picks up waste products

Mitochondria

Double membrane structures with cristae

urinary system

Filters the blood; concentrates waste products

Rough ER

Flattened intercellular network of membrane sacs called cisternae; ribosomes attached on cytoplasmic surface.

Identify the body region labeled A. Forehead

Frontal

Muscular System

Generates heat

Which best describes the differences between sensible and insensible perspirations produced by sweat glands in the skin?

Insensible is in the form of water vapor and cannot be seen while sensible contains water and salts and can be seen.

The plane indicated in the figure by the letter A is the ______. Line going vertical , split left and right

Midsagittal plane

The level is the highest structural level of organization in the human body.

Organism

Cytoplasm

Place of many metabolic processes of the cell

Nucleolus

Synthesizes rRNA and assembles ribosomes in the nucleus

integumentary system

Synthesizes vitamin D; prevents water loss

Which is an accurate description of the anatomic position?

The eyes look forward, and the head is level.

The body plane indicated in the picture with the letter A is the ______. Cut going through stomach horizontally.

Traverse plane

True or false: As the human body grows in size, structures such as the brain become more complex.

True

Which directional term means "toward the front surface"?

anterior

The two types of connective tissue in the dermis are ______

areolar and dense irregular

Extending from the hair follicle to dermal papillae are muscles called _____.

arrector pili

Organs of the cranial cavity include ______

brain only

Mammary is to _____ as brachial is to arm.

breast

The anatomical term for the ______ is sural

calf

Which region typically contains part of the liver, part of the stomach, the duodenum, part of the pancreas, and both adrenal glands?

epigastric

Nerve fibers in skin control ______. Select all that apply

gland secretion rates blood flow

An increase in body size is ______ and an increased specialization as related to form and function is ______

growth and development

Sebaceous glands are classified as ______ glands that discharge an oily, waxy secretion called ______.

holocrine, sebum

The subcutaneous layer is also known as the ______ or superficial fascia.

hypodermis

Regulation of body temperature is a function of the ______ system

integumentary

Regulation of body temperature is a function of the ______ system.

integumentary

The cells of the stratum corneum contain large amounts of the protein called ______

keratin

The cells of the stratum corneum contain large amounts of the protein called ______.

keratin

The cells of the epidermis that produce keratin are called ______.

keratinocytes

_____ are substances that are insoluble in water; examples include fats and oils.

lipids

Which organ system is responsible for the initiation of the immune response?

lymphatic system

The simple diffusion of water is also called. .

osmosis

The ______ layer of the dermis contains areolar connective tissue and dermal papillae.

papillary

Which is the primary function of the muscular system?

produces body movement

Choose the general functions of the muscular system

produces body movement, generates heat

The anatomical term for the central-most anterior region of the pelvis is ______.

pubic

In ______, which is a division of gross anatomy, all the elements in a particular area of the body are examined as a whole

regional anatomy

In diffusion, particles move until they are ______.

spread out evenly on each side of a membrane

The layer of the skin from which most new epidermal cells are derived from is the ______.

stratum basale

Which layer is the most superficial in the epidermis?

stratum corneum

In the human body, epithelium is exemplified at which structural level of organization?

tissue level

Match the membrane-bound organelle with its structural description 1. Golgi 2. Lysosomes 3. Peroxisomes 4. Mitochondria

1. Stacked series of flattened, smooth membrane sacs with associated transport vesicles 2. Membrane sacs with digestive enzymes 3. Membrane-enclosed sacs; usually contain large amounts of specific enzymes to break down harmful substances 4. Double membrane structures with cristae

Migration of a keratinocyte from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum takes about _____ weeks

2

Bone

2 types: Compact and spongy Compact: forms hard outer shell of bones, lamellar form osteosarcoma, osteocytes in lacunae. Spongy: located inside bones, does not contain osteons, trabeculae form lattice, bone marrow between trabeculae, osteocytes scattered in trabeculae.

Loose tissue:

3 types: Areolar, adipose, reticular Areolar: subcutaneous layer and around organs, gel like ground substance, numerous blood vessels, scattered fibroblasts Adipose: in subcutaneous tissue and around some organs, gel like ground substance, numerous blood vessels, scattered fibroblasts. Reticular: Forms stroma of lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow, network of reticular (collagen fibers), scattered fibroblasts and leukocytes.

Cartilage types

3 types: Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage Hyaline: On articulate surfaces of synovial joints, forms cartilage of larynx, trachea, and nose, Chondrocyte in lacunae scattered in matrix. Collagen fibrils in matrix. Elastic: in external ear and epiglottis, abundant elastic fibers around lacunae, Chondrocyte in lacunae, perichondrium present Fibrocartilage: In intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and menisci of knee, bundles of collagen fibers visible, Chondrocyte sun lacunae arranged in parallel rows. No perichondrium

Dense tissue:

3 types: regular, irregular, elastic regular: forms tendons and most ligaments, densely packed, parallel collagen fibers. Fibroblasts between layers, and little ground substance. Irregular: in dermis, periosteum, and perichondrium, and capsule of organs. Randomly arranged collagen fibers, more ground substance than dense regular connective tissue. Elastic: in walls of elastic arteries, trachea, and bronchi and vocal cords. breaching elastic fibers, fibroblasts between layers.

Keratinocytes of the epidermis are usually present for about ______ week(s).

4 weeks

Which statements characterize organelles?

- Each type of organelle has a specific function. - They are located within cells. - They play roles in growth, repair, and cellular maintenance.

Fluid connective

1 type: blood Blood: -erythrocytes (red blood cells) -Leukocytes (white blood cells) -Platelets Watery ground substance has dissolved protein fibers

Goblet cell in pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Location: Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium of respiratory tract (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi) Description: Specialized secretory cell Constitutes 30% of cells of respiratory epithelium Function: Produces mucin and releases it into lumen

The anatomical term for the entire foot is ______.

Pes

Cytosol

Provides support for organelles; serves as medium through which intracellular diffusion occurs

Nucleoli are made up of , enzymes, and other proteins

RNA

digestive system

Responsible for nutrient absorption

Which of the approaches to gross anatomy is specifically concerned with developmental changes occurring prior to birth?

embryology

Nucleus

Acts as cell control center

Visualizing the body in the. position is significant because all observers have a common point of reference when describing and discussing its regions.

Anatomical

is the scientific discipline that studies the relationships among parts of the body as well as the structure of individual organs; whereas, is the discipline in which the function of body structures is the

Anatomy, physiology

Identify the body region labeled C. (Pointing to armpit)

Axillary

Intercalated disc

Between cardiac muscle fibers, Mechanical connection between adjacent cardiac muscle cells, Electrical connection between adjacent cardiac muscle cells, providing for spread of polarization impulses throughout myocardium

Organelles

Carry out specific metabolic activities of the cell

Match the components of cells with their functions

Cytoplasm: Place of many metabolic processes of the cell Smooth ER: Synthesizes lipids; metabolizes carbohydrates; detoxifies drugs, alcohol Rough ER: Synthesizes proteins for secretion, new proteins for the plasma membrane, and lysosomal enzymes Golgi: Modifies, packages, and sorts newly synthesized proteins for secretion, inclusion in new plasma membrane, or lysosomal enzyme synthesis Mitochondria: Powerhouses of cell"

Nucleus

DNA replication DNA transcription into mRNA Ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosome subunit assembly (in nucleolus)

The four major passive transport processes are simple. , facilitated. , osmosis, and bulk .

Diffusion, diffusion, filtration

Which area is labeled A? Top middle square of the abdomipelvic cavity

Epigastric

Which area is labeled A? Top square in the abdominal cavity

Epigastric

The three distinct phases of the interphase period of cell division are, in order of their occurrence, ________ phase, ________ phase, and ________ phase.

G1, S, G2

The system functions in providing protection, regulating body temperature, and preventing water loss.

Integumentary

Smooth ER

Interconnected network of membrane tubules and vesicles; no ribosomes attached

Which statements describe the nuclear envelope?

It controls the entry of substances into the nucleus. It has ribosomes attached to it. It contains phospholipids. It is a double membrane.

Which statements characterize cytosol?

It has a high water content. It is also called intracellular fluid. It contains many dissolved solutes. It contains proteins and carbohydrates.

Cilia on pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Location: -Apical surface of pseudostratified columnar epithelium -Lining of most of respiratory tract, epididymis, parts of urinary tract, and large excretory ducts of glands Description: -Motile cell projections -Anchored to apical (luminal) portion of cell cytoplasm -Individual cell may have up to 300 cilia Function: -Oscillations (bending to-and-fro) of cilia move substances (e.g., cells, mucus, and debris) over cell surface

simple squamous epithelium

Location: -Lining of alveoli in lungs -Endothelium (i.e., lumen of blood and lymphatic vessels and heart chambers) -Mesothelium (i.e., serous membranes lining body cavities) Description: -Single layer of flat, irregularly shaped cells -Central, flattened nucleus Function: -Diffusion -Filtration -Secretion (serous membranes) Comment: Mesothelium is epithelium of pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial membranes

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Location: -Lining of most of respiratory tract (nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi) -Lining of epididymis -Lining of parts of urinary tract (parts of female urethra, and membranous and spongy urethra in male) -Lining of large excretory ducts of glands Description: -Single layer of cells, all of which contact basal lamina but only some reach the apical surface -Nuclei at different levels, which gives "impression" of a stratified epithelium -Usually ciliated Function: -Protection -Secretion (mucin) and movement of mucus, cells, and particles -Mucus secreted by goblet cells Comment: -Pseudostratified epithelium also known as respiratory epithelium -Cilia not present on stratified epithelia

Simple columnar epithelium (ciliated)

Location: -Lining of uterine tubes -Lining of larger bronchioles of respiratory tract Description: -Single layer of tall, ciliated cells -Basal, ovoid nucleus -Noncilliated secretory cells (Peg cells) also present; these may have microvilli -Goblet cells may be present Function: -Secretion of mucin -Cilia move mucus in respiratory tract (pseudostratified epithelium) and oocyte and sperm in uterine tube (simple columnar epithelium) Comment: -Estrogen increases rate of ciliary beating on cells in uterine tube -Cilia not present on stratified epithelia

Columnar epithelial cell (ciliated)

Location: -Simple columnar epithelia -Stratified columnar epithelia Description: -Columnar cell (i.e., taller than wide) -Basal, ovoid nucleus -Cilia present on apical surface Function: -Varies depending on location: absorption, secretion (e.g., mucin), protection, and movement of mucus

cuboidal epithelial cell

Location: -Simple cuboidal epithelia -Stratified cuboidal epithelia -Stratified columnar epithelia (deep layers) -Stratified squamous epithelia (deep layers) Description: -Cuboidal cell (i.e., approximately as tall as wide) -Central, spherical nucleus -Apical surface may have microvilli Function: Varies depending on location: absorption, secretion, and protection

Squamous cell

Location: -Simple squamous epithelia -Stratified squamous epithelia Description: -Flat, irregularly shaped cell Function: -Varies depending on location: diffusion, filtration, secretion (serous membranes), protection

Lumen of uterine tube

Location: -Uterine tube Description: -Central opening lined by ciliated simple columnar epithelium Function: -Conduit for movement of gametes (oocyte and sperm) -Site of fertilization (in ampulla)

Adipocyte

Location: Adipose connective tissue Description: Spherical cell (up to 120 µm in diameter) Contains lipid inclusion (droplet) Has thin rim of cytoplasm and peripherally-located nucleus (large lipid inclusion pushes cytoplasm and nucleus to periphery of cell, resulting in classic "signet ring" in histological preparations) Function: Stores fat (energy source) Also known as: Fat cell Comment: Adipocytes that contain single lipid inclusion (called unilocular) form white adipose tissue (fat) Adipocytes that contain multiple lipid inclusions (called multilocular) form brown adipose tissue (fat) Groups of adipocytes in H&E stained sections have "chicken wire" appearance When differentiated, cannot divide Micrometer (µm), also known as a micron, is 1/1,000 of a millimeter

Squamous cell (without nucleus)

Location: Apical layer of stratified squamous epithelia (keratinized) Description: Flat, irregularly shaped cell Function: Variable, depending on location: diffusion, filtration, secretion (serous membranes), protection

Cilia on simple columnar epithelium

Location: Apical surface of simple columnar epithelium (uterine tube, uterus, efferent ductules of testis, and small bronchi) Description: Motile cell projections Anchored to apical (luminal) portion of cell cytoplasm Individual cell may have up to 300 cilia Function: Oscillations (bending to-and-fro) of cilia move substances (e.g., cells, mucus, and debris) over cell surface Comment: Cilia in uterine tube beat in wave-like fashion toward uterus, thereby aiding movement of ovum and embryo (peristaltic contraction of wall of uterine tube may also aid in movement of ovum). The binding of sperm to the tips of cilia may facilitate the transport of sperm in the uterine tube toward the ampulla.

Basement membrane of simple columnar epithelium

Location: Between epithelium and underlying connective tissue Description: Thin, acellular region Has two parts: basal lamina (approx 100 nm thick) and reticular lamina (variable thickness, depending on mechanical forces placed on epithelium) Basal lamina composed of collagen (type IV) and glycoproteins Reticular lamina composed of collagen (types I and III) Function: Physical support for epithelium Anchors epithelium to underlying connective tissue Molecular filter Comment: Basal lamina produced by epithelial cells Lamina reticularis produced by connective tissue cells

Erythrocyte

Location: Blood vessels of body Heart Description: Biconcave disc shape Mature cells lack nuclei and organelles Make up 99% of the formed elements of blood Function: Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from tissues of body Also known as: Red blood cell (RBC)

Extracellular matrix of hyaline cartilage

Location: Cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) Description: Composed primarily of type II collagen; also includes proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and extracellular fluid Collagen does not form thick bundles Does not contain blood or lymphatic vessels, or nerves Function: Resists mechanical stresses (e.g., compression, stretching, torsion) Also known as: Extracellular matrix also known as extracellular space, extracellular fluid (ECF), tissue fluid, or interstitial fluid Comment: Collagen in hyaline and elastic cartilage is predominantly type II; fibrocartilage contains type I collagen ECM of bone is calcified; ECM of cartilage is not calcified Hyaline cartilage present in articular surfaces, larynx, tracheal rings, and nasal septum

cartilage (with Chondrocyte) in elastic cartilage

Location: Cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) Description: Small cavity Contains one, or more, chondrocytes Living chondrocyte fills lacuna; apparent space around chondrocyte in lacuna due to shrinkage during processing for light microscopy Comment: Plural is lacunae One, two, or sometimes four chondrocytes can reside in a single lacuna; chondrocytes, particularly in developing cartilage, divide and daughter cells remain in same lacuna (this represents an isogenous group; Greek: isos = same + genos = family) Chondroblasts (immature cartilage cells), which give rise to chondrocytes, also found within lacunae Elastic cartilage present in larynx, epiglottis, auditory (Eustachian) tube, external auditory acoustic meatus, and external ear

Chondrocyte (in lacuna in elastic cartilage)

Location: Cartilage matrix (gel-like extracellular matrix) Description: Chondrocyte is mature cartilage cell One, two, or sometimes four chondrocytes can reside in a single lacuna; chondrocytes, particularly in developing cartilage, divide and daughter cells remain in same lacuna (this represents an isogenous group; Greek: isos = same + genos = family) Function: Secretes cartilage matrix Comment: Lacuna (plural, lacunae) is a small cavity Living chondrocyte fills lacuna; apparent space around chondrocyte in lacuna due to shrinkage during tissue processing for light microscopy Elastic cartilage present in larynx, epiglottis, auditory (Eustachian) tube, external auditory acoustic meatus, and external ear

Chondrocyte (in lacuna) in elastic cartilage

Location: Cartilage matrix (gel-like extracellular matrix) Description: Chondrocyte is mature cartilage cell One, two, or sometimes four chondrocytes can reside in a single lacuna; chondrocytes, particularly in developing cartilage, divide and daughter cells remain in same lacuna (this represents an isogenous group; Greek: isos = same + genos = family) Function: Secretes cartilage matrix Comment: Lacuna (plural, lacunae) is a small cavity Living chondrocyte fills lacuna; apparent space around chondrocyte in lacuna due to shrinkage during tissue processing for light microscopy Elastic cartilage present in larynx, epiglottis, auditory (Eustachian) tube, external auditory acoustic meatus, and external ear

Chondrocyte (in lacuna) in hyaline cartilage

Location: Cartilage matrix (gel-like extracellular matrix) Description: Chondrocyte is mature cartilage cell One, two, or sometimes four chondrocytes can reside in a single lacuna; chondrocytes, particularly in developing cartilage, divide and daughter cells remain in same lacuna (this represents an isogenous group; Greek: isos = same + genos = family) Function: Secretes cartilage matrix Comment: Lacuna (plural, lacunae) is a small cavity Living chondrocyte fills lacuna; apparent space around chondrocyte in lacuna due to shrinkage during tissue processing for light microscopy Hyaline cartilage present in articular surfaces, larynx, tracheal rings, and nasal septum

Nucleus of Chondrocyte

Location: Central in chondrocyte Description: Largest organelle (5-10 µm in diameter) Spherical structure Nuclear envelope comprised of double membrane (i.e., two lipid bilayers) Contains cellular DNA Nucleolus prominent Function: DNA replication DNA transcription into mRNA Ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosome subunit assembly (in nucleolus) Comment: Staining of DNA with basic histological dyes like hematoxylin depends on transcriptional activity: DNA undergoing active transcription, called euchromatin, stains lightly because it is less folded and, therefore, less dense; transcriptionally inactive DNA, or heterochromatin, is tightly packed and condensed and, therefore, stains more darkly Micrometer (µm), also known as a micron, is 1/1,000 of a millimeter

Platelet

Location: Circulating blood Description: Small, disc-shaped cell fragment (approximately 2 µm in diameter) Lacks nucleus Formed by fragmentation of cytoplasm of megakaryocyte (a cell in red bone marrow) Function: Contributes to clot formation Also known as: Thrombocyte (abnormally low number in circulating blood known as thrombocytopenia) Comment: Micrometer (µm), also known as a micron, is 1/1,000 of a millimeter

lumen of collecting duct

Location: Collecting duct in kidney Description: Central opening lined by simple cuboidal epithelium Function: Receives tubular fluid from multiple nephrons

Osteon

Location: Compact bone Description: Structural unit of compact bone Main components include: concentric lamellae (layers), central canal (Haversian system), osteocytes, and canaliculi Concentric lamellae of compact bone surround a central canal that contains blood vessels and nerves Osteocytes, which reside in lacunae, have processes that extend into canaliculae (a network of small canals) and contact processes of other osteocytes Function: Functional unit of compact bone Structural support of compact bone

Stratified squamous epithelium (kerantinized)

Location: Epidermis of skin Description: Multiple layers of cells Apical cells are squamous; basal cells are typically cuboidal or polyhedral Apical cells lack nuclei; these are dead cells that contain large amounts of the protein keratin Function: Protection of underlying tissue Comment: As cells reach apical surface, they accumulate the cytoskeletal (intermediate filament) protein keratin. These cells lose their nuclei and other cell organelles die and are sloughed off (shed).

Ground substance of reticular connective tissue

Location: Extracellular matrix (ECM) Description: Non-cellular component of connective tissue ECM Gel-like liquid Composed primarily of water; stabilized by glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins Function: Substance of connective tissue that supports and binds cells and fibers Facilitates diffusion of gases, electrolytes, nutrients, and cellular waste products between cells and vasculature Barrier to macromolecules Comment: In connective tissue, extracellular protein fibers (e.g., collagen, elastic) plus ground substance form ECM Reticular connective tissue is a subtype of loose connective tissue

Ground substance of elastic cartilage

Location: Extracellular matrix (ECM) Description: Non-cellular component of connective tissue ECM Solid, gel-like matrix Composed primarily of water; stabilized by glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins Function: Substance of connective tissue that supports and binds cells and fibers Facilitates diffusion of gases, electrolytes, nutrients, and cellular waste products between cells and vasculature Barrier to macromolecules Comment: ECM of bone is calcified; ECM of cartilage is not calcified In connective tissue, extracellular protein fibers (e.g., collagen, elastic) plus ground substance form ECM Elastic cartilage present in larynx, epiglottis, auditory (Eustachian) tube, external auditory acoustic meatus, and external ear

Reticular fiber

Location: Extracellular matrix (ECM) Stroma of lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow Description: Branched network of thin fibers Composed of type III collagen Function: Tensile strength increases support role for connective tissue Comment: Reticular fibers produced by fibroblasts In connective tissue, extracellular protein fibers (e.g., collagen, elastic) plus ground substance form ECM

Elastic fiber in elastic cartilage

Location: Extracellular matrix (ECM) in elastic cartilage Description: Network of branching fibers Function: Makes elastic cartilage more flexible than hyaline cartilage Comment: In connective tissue, extracellular protein fibers (e.g., collagen, elastic) plus ground substance form ECM Elastic cartilage present in larynx, epiglottis, auditory (Eustachian) tube, external acoustic meatus, and external ear

simple cuboidal epithelium

Location: Follicle of thyroid gland Kidney tubules Ducts of many glands Surface of ovary Description: Single layer of cells that are approximately as tall as wide Central, spherical nucleus Function: Absorption and secretion

Transitional epithelium

Location: Lining of urinary system (ureters, urinary bladder, and prostatic urethra) Lining of alantoic duct Description: Multiple layers of cells Appearance varies depending on whether tissue is distended or relaxed In relaxed state, apical cells have characteristic dome shape; these flatten with distension Function: Accomodates distension and relaxation with changes in urinary volume Also known as: Urothelium Comment: Different parts of male urethra lined by different epithelia: prostatic urethra - transitional; membranous and spongy urethra - stratified and pseudostratified columnar; navicular fossa in terminal part of spongy urethra - stratified squamous nonkeratinized

Leukocyte

Location: Lymphatic and other organs Connective tissue (including blood) Description: Nucleated cell 1.5-3 times larger in diameter than erythrocytes (red blood cells) Two classes: granulocytes and agranulocytes Granulocytes (which have abundant granules) include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils Agranulocytes (which lack abundant granules) include lymphocytes and monocytes Function: Initiate and participate in immune response Also known as: White blood cell Comment: Relative abundance in blood: neutrophils (60-70%) > lymphocytes (20-25%) > monocytes (3-8%) > eosinophils (2-4%) > basophils (0.5-1.0%)

Nucleus of adipocyte

Location: Peripheral in mature adipocyte Description: Largest organelle (5-10 µm in diameter) "Flattened" structure Nuclear envelope comprised of double membrane (i.e., two lipid bilayers) Contains cellular DNA and nucleolus Function: DNA replication DNA transcription into mRNA Ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosome subunit assembly (in nucleolus) Comment: Adipocyte also known as fat cell Lipid inclusion in mature adipocyte enlarges to push nucleus and cytopasm to periphery of cell, resulting in classic "signet ring" appearance in histological preparations Staining of DNA with basic histological dyes like hematoxylin depends on transcriptional activity: DNA undergoing active transcription, called euchromatin, stains lightly because it is less folded and, therefore, less dense; transcriptionally inactive DNA, or heterochromatin, is tightly packed and condensed and, therefore, stains more darkly Micrometer (µm), also known as a micron, is 1/1,000 of a millimeter

Columnar epithelial cell (ciliated)

Location: Simple columnar epithelia Stratified columnar epithelia Description: Columnar cell (i.e., taller than wide) Basal, ovoid nucleus Cilia present on apical surface Function: Varies depending on location: absorption, secretion (e.g., mucin), protection, and movement of mucus

Stratum basale

Location: Skin Deepest layer of epidermis Description: Single layer of columnar or high cuboidal cells resting on basement membrane Keratinocyte is predominant cell Also contains melanocytes, Merkel cells (touch receptors), and stem cells Function: Keratinocytes undergo mitosis, producing stem cells and cells that migrate into stratum spinosum Also known as: Basal layer or stratum germinativum Comment: Cells in stratum basale and stratum spinosum responsible for turnover of epidermal keratinocytes Melanocytes of this layer produce melanin, a natural sunscreen

Stratum spinosum

Location: Skin Epidermis, between stratum basale and stratum granulosum Description: Many layers of keratinocytes Deepest cells can divide Cells firmly attached to each other by desmosomes (cell junctions) Also contains dendritic (Langerhans) cells Function: Helps maintain physical strength of epidermis Helps maintain barrier to infectious agents and harmful substances Also known as: Prickle cell layer Comment: Cells in stratum basale and stratum spinosum responsible for turnover of epidermal keratinocytes

Stratum granulosum

Location: Skin Epidermis, between stratum spinosum and stratum lucidum Description: Three to five layers of flattened keratinocytes Keratinocytes contain dark staining keratohyalin granules (precursor of keratin) Nuclei of keratinocytes in various stages of degeneration Function: Protection for deeper layers Also known as: Granular layer Comment: Not a distinct layer in thin skin

Stratum corneum

Location: Skin Outermost layer of epidermis Description: Up to 30 layers of cornified, dead cells Dead cells contain keratin Function: Creates barrier to fluids Also known as: Keratin layer Comment: Cells sloughed (shed) from surface and continually replaced from deeper layers Sloughed cells form major component of household "dust" Latin: cornu = horn

Dermis

Location: Skin (between epidermis and hypodermis) Description: Two layers: papillary (superficial), composed of areolar connective tissue; and reticular (deep), composed of dense irregular connective tissue Contains appendages of skin: hair follicles and glands (sweat and sebaceous) Contains sensory nerve endings and dense network of blood and lymphatic vessels Includes part of hair follicle (which develops as invagination from epidermis) Function: Supports epidermis Dense concentration of collagen and elastin gives skin strength Receives general sensory stimuli (pain, touch, and temperature) via nerve endings and specialized receptors Regulates body temperature Comment: Muscles of facial expression insert on dermis

Epidermis

Location: Skin (superficial to dermis) Description: Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of variable thickness Avascular Major cell type is keratinocyte Thick skin has five layers (superficial to deep): stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale Thin skin has four layers (stratum lucidum is missing) Cells of stratum lucidum and stratum corneum lack nuclei Function: Physical barrier Protection of underlying structures Comment: Also contains stem cells, melanocytes, Merkel cells, and dendritic cells Depends on underlying dermis for nutrients (i.e., vascular supply)

Osteocyte

Mature bone cell, Secrete substances that maintain bone matrix, Detect and respond to mechanical stress on bone

Structures that cannot be observed by the unaided eye are examined in anatomy.

Microscopic

The nucleus is enclosed by a double membrane structure called the envelope.

Nuclear

Match the components of the nucleus with their structure and/or function. 1. Nuclear envelope 2. Nuclear pores 3. Nucleolus 4. Chromosome

Nuclear envelope: Double membrane boundary between cytoplasm and nuclear contents Nuclear pores: Openings through the nuclear envelope Nucleolus: Synthesizes rRNA and assembles ribosomes in the nucleus Chromosome: Filamentous association of DNA and histone proteins

Identify the body region indicated by the letter M. (Area right above pubic )

Pelvic

Identify the body region indicated by the letter M. Right above pubic area

Pelvic

Golgi apparatus

Stacked series of flattened, smooth membrane sacs with associated transport vesicles

Connective tissue

Structural support, binds organs to body, fat storage, exchange of nutrients and metabolic waste. Defense and protection. -cells, protein fibers, ground substance= ECM -Connective tissue proper, supporting connective tissue, fluid connective tissue

Which are functions of the subcutaneous layer? Select all that apply

Thermal insulation Energy reservoir Protection

Supporting connective tissue

Two overall types: cartilage (semisolid matrix) and bone (solid matrix)

Connective tissue proper

Two types: Loose and dense Loose: abundant ground substance, scattered cells, loosely arranged protein fibers Dense: abundant, tightly packed protein fibers with a few cells, little ground substance

Which is the simplest level of organization?

atom

There are no blood vessels in the epidermis. The term for lack of blood vessels is ______.

avascular

In the second step of wound healing, a ______ forms.

blood clot

A hemangioma is a congenital anomaly that results in skin discoloration due to ______ that proliferate and form a benign tumor.

blood vessels

Since there are no blood vessels in the epidermis, where does its supply of nutrients come from?

blood vessels in the dermis

Glycogen is a type of ______ that is considered a cell inclusion.

carbohydrate

The anatomical term for head is ______

cephalic

The main structural components of the reticular layer is primarily a network of ______ fibers that extend internally from the reticular layer of the dermis into the underlying subcutaneous layer.

collagen

One of the main factors that influence membrane permeability is ______

concentration gradient

One of the main factors that influence membrane permeability is ______.

concentration gradient

The function of the nucleus is to ______.

control cellular activities

Another name for the skin is the ______ membrane.

cutaneous

The watery, syrup-like fluid of the cytoplasm is called

cytosol

is the viscous fluid of the cytoplasm.

cytosol

The reticular layer contains ______.

dense irregular connective tissue

The connective tissue root sheath of a hair follicle are derived from the ______

dermis

Epidermal accessory organs are located in the ______ and may project through the ______ to the surface of skin.

dermis and epidermis

Nerve fibers in the skin monitor sensory receptors in the ___

dermis and epidermis

The tendency of molecules to move down their concentration gradient is ______.

diffusion

The nucleus is surrounded by a ______ membrane.

double

In the second step of wound healing, a blood clot temporarily patches the ______ of the wound together and acts as a barrier to prevent the entry of ______ into the body.

edges, pathogens

Some membrane proteins catalyze (speed up) the rate of metabolic reactions. These proteins are acting as

enzymes

The dermal papillae interlock with deep projections of the epidermis called ______.

epidermal ridges

The skin is made up of two distinct layers, the _____ and the ____

epidermis and dermis

The skin is made up of two distinct layers, the _____ and the _____.

epidermis and dermis

Examples of lipids include ______

fats, oils, waxes, steroids, cholesterol

Friction ridges on the tips of fingers are known as ______.

fingerprints

DNA in the nucleus is organized into

genes

Daughter cells produced through mitosis are ______.

identical

The right and left ______ regions are inferior areas located ______ to the hypogastric region.

iliac, lateral

Melanin and protein crystals are examples of ______.

inclusions

The anatomical term describing the groin is

inguinal

Metaphase of mitosis is occurring when the chromosomes _____.

line up along the equatorial plate

simple cuboidal epithelium

location: kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface, follicle of thyroid gland. Single, layer of cells that are approximately as tall as wide, central spherical nucleus. Function: absorption and secretion.

Which of these are inclusions, not organelles

melanin pigments

Pigment producing cells of the epidermis are ____

melanocytes

What are the two categories of organelles?

membrane-bound and non-membrane-bound

Of the following, which is a main factor that influences membrane permeability?

molecular size

The accessory organs of the epidermis are hair, ______, ______ glands and sweat glands

nails, sebaceous

The cytoplasm is the material between the plasma membrane and ______

nucleus

Two important components of many human body cells have two membranes surrounding them. The structures with double membranes are the ______ and the ______.

nucleus and mitochondria

Membrane-bound and non-membrane-bound structures of the cell that carry out specific functions are ______

organelles

The three parts of the cytoplasm are cytosol, , and inclusions

organelles

Melanosomes are transferred to keratinocytes in the stratum basale via the process of ______ or exocytosis.

phagocytosis

All materials that enter or leave the cell must pass across the membrane.

plasma

The cell structure that functions as a 'gatekeeper' to regulate the passage of gases, nutrients, and wastes between the internal and external environments is the ______

plasma membrane

The vertebral column is ______ to the heart.

posterior

Not all cells contain a nucleolus. The presence of nucleoli in a cell indicates that the cell produces large amounts of _____

protein

Not all cells contain a nucleolus. The presence of nucleoli in a cell indicates that the cell produces large amounts of ______.

protein

The amino acids dissolved in cytosol are used to synthesize new ______.

proteins

Nucleoli are responsible for making the small and large subunits of ______

ribosomes

The secretions of sebaceous glands, called ______ is usually deposited into a ______

sebum, hair follicle

A patient has a cut between the knee and ankle. His cut is in the ______ area.

sural

On many parts of the body, the components of the dermis include blood vessels, ______ glands, ______ glands, hair follicles, nail roots, sensory nerve endings, and smooth muscle tissue.

sweat and sebaceous

The replication of the DNA molecule during interphase occurs during the _____ phase.

synthesis

Derived from Greek, the word anatomy means "______".

to cut apart

Under normal conditions, some interstitial fluids slowly escape through the epidermis via a process called ______ water loss.

transepidermal

Proteins in the plasma membrane perform a variety of functions including _____

transport enzyme activity cell to cell recognition intercellular connection

Proteins in the plasma membrane perform a variety of functions including ______.

transport enzyme activity cell to cell recognition intercellular connection

The canal contains the spinal cord.

vertebral