anatomy unit 6

Why was supportive care alone used to treat Grace (the patient in Clinical Case, Chapter 23), whose Ebola infection also caused symptoms of fever and bloody diarrhea, but not Tayvian?

-The C. difficile bacteria could be "crowded out" and eliminated by the transplant procedure, that is, re-introducing healthy bacterial flora into Tayvian's colon; this option was not available to Grace. -Supportive care would probably not be sufficient to get rid of the toxin-producing bacteria in Tayvian's colon. -Grace did not have other treatment options besides supportive care.

Meiosis starts with a single diploid cell and produces

4 haploid cells

Which of the following is likely to occur if Ty, after moving to Mississippi from Maine, begins to consume a diet that is very rich in fats and oils?

Bile levels will increase, thereby increasing the risk for gallstone development.

In which of the following ways are the stomach and the bladder similar?

Both have internal folds called rugae, which disappear when the organs are full.

If Mickey is at a restaurant and eats a greasy hamburger and grease-laden (though tasty) french fries, which of the following event is likely occur?

CCK will be released from the duodenum and cause bile secretion in the gallbladder.

Which of the following events is the last step to occur before urine is released?

Conscious relaxation of the external urinary sphincter occurs.

Identify the correct direction of urine flow from formation to exiting the kidney.

Cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, ureter

The three structures that cross the masseter muscle from superior to inferior are the

Dorsal facial nerve, parotid duct, ventral facial nerve

Neutering a male cat is the removal of the cat's testes. When a human male gets a vasectomy as a means of birth control, what structure is cut and tied off?

Ductus deferens

Which structures are innervated by the dorsal and ventral facial nerves?

Facial muscles

The mesentery through which the umbilical vein passes is the

Falciform ligament

Name the strong transparent covering that encases the kidney.

Fibrous capsule

Which mesentery listed below is a dorsal mesentery?

Greater omentum

The structure that is located medial to the digastric muscle is the

Hypoglossal nerve

What happens to the glomerular filtrate released into the capsular space?

It passes into the proximal convoluted tubule.

If Jack's kidney stone did not "pass" on its own but got stuck and completely blocked the flow of urine in that location, which of the following statements would be true?

Jack would have increased pain caused by urine backing up and stretching the lining of the kidney and urete

As males age, they often experience a difficulty with urinating that females do not. Why does this difference exist?

Males have a prostate gland that swells and narrows the urethra, whereas females do not.

The inferior mesenteric artery passes through the __________ and supplies the __________.

Mesocolon, distal colon

Taste buds are innervated by which cranial nerves?

N VII, IX, X

The serous membrane that covers the deep surface of the abdominal body wall is the __________.

Parietal peritoneum

Which of the following statements about the glomerular filtration membrane is true?

Podocytes block the passage of all but the smallest of the plasma proteins.

Which structure is found separating the renal pyramids?

Renal columns

Where does filtration of the blood occur within the kidneys?

Renal cortex

A major calyx is a component of which of the following anatomical structures?

Renal pelvis

The uterine tube, or oviduct, extends from the uterus. This structure extends from the uterus to the anterior body wall.

Round ligament

Which structure listed below IS present in the human male reproductive tract but is NOT present in the male cat?

Seminal vesicle (seminal gland)

Which of the following statements regarding the ureters is FALSE?

Sphincter muscles regulate the passage of urine from the ureters to the bladder.

Which of the following occurs during the esophageal phase of deglutition?

The bolus of food passes through the cardia of the stomach.

Slides of the esophagus often also include cross-sections of the trachea because of their close proximity. What features could you use to distinguish between the two organs?

The esophagus has a stratified squamous mucosa, whereas the trachea is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

Which of the following correctly describes the position of the kidneys?

The inferior vena cava is medial to the kidneys.

How does the urethra in the male differ from that of the female?

The male urethra transports both semen and urine; in the female, the urethra transports only urine.

How does the anatomy of the stomach contrast with other regions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?

The muscularis externa of the stomach includes an oblique muscle layer.

Why was the colon not suspected as a cause of Eleanor's pain?

The pain would have been on the anterior side in the umbilical and hypogastric regions.

Which of the following correctly describes the spermatic cord?

The pampiniform plexus lies within the cord.

All of the statements concerning the vagina are correct, assuming that the female is in anatomical position EXCEPT __________.

The vagina and urethra merge into a common tubular organ before exiting the body.

How are the ovaries and the uterus similar?

They are both held in place by membranous ligaments.

Which reproductive structure of the female cat is located in the true pelvis?

Urogenital sinus

Identify all of the structures a kitten will pass through as it is born.

Uterine horn, body of uterus, cervix, vagina, urogenital sinus

Crystal has a kidney stone in her left ureter. Which of the following problems would you expect to see from this condition?

a decrease in filtration and urine production in the left kidney

Contraction of the smooth muscle of the afferent arteriole causes __________.

a decrease in the blood flow through the glomerulus

Identify the statement that best describes the spermatic cord.

a fascial sheath containing the ductus deferens and the testicular vessels and nerves

Four or five minor calyces join to form __________.

a major calyx

The reproductive system is responsible for __________.

achieving and maintaining sexual maturation in adults

Folds in the lining of the esophagus __________.

allow for the expansion of the lumen as food is passing through

The ureters __________.

along with the opening to the urethra, form the trigone

Fertilization typically occurs in the __________.

ampulla of the uterine tube

In its normal position, the body of the uterus bends anteriorly, lying across the superior and posterior surfaces of the urinary bladder. This position is known as __________.

anteflexion

Unlike the capillaries found in the skin, the glomerular capillaries __________.

are arranged in a knot-like fashion, which slows the passage of blood

About 85 percent of all nephrons __________.

are cortical nephrons with short nephron loops.

The lamina propria is made up of what tissue?

areolar

Why would this E. coli infection cause red spots on the subject's skin?

because E. coli damaged the capillary endothelium

Based on the location of the pain and the relative position of the structures involved, why did the first physician suspect appendicitis?

because the discomfort was in the umbilical region

The thick, sticky alkaline mucous that is used to neutralize urinary acids is produced by

bulbo-urethral glands

In comparison to aging females, aging males __________.

can produce more offspring at later ages

Which of the following correctly identifies the order in which feces would pass through the large intestine?

cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum

What is the function of the renal pelvis?

collects newly formed urine

Diarrhea is the result of insufficient reabsorption of water. Where does most of the reabsorption of water occur in the digestive tract?

colon

Blood supply to the uterus __________.

comes from the uterine and ovarian arteries

Which of the following ducts join to form the bile duct?

common hepatic and cystic duct

The pylorus does NOT __________.

contact the diaphragm muscle

In the penis, the urethra passes through the __________.

corpus spongiosum

Smooth muscle in the wall of the urinary bladder is called the __________.

detrusor muscle

The macula densa cells are located in the __________ portion of the juxtaglomerular complex.

distal convoluted tubule

Which of the following is NOT found in both sexes?

ducts for infant nourishment

Bile and pancreatic juices empty into the __________.

duodenum

Which of the following small intestinal regions is both retroperitoneal and the recipient of the pancreatic enzymes?

duodenum

Which of the following blood vessels gives rise to the peritubular capillaries?

efferent arteriole

Blood entering the kidney passes through all EXCEPT which of the following vessels on its way to the nephron?

efferent arterioles

In humans, the sperm in the ductus deferens empty into the __________.

ejaculatory duct

The ductus or vas deferens __________.

enlarges distally to form the ampulla

The prolapse of the uterus presses against what structure to impede evacuation of the bladder?

entrance to the rectum

Tayvian's colitis and copious, watery diarrhea interfere with the normal functioning of his large intestine. Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the large intestine?

enzymatic digestion and nutrient absorption

Which of the following correctly lists the order in which sperm would pass on the way out of the body?

epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and penile urethra

The urinary system is NOT responsible for __________.

extracting usable nutrients from consumed liquids

The fibrous capsule is a layer of adipose tissue that surrounds the kidney.

false

The medullary pyramids contain collecting tubules (ducts) that travel towards the renal cortex, carrying urine to exit the kidney.

false

Which layer of the uterus is lost each month in the menses?

functional layer of the endometrium

The regions of the uterus are the __________.

fundus, body, and cervix

Bile is stored and concentrated in the __________.

gallbladder

Reproductive cells in either females or males are called ________.

gametes

The lateral surface of the stomach is formed by the __________.

greater curvature

The glomerular capsule __________.

has specialized podocytes of the visceral layer that wrap around the glomerular capillaries

As we age, these pouch-like structures begin to sag, causing symptoms of diverticulitis.

haustra

Because of its location, the right colic flexure is also known as the __________.

hepatic fissure

Where does the ureter penetrate the kidney?

hilum

During prophase I of meiosis,

homologous chromosomes stick together in pairs.

Which of the following are NOT risk factors for uterine prolapse?

hypertension

The blood supply for the sigmoid colon comes from the __________.

inferior mesenteric artery

In humans and in cats, the structure that embraces the ovary and receives the oocyte is the __________.

infundibulum

Lying alongside the minor calyces are the __________.

interlobar arteries

A cell preparing to undergo meiosis duplicates its chromosomes during

interphase

Testosterone is produced in the __________.

interstitial cells

In a male, the external urethral sphincter __________.

is inferior to the prostate

Seminal fluid __________.

is produced by the prostate, bulbo-urethral glands, and seminal glands

Compared to the ureters, the urethra __________.

is used by more than one system in males

Which of the following components of the small intestine do(es) NOT increase the absorptive surface area?

lacteal

Before milk passes through the nipple, it last collects in the __________.

lactiferous sinus

As the bacteria break through the intestinal epithelium, what is the first vascular layer to be encountered?

lamina propria

Indigestible material is dehydrated and compacted in the __________.

large intestine

The digestive function of compaction takes place in the __________.

large intestine

Jack has blood in his urine (hematuria). Where in Jack's urinary tract did this blood originate?

left ureter

When identifying the mesenteries of the stomach, called omenta, the _____ omentum is attached to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the _____ omentum is attached to the greater curvature of the stomach.

lesser, greater

The ________ prevents extreme movements of the tongue; however if it is too restrictive, the individual cannot eat or speak normally.

lingual frenulum

The __________ is a structure that anchors the tongue but may impair speech and eating if it is too short.

lingual frenulum

Which of the following correctly lists the parts of the juxtaglomerular complex?

macula densa, mesangial cells, and juxtaglomerular cells

The cremasteric reflex is used to help __________.

maintain correct testicular temperature for sperm production

Males and females differ in the organizations of their respective reproductive systems in that __________.

male gonads are located below the urogenital diaphragm, whereas female gonads are located above that muscle band

Most of the small intestine is anchored to the posterior abdominal wall by the __________.

mesentery proper

The __________contains two layers of smooth muscle that provide movement for peristaltic and segmentation contractions.

muscularis externa

Which muscle listed below functions in swallowing?

mylohyoid

When Adam dissects a cadaver kidney, he first examines the renal sinus area. He would NOT find which of the following in this area?

nephrons

The deepest layer of muscle in the wall of the stomach is the __________.

oblique

Comparing male to female anatomy, it is evident that __________.

only the male urethra functions in both the urinary and reproductive systems

Tayvian's colitis (inflammation of the colon) is likely caused or exacerbated by all of the following EXCEPT:

oral (prescription) antibiotics causing irritation due to direct contact with the cells lining the colon

Food that is going to reach the stomach has to pass through which portions of the pharynx?

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

The female gonad is the __________ and the gamete is a/an __________.

ovary, oocyte

Damaging which type of cell could lead to anemia?

parietal cells

Salivary amylase is a digestive enzyme that is produced by the __________ and that breaks down __________.

parotid glands, carbohydrates

The ureters pass _____

pass anterior to the iliac artery and vein

The left renal vein __________.

passes posterior to the superior mesenteric artery

The layers of the uterine wall, from outer to inner, are the __________

perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium

What is another name for the visceral epithelium of the glomerulus?

podocytes

The location of the kidneys __________.

posterior to the abdominal cavity

The pancreas lays __________.

posterior to the stomach

The reproductive system does NOT __________.

produce adrenaline to help males compete for the attention of females

Compared to the movement of peristalsis, segmentation __________.

produces movement that breaks up materials but doesn't move those materials forward

The pancreas is an organ whose activities are primarily devoted to the __________.

production of enzymes to assist in digestion and absorption of nutrients

Injury to the liver would NOT affect the __________.

production of vitamin k

During meiosis, segments of nonsister chromatids can trade places. This recombination of maternal and paternal genetic material is a key feature of meiosis. During what phase of meiosis does recombination occur?

prophase I

The correct order of events during meiosis is

prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis, meiosis II.

Filtrate produced in the renal corpuscle flows directly into the __________.

proximal convoluted tubule

Age-related changes in the urinary system include ________

reduced sensitivity to ADH

Adjacent renal pyramids are separated by the __________.

renal columns

Urine passing through a minor calyx would NOT flow through the __________.

renal columns

Filtration occurs in which part of the nephron?

renal corpuscle

Where does the kidney filter the blood?

renal corpuscle

The outer layer of the kidney is called the __________.

renal cortex

Which of the following regions of the kidney is in contact with the fibrous capsule?

renal cortex

Which region of the kidney is the most superficial?

renal cortex

Where are the renal columns located?

renal medulla

The longitudinal folds in the stomach mucosa are called __________.

rugae

Which of the following disappear(s) as the stomach fills?

rugae

Sperm are initially produced in the

seminiferous tubules

Sperm are produced in the __________ and stored in the __________.

seminiferous tubules, epididymis

Chemical digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids occurs in the __________.

small intestine

Constriction of the pyloric sphincter would prevent material from entering the __________.

small intestine

The majority of the uterine wall is made up of __________.

smooth muscle

Which of the following would NOT disqualify someone as a potential fecal transplant donor?

someone who is not a relative of the patient

Which of the following organs is NOT associated with the production or use of bile?

stomach

Which organ has both a dorsal mesentery and a ventral mesentery attached to it?

stomach

The lesser omentum connects the __________.

stomach and liver

Which type of epithelium lines the oral cavity, the pharynx, and the esophagus, where foods can cause friction?

stratified squamous

Identify the salivary gland that lies deep to the submandibular duct.

sublinguinal gland

About 70 percent of the saliva originates in the ________ salivary glands.

submandibular

During filtration, all of the following act as a physical barrier as part of the filtration membrane EXCEPT __________.

subpodocyte space

Ordinarily, the body of the uterus is located where with respect to the bladder in the female body?

superior

The three longitudinal bands of smooth muscle found in the large intestine are called __________.

teniae coli

One distinct difference between the human female reproductive tract and the cat female reproductive tract the how each opens externally. The urogenital sinus in the cat is __________.

the common opening of the urinary and reproductive tracts

Jack's kidney stone causes pain that comes in peristaltic "waves" or contractions. Peristalsis also occurs in: __________.

the digestive system (contraction of muscles lining the GI tract)

The pancreas produces a large number of the enzymes used to perform chemical digestion of the foods we eat. Where do these enzymes enter the alimentary canal?

the duodenum at the hepatopancreatic ampulla

What enables voluntary control over urination?

the external urethral sphincter

Damage to the greater omentum would NOT affect __________.

the frequency of stomach contractions

Which organ receives the blood returning from the digestive tract (stomach, small and large intestine) carrying absorbed nutrients?

the liver via the hepatic portal vein

What is the serosa?

the outermost layer of the intestinal wall

Which of the following structures functions to increase the surface area of the small intestine for the purpose of increasing its absorptive abilities?

the plicae

What is the function of the pancreas?

to secrete digestive enzymes and buffers

The ureter, blood vessels, and nerves penetrate the kidney on its medial surface.

true

The fascial sac derived from the peritoneum that covers the testis is the __________.

tunica vaginalis

The organ(s) of the urinary system responsible for the temporary storage of urine before elimination is/are the __________

urinary bladder

The "arms of the Y" that extend from the body of the uterus in the cat are the __________.

uterine horns

Which of the following terms does NOT refer to the passageway that the fertilized egg travels through before implantation and fetal development occur?

uterus

Podocytes are found within what structure in the renal corpuscle?

visceral layer of the glomerular capsule