ANCIENT HEROES EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE
What are the main features of gods and goddesses in Homer's Iliad?
In Homer's Iliad, gods and goddesses are depicted as powerful, immortal beings who intervene in the affairs of mortals. They possess human-like emotions, desires, and personalities, and they often take sides in the conflicts between the Greeks and the Trojans.
3) Where is Odysseus at the beginning of the Odyssey:
Odysseus is trapped on the island of Ogygia, where he has been held captive by the nymph Calypso for seven years.
d) From which "world" does Odysseus find the reasoning behind his speech's arguments?
Odysseus takes all of his arguments from the Iliadic heroic world he belongs too.
d) Lines 93-105: which different reactions does Demodocus' first song trigger in the audience?
Phaeacians >>> 100-1: Entertainment: 'The Phaeacian lords ... delighted in his words'. Odysseus >>> 93-96: Odysseus cries. This reminds us of Penelope's reaction in Book 1: crying is the result of a character's personal connection with the given song. In this specific case, Odysseus' crying seems a comment on the sorrow brought about by the Trojan war on both Greeks and Trojans - Odysseus cries as a veteran!
a) What is an epithet?
a) An epithet is a descriptive term or phrase used to characterize a person or thing, often used as a formulaic expression in Homeric oral poetry.
a) How is Penelope characterized in Book 1 of the Odyssey? Focus on her two main features.
a) In Book 1 of the Odyssey, Penelope is characterized as loyal and intelligent. Her loyalty is demonstrated through her unwavering faith in Odysseus' return, as she resists the suitors and remains faithful to her husband. Her intelligence is shown through her cunning and strategic actions, such as delaying her marriage by weaving and unweaving her father-in-law's shroud.
a) What is kleos?
a) Kleos is a Greek word often translated to "glory" or "fame" as achieved through great deeds, typically in battle.
a) Who is Patroclus for Achilles in Book 16, and in the Iliad as a whole?
a) Patroclus is Achilles' closest companion in the Iliad and is often referred to as his dearest and most trusted friend. He is also the person who inspires Achilles to return to battle after his death.
a) Identify similarities and differences between the beginning of Book 9 (lines 1-97) and the characterization and actions of Agamemnon in Book 2 (lines 1-155). Has Agamemnon changed in Book 9? If yes, in which ways?
a) Similarities between the beginning of Book 9 and the characterization and actions of Agamemnon in Book 2 include his position as a leader and his authority over the Greek forces. However, in Book 9, Agamemnon has changed by acknowledging his mistakes and showing a more humble and self-aware attitude towards his role as a leader.
a) What is the date of the Trojan war as a historical event?
a) The exact date of the Trojan War as a historical event is uncertain, but it is believed to have taken place around the late 12th or early 13th century BCE.
b) What is Hesiod's ancient definition of heroes and heroines?
b)According to Hesiod, heroes were mortals who were born from the union of gods and humans. They possessed exceptional abilities, strength, and often embarked on heroic quests or battles. Heroines, on the other hand, were women who demonstrated exceptional courage, intelligence, and virtue. They were often portrayed as strong-willed and influential figures in ancient Greek mythology and history.
c) What is an idyllic place?
c) An idyllic place is a peaceful and picturesque location, often associated with beauty and tranquility.
c) Which changes happen in Book 24 at the gods' level?
c) In Book 24, there are changes at the gods' level: - The gods are no longer actively involved in the events of the human world, as Zeus has forbidden their interference. - They observe the interactions between Priam and Achilles but are unable to intervene or alter the outcome.
c) How does Shay try to make sense of this relationship?
c) Shay sees the relationship as a profound bond of comradeship and friendship, forged by shared experiences on the battlefield.
c) Which of the Iliadic heroes prove to be successful leaders? Which of them prove to be unsuccessful leaders?
c) The Iliadic heroes who prove to be successful leaders are Achilles and Odysseus, while Agamemnon proves to be an unsuccessful leader.
c) What are the main differences between the scene from the movie and the one from Homer?
c) The main difference between the scene of the quarrel between Achilles and Agamemnon in the movie Troy and the one in Homer's Iliad is that in the movie, it is Briseis who stops Achilles from attacking Agamemnon, whereas in the Iliad, it is Athena. Additionally, Briseis introduces an anti-war and pacifist agenda in the movie, which is not present in the Iliad. The scene ends with Agamemnon teasing Achilles for being silenced by a slave girl and stating that he will sleep with Briseis in the evening.
e) Which Homeric gods and goddesses support the Trojans? Which Homeric gods and goddesses supports the Greeks? Who is neutral?
e) In the Iliad, some Homeric gods and goddesses support the Trojans, such as Apollo, Aphrodite, and Ares, while others support the Greeks, such as Athena, Hera, and Poseidon. Zeus, the king of the gods, is considered neutral and often serves as a mediator between the two sides.
e) Why is it so difficult to be good leaders in the Iliad? [think here of the tension between striving for one's personal glory and caring for the good of one's people].
e) It is so difficult to be good leaders in the Iliad because of the tension between personal glory and the welfare of one's people. Leaders must make sacrifices for their people while also seeking personal honor.
e) The Phaeacian games: which important heroic shift is documented within Odysseus through these lines?
e) The Phaeacian games in lines 197-204, 222-228, and 235-242 document an important heroic shift within Odysseus. Initially, Odysseus is portrayed as an Odyssean hero, focusing on his sufferings. However, through the games, he regains some of his Iliadic heroism based on physical strength. He acknowledges the challenges to his Iliadic heroism caused by his sufferings, but then confidently participates in the games and demonstrates exceptional physical abilities. His anger and willingness to fight, as well as his celebration of his present physical strength, signify his reconnection with his Iliadic heroism. He even boasts about his past skills as an archer, considering himself one of the best in that regard.
e) The death of Sarpedon: how does Zeus react to the evidence that Sarpedon is going to die? Please study his first reaction, Hera's response, and Zeus' subsequent decision.
e) Zeus initially reacts with grief and reluctance to the evidence that Sarpedon will die. Hera then reminds him that it would be unfair to the other immortals to interfere with fate. After considering Hera's words, Zeus makes the difficult decision to let Sarpedon die.
f) What is characteristic of 'foil characters'? What is characteristic of 'parallel characters'?
f) A 'foil character' is a character who contrasts with another character, highlighting their differences and enhancing their distinct qualities. A 'parallel character' is a character who shares similarities or parallels with another character, often serving as a reflection or mirror image.
f) Lines 423-429: Which alternative does Achilles see in his life? What is at stake in choosing one or the other option?
f) Achilles sees two alternatives in his life: undying glory and death on the battlefield or a long life without glory. The stakes in choosing one or the other option are the pursuit of eternal fame and honor versus a comfortable and safe existence without achieving greatness.
f) What is the summary of Aegisthus' story?
f) Aegisthus' story involves him seducing and eventually murdering Agamemnon, the husband of Clytemnestra, upon his return from the Trojan War.
f) Which aspects of Iliadic heroism does Glaucus exhibit on his encounter with Diomedes?
f) Glaucus exhibits aspects of Iliadic heroism in his encounter with Diomedes by displaying courage, valor, and a strong sense of honor.
j) By means of which arguments does Hector again stress his attachment to Iliadic heroism in his response to Andromache?
j) Hector stresses his attachment to Iliadic heroism in his response to Andromache by emphasizing his duty to defend Troy, the honor and glory he seeks in battle, and the importance of fulfilling his role as a hero.
j) In which six different ways is Helen parallel to Achilles?
j) Helen is parallel to Achilles in six ways: both are of divine birth, both are the best in their field, both cause strife, both have a doomed love, both must choose between two ways of life, and both are crucial to the plot.
j) What are the main features of Homeric shame culture? In your answer, make mention of both prizes and revenge.
j) Homeric shame culture is characterized by the importance placed on honor, glory, and the avoidance of shame. Prizes and rewards, such as armor, weapons, and captive women, play a significant role in this culture. Revenge is also a prominent feature, as individuals seek to restore their honor by avenging perceived slights or injustices.
k) Lines 642-680, Ajax' speech: Is Ajax trying to persuade Achilles? Or is Ajax so skeptical about this possibility that he does not even try?
k) Achilles remains resolute in his decision to not return to the battle, despite the pleas and arguments from Odysseus, Phoenix, and Ajax. He is deeply wounded by Agamemnon's disrespect and insists on his personal honor above the needs of the Achaean army. However, he does indicate a potential change of heart should Hector reach the Achaean ships, suggesting that his personal connection to his fellow warriors might outweigh his anger towards Agamemnon.
k) Which role does Hector's helmet (both its removal and its being placed again on Hector's head) play in this famous scene?
k) Hector's helmet plays a significant role in this famous scene as its removal represents his human vulnerability and his desire to connect with his wife and child, while its being placed again on his head signifies his return to his role as a hero and warrior.
k) In which three ways does Homer attempt to domesticate Helen and her beauty? Is Homer's attempt successful or not?
k) Homer attempts to domesticate Helen and her beauty by making her feel remorse for her actions, making her the object of scorn, and making her suffer for her beauty. Whether Homer's attempt is successful is a matter of interpretation.
j) Homeric shame culture is characterized by the importance placed on honor, glory, and the avoidance of shame. Prizes and rewards, such as armor, weapons, and captive women, play a significant role in this culture. Revenge is also a prominent feature, as individuals seek to restore their honor by avenging perceived slights or injustices.
l) In the second half of Book 1, Achilles is shown to be different from Apollo in two main ways. Firstly, Achilles is a mortal hero, while Apollo is a god. Secondly, Achilles is characterized by his intense emotions and personal vendetta against Agamemnon, while Apollo is driven by a sense of divine justice and the desire to punish mortals.
l) What is the final outcome of the embassy to Achilles? Is the embassy successful, partially successful, or unsuccessful? Odysseus' speech is a failure. Phoenix' speech is a failure. Ajax's speech is difficult to assess but it is partially successful; after this speech, Achilles says that he will eventually return to fight if Hector comes to the ships. Final analysis of the embassy's mission: Was the mission successful or unsuccessful?
l) The embassy's mission was largely unsuccessful, as they were not able to persuade Achilles to return to battle immediately. However, there may be some degree of partial success in Ajax's argument, as Achilles shows a slight willingness to return if the situation becomes dire enough. However, considering the main goal was to bring Achilles back to battle immediately, the mission ended largely in failure.
l) Which three features make Paris a character look like the epic anti-hero?
l) The three features that make Paris look like the epic anti-hero include his focus on love over duty, his avoidance of combat, and his reliance on the gods for protection.
m) In which important scene (and how in it) does Homer stress the Homeric gods' possession of a troublesome life?
m) One such important scene where Homer stresses the Homeric gods' troublesome life is when Apollo sends a plague upon the Greek camp because Agamemnon insulted his priest. This scene illustrates the potential severity of the gods' displeasure and how their troubles can significantly impact the lives of humans.
m) What are the main differences between Paris and Achilles?
m) The main differences between Paris and Achilles are their personalities, skills, and motivations. Paris is known for his charm and beauty, while Achilles is known for his bravery and strength. Paris is more inclined towards love and romance, while Achilles is driven by a desire for honor and glory in battle. Additionally, Paris is associated with the city of Troy, while Achilles is associated with the Greeks and their war against Troy.
a) What are the modern definitions of heroes and heroines?
A hero is seen as someone who displays courage, selflessness, and moral integrity in the face of adversity. They are often admired for their bravery and noble qualities, and they serve as inspiration to others. A heroine, on the other hand, refers to a female hero who exhibits similar characteristics and is celebrated for her strength, resilience, and accomplishments.
i) Lines 623-637: how does Achilles respond to Phoenix's speech?
Achilles acknowledges Phoenix's role as his second father, and wants him to stay with him. But Achilles wants Phoenix to hate Agamemnon, and does not listen to his request.
e) Which differences do we notice in these characters' words about the return of Odysseus? What is the main effect of these differences which we discussed in class?
- In Slide 22, the suitors dismiss the idea of Odysseus' return and mock the possibility. - In Slide 23, Antinous, one of the suitors, expresses his belief that Odysseus is dead and his absence allows them to pursue Penelope. - In Slide 24, Telemachus expresses his hope and longing for his father's return. The main effect of these differences is to highlight the contrasting attitudes towards Odysseus' return. The suitors show disrespect and arrogance, while Telemachus carries a sense of longing and loyalty towards his father.
b) Demodocus' First song, Lines 80-92: What are the main themes of Demodocus' first song?
- Quarrel between Odysseus and Achilles with violent words at the beginning of the events leading to the Trojan war. - This quarrel was for Agamemnon an auspicious sign for the rest of the war (as he heard via an oracle).
a) how are the Phaeacians characterized at the beginning of Book 7? Is their portrait as an idyllic (= extremely happy) population offered in Book 6 maintained here?
- The Phaeacians are portrayed as divine-like, an aspect that reinforces their similarity to Calypso (3-5, 10-11). Here the idyllic characterization is maintained. - At the same time, however, a trait of recklessness and violence is given to them, an aspect that makes them more distant from Calypso (34-7) >> 'No tolerant of strangers'. Among the ancestors, the king of the arrogant Giants 'brought destruction down on his reckless people and on himself' (64-5). Moreover, 'Rhexenor had just got married when Apollo shot him with his silver bow in his hall' (69-70). To conclude, this beginning of Book 7 shows that the Phaeacians occupy a kind of middle position between the fully idyllic life of Calypso and the distressed and tough heroic life.
c) Which aspect(s) of Odysseus' heroism does Demodocus' first song reveal or subtly hint at?
Primacy of Odysseus - the best of the Greeks along with Achilles Cunning versus Strength - the traditional and most obvious way to interpret the difference between Odysseus and Achilles, and to indicate the ongoing tension between the two features in Odysseus' own characterization Demodocus' first song seems a mise-en-abyme of the Iliad, with Odysseus replacing Agamemnon. This is another way in which Odysseus' importance as a hero is further stressed, and perhaps a way in which the Odyssey itself is presented as a poem similar to the Iliad but having a different hero (Odysseus).
d)WHY DOES ODYSSEUS REACT AS HE DOES?
The fact that Odysseus responds to Demodocus' first song by crying rather than expressing his pride suggests that the hero is undergoing a process of rethinking and understanding of what happened at Troy - a process that questions his performance of Iliadic heroism there. N.B. Odysseus' shame at crying is not because of the crying itself (it is admitted in the Odyssey that men cry), but because crying would ruin the festive atmosphere. d) Demodocus' first song triggers different reactions in the audience. The Phaeacian lords are delighted by the entertainment provided by the song. Odysseus, on the other hand, cries in response to the song. This crying can be seen as a comment on the sorrow brought about by the Trojan war, indicating that Odysseus is deeply affected by the war and its consequences.
c) Why does Achilles play the lyre here in Book 9?
The lyre is a spoil of war, and singing the glories of war seems a way to compensate for his absence from the battlefield, and also to fuel his desire for glory.
b) Which theme(s) of the Iliad does this song remind you of?
This song reminds us of the Iliadic quarrel between Achilles and Agamemnon (Book 1). Agamemnon is the warlord: this is typical in the Iliad. A tragic view of the Iliad as a story narrating a 'great tide of woe' for both Greeks and Trojans.
a) In which ways are the funeral games a mise-en-abyme of the Iliad? There are ten ways!!
a) The funeral games serve as a mise-en-abyme of the Iliad in several ways: - They mirror the competitive nature of the war itself, with various events showcasing the physical abilities of the participants. - They reflect the themes of honor and glory that permeate the entire epic. - They provide closure to the story by honoring the fallen hero, Patroclus. - They demonstrate the unity and camaraderie among the Greek warriors, despite their previous conflicts. - They highlight the mourning and grief experienced by the characters, offering a cathartic release. - They showcase the role of the gods in influencing the outcome of the games, paralleling their involvement in the war. - They act as a microcosm of the larger conflict, with various characters vying for victory and recognition. - They provide an opportunity for characters to display their skills and prowess, similar to the battle scenes in the Iliad. - They reinforce the idea of the hero's legacy, as the games are a way to honor and remember Patroclus. - They serve as a reminder of the mortality of the heroes, as the games take place in the context of a funeral.
a) In the beginning of the movie: - What are the main components of this beginning? What are the functions of this beginning? - What does this beginning say about the audience expected by the movie director? Who is speaking? What does the music in the background tell us?
a) The main components of the beginning of the movie Troy are the use of a map to show the geographical location, the mention of the date and summary of events, and the introduction of the main characters. The function of this beginning is to provide historical and geographical background and set the stage for the main theme of the movie, which is everlasting glory. The audience expected by the movie director is one that is not familiar with the events being narrated. The music in the background, which is Greek/Orientalizing, adds to the war context of the movie.
a) In the prologue of the Odyssey and in the lines immediately following, which six main features do characterize Odysseus' Odyssean heroism?
a) The six main features that characterize Odysseus' Odyssean heroism in the prologue of the Odyssey and the lines immediately following are: 1. Cleverness and intelligence: Odysseus is known for his cunning and ability to come up with ingenious plans. 2. Resourcefulness and adaptability: He is able to adapt to various situations and find creative solutions to challenges. 3. Endurance and perseverance: Odysseus shows great determination and resilience in his quest to return home. 4. Guile and deceit: He is not afraid to use trickery and deception when necessary. 5. Leadership and strategic thinking: Odysseus is a skilled leader and strategist, as seen in his role in the Trojan War. 6. Personal agency and self-reliance: He takes personal responsibility for his actions and decisions.
b) What is a usual function of Iliadic similes with respect to the Iliadic poem as a whole?
b) A usual function of Iliadic similes in the Iliadic poem as a whole is to provide vivid and imaginative comparisons that enhance the narrative and emphasize the heroic nature of the characters and events.
b) Lines 189-214: How is Achilles characterized on his arrival? Achilles has rage as in Book 1 (line 202), but also exhibits the following differences: Achilles is playing the lyre singing the poem we are reading. Achilles is alone with Patroclus - he is clearly close to him. He cares about the Greeks!
b) Achilles is characterized on his arrival as a skilled musician, deeply connected to his companion Patroclus, and concerned about the well-being of the Greeks.
b) In which two different ways did ancient Greek try to make sense of this relationship?
b) Ancient Greeks interpreted the relationship between Achilles and Patroclus in two different ways. Some saw them as close friends, while others believed they had a romantic relationship.
b) How is Penelope characterized in Book 2 of the Odyssey?
b) In Book 2 of the Odyssey, Penelope is further characterized by the following features: 1. Beauty: Penelope is described as having a beautiful appearance, which attracts numerous suitors. 2. Devotion to her husband: She remains loyal to Odysseus and rejects the suitors' advances. 3. Cleverness and wisdom: Penelope displays her intelligence through her ability to manipulate the suitors and maintain control over her household. She also tests Odysseus disguised as a beggar to confirm his identity.
b) In which ways, does Achilles look different from the beginning of the Iliad in this mise-en-abyme?
b) In the funeral games, Achilles appears different from the beginning of the Iliad: - In his response to Agamemnon's request to reconcile, Achilles shows a newfound maturity and willingness to put aside his anger. - In the first quarrel, Achilles displays restraint and refuses to engage in further conflict, despite being insulted by Ajax. - In the second quarrel, Achilles demonstrates compassion and understanding towards the grieving father, Euryalus, and forgives him for his harsh words.
b) Who are the rhapsodes?
b) Rhapsodes were ancient Greek performers who recited epic poetry, including the Homeric poems, to entertain and educate audiences. They were skilled in memorizing and delivering lengthy poetic compositions.
b) What is the standard ideal of Iliadic leaders? Which metaphor does Homer use to describe this ideal?
b) The standard ideal of Iliadic leaders is being brave, wise, and fair. Homer uses the metaphor of a shepherd to describe this ideal, guiding and protecting his flock.
b) What are the three main differences between the prologue of the Iliad and the prologue of the Odyssey?
b) The three main differences between the prologue of the Iliad and the prologue of the Odyssey are: 1. The Iliad focuses on the wrath of Achilles and the Trojan War, while the Odyssey centers around Odysseus' journey home. 2. The Iliad begins in the midst of the war, while the Odyssey starts after the war has ended. 3. The Iliad emphasizes the actions and conflicts of multiple heroes, while the Odyssey revolves primarily around Odysseus and his experiences.
b) How does Troy address the role of the gods that are so prominent figures in the Iliad?
b) Troy addresses the role of the gods by presenting a human and rational logic for the events in the movie. The divine logic is not as prominent as it is in the Iliad. Some gods appear in the form of statues, and the characters mention the gods and allude to their presence or control over reality. However, there are characters who do not believe in the gods and show some distrust of their influence. Overall, the gods are not dismissed but they are not central to the movie's narrative.
c) What are the main tenets of Oral Theory in the study of the Homeric poems?[Compare Parry's discovery to Haveloch's view of Homer as the Bible of the Greeks]
c) The main tenets of Oral Theory in the study of the Homeric poems suggest that the Iliad and the Odyssey were originally composed and transmitted orally before being written down. This theory emphasizes the role of oral tradition, improvisation, and performance in the creation and transmission of the Homeric epics. Parry's discovery of oral-formulaic composition and Havelock's view of Homer as the "Bible of the Greeks" both contribute to the understanding of the oral tradition and the cultural significance of the Homeric poems.
c) Which two new features characterize divine order in the Odyssey?
c) The two new features that characterize divine order in the Odyssey are: 1. The gods play a more active role in shaping events and guiding the mortals. 2. There is a greater emphasis on divine justice and retribution, with the gods punishing those who have transgressed.
c) What does the word aristeia mean?
c) The word aristeia means a hero's finest moment or peak of excellence in battle.
d) What is an utopian place?
d) A utopian place is an idealized and perfect society or location, typically characterized by harmony, equality, and prosperity.
d) Which ideal does Achilles associate with Patroclus in Book 16?
d) Achilles associates the ideal of loyalty with Patroclus in Book 16. Patroclus is willing to go to battle for him, despite the risks, and Achilles values this loyalty above all else.
d) How is Briseis characterized in Troy? Which kind of character is she? Does she play an important role in the movie? If yes, which role?
d) Briseis is characterized as a Trojan princess, Priam's niece, and a virgin priestess of Apollo in Troy. She plays an important role in the movie by stopping the quarrel between Achilles and Agamemnon, voicing the anti-war agenda, humanizing Achilles, and being emotionally attached to both Trojans and Greeks. She tries to kill Achilles but they end up making love, and she asks him not to fight against Hector. Briseis returns to Troy with Priam and kills Agamemnon. Her anti-war and pacifist perspective is key to the movie and emphasizes the importance of love and relationships over warfare and glory.
d) How does Priam approach Achilles on his visit? What are Priam's main reactions and feelings?
d) Priam approaches Achilles with humility, vulnerability, and a plea for mercy. He expresses his grief and loss, appealing to Achilles' sense of empathy as a fellow father who has also lost a son. Priam's main reactions and feelings include sorrow, desperation, and a desire for closure and redemption.
d) Which complexities do we see in Homer's Odyssey within the emergence of this new divine order?
d) The complexities within the emergence of this new divine order in the Odyssey include: - The gods' conflicting motivations and alliances, leading to manipulation and interference in mortal affairs. - The blurred lines between divine and mortal actions, with mortals often acting as agents of the gods. - The concept of hubris and the consequences it brings, as mortals are held accountable for their actions.
d) How do the first lines of Book 5 relate to shame culture and Iliadic heroism?
d) The first lines of Book 5 relate to shame culture and Iliadic heroism by highlighting the shame and dishonor experienced by the Greeks due to their inability to match the heroic deeds of the Trojans.
d) What are the three failures of Agamemnon as leader in Book 2?
d) The three failures of Agamemnon as a leader in Book 2 include his failure to respect the gods, his inability to effectively communicate with his people, and his selfishness.
e) Lines 322-355, 366-373, 415-418: Which different aspects of Iliadic heroism is Achilles criticizing here? Please list as many as possible.
e) Achilles criticizes different aspects of Iliadic heroism, including the lack of distinction between heroes and cowards, the absence of proper rewards and recognition, the focus on personal relationships and desires, and the prioritization of life over wealth and material possessions.
e) Which kind of hero is Achilles in Troy? Is this Achilles the same hero whom we see in the Iliad?
e) Achilles in Troy is a hero who cares about glory, displays extraordinary military skill and physical strength, and is upset with Agamemnon, similar to Achilles in the Iliad. However, in Troy, Achilles is portrayed as being more about love for Briseis and friendship with Patroclus. Towards the end of the movie, Achilles changes and shows more emotions, such as crying in front of Hector's body and allowing Briseis to return to Troy. Love plays an extraordinary role in Troy, and Achilles prioritizes his relationship with Briseis over warfare and glory.
e) In which ways is Calypso's island presented as an idyllic and utopian place?
e) Calypso's island is presented as an idyllic and utopian place through various elements: - It is described as a lush and beautiful island, filled with abundant vegetation and exotic flora. - Calypso is portrayed as a goddess, living in a luxurious cave with divine powers. - The island is isolated and untouched by the troubles and conflicts of the mortal world, creating a sense of peace and tranquility. - Calypso offers Odysseus immortality and eternal youth, further emphasizing the idyllic and utopian aspects of the island.
e) Why is Diomedes foil to Achilles in Book 5 of the Iliad? Which three differences can we identify between the Diomedes of Book 5 and Achilles at this same point of the Iliad?
e) Diomedes is a foil to Achilles in Book 5 of the Iliad because he demonstrates bravery, skill, and heroism in battle, but unlike Achilles, he does not let his pride and personal grievances overshadow his duty to his comrades.
e) In response to Priam's visit, how does Achilles change his approach to heroism? How do the jars' image help to understand Achilles' change?
e) In response to Priam's visit, Achilles undergoes a significant change in his approach to heroism. He is deeply moved by Priam's words and is reminded of his own mortality and the importance of familial bonds. The image of the jars, which represent the brevity of life, serves as a metaphor for Achilles' change. It symbolizes his realization that revenge and glory are fleeting, and he shifts his focus towards compassion, forgiveness, and the pursuit of a meaningful life.
j) Which kind of speaker is Phoenix? Do you like him? Why yes? Why not?
j) Achilles responds to Phoenix's speech by acknowledging his role as a second father and wanting him to stay with him. However, Achilles wants Phoenix to share in his hatred towards Agamemnon and does not listen to his request for reconciliation.
f) What is the main difference between metaphors and similes? [Please familiarize with our reading of similes in term of structure (first and second components) and interpretation - in the exam you will be asked to analyze a Homeric simile which we have not discussed in class].
f) The main difference between metaphors and similes is that a metaphor directly equates two things, while a simile uses "like" or "as" to compare two things. HOMERIC SIMILES ARE ALSO REFERRED TO AS "EPIC SIMILES." THEY TAKE THE READER AWAY FROM THE BATTLEFIELD AND INTO THE WORLD OF PRE-WAR PEACE AND PLENTY. THEY ASS COLOR AND LIFE TO THE POEMS. INTRODUCED WITH "as," "just as," or "like" and almost invariably containing the phrase "that's how" (or its grammatical equivalent) to indicate the second part of the comparison. EX: like a shipwright bores his beam
f) Why is the passage mentioned in Slide 35 an indication of Achilles' shift to a new personality?
f) The passage mentioned in Slide 35, where Achilles and Priam share a meal together, indicates Achilles' shift to a new personality. It highlights his ability to empathize with Priam's grief and his willingness to show hospitality and kindness to his enemy. This scene demonstrates Achilles' transformation from a vengeful and wrathful warrior to a more compassionate and understanding individual.
f) What are the two main alternatives of Odysseus' 'tree' choice? (Slide 25). Which role does immortality play in this 'tree' choice? What is the difference between the two different types of immortality are mentioned here?
f) The two main alternatives of Odysseus' "tree" choice are: 1. Immortality with Calypso: This represents a life of eternal pleasure and comfort, free from the trials and hardships of mortality. 2. Mortality and return to Ithaca: This represents a life filled with challenges and struggles, but also the opportunity for heroism and the reestablishment of his kingdom.Immortality plays a significant role in this "tree" choice as it represents a tempting alternative to the difficulties Odysseus faces. The difference between the two types of immortality mentioned is that Calypso offers eternal youth and pleasure, while the immortality achieved through heroism and returning to Ithaca would provide a lasting reputation and legacy.
f) Which tensions do we see in the Iliad between Fate's will (or Zeus' will), Zeus' and individual gods' will, and heroes' will? What do these tensions ultimately highlight?
f) There are repeated tensions between Fate's will, Zeus' and individual gods' will, and heroes' will throughout the Iliad. These tensions ultimately highlight the struggle between personal desire and the inexorable march of fate.
f) In which ways does the movie Troy offer a new version of the Iliad which differs from the Homeric original poem?
f) Troy offers a new and pacifist re-reading of the Iliad, one which progressively highlights the value of love and family over the greatness of the heroic code on the battlefield. Anger and brutal violence are not so prominent in Troy's Achilles. List of some relevant themes: Love and family in Troy. Very much stressed. See Paris to Helen on the decision of fleeing away together: 'Gods will curse us but I will love you'. The general approach to war within Troy. Anti-war agenda, with importance given to pity: importance of shared affections and funeral scenes. The multiple references within Troy to the making of myth. This is very interesting: the main interest of the movie is to reflect how this ancient myth has become immortal through memory - and sometimes this process of becoming immortal is reproduced! The movie Troy offers a new version of the Iliad that differs from the Homeric original poem by highlighting the value of love and family over the heroic code and emphasizing an anti-war agenda. The movie focuses on the importance of shared affections and funeral scenes, and it reflects on how the ancient myth of the Iliad has become immortal through memory. Troy presents a pacifist re-reading of the Iliad and introduces new elements, such as Briseis' character and her anti-war and pacifist perspective.
g) How is Achilles characterized in the prologue of the Iliad, and in the first half of the Iliad as a whole? Please include slide 29 in your answer.
g) Achilles is characterized in the prologue of the Iliad as a heroic and noble warrior. He is depicted as strong, skilled in battle, and driven by a desire for glory. In the first half of the Iliad, he is further characterized as a proud and passionate individual, whose actions and decisions have significant consequences on the outcome of the war. Slide 29 highlights Achilles' anger and withdrawal from battle.
g) Who says a lamentation at the end of the Iliad?
g) Hecuba, the queen of Troy, says a lamentation at the end of the Iliad.
g) How is Nausicaa characterized in Book 6? What are her main features and desires?
g) In Book 6, Nausicaa is characterized as beautiful, virtuous, and marriageable. She desires a husband who is brave, intelligent, and worthy of her hand in marriage.
g) In Glaucus' narrative, which elements introduce his tragic approach to Iliadic heroism? There are four of them!
g) In Glaucus' narrative, the elements that introduce his tragic approach to Iliadic heroism are: the recognition of the fleeting nature of human life, the inevitability of death, the importance of honor and reputation, and the tragic consequences of war.
g) In ancient Greece, what is the core feature representing female excellence?
g) In ancient Greece, the core feature representing female excellence is chastity.
g) Why does Odysseus not succeed in persuading Achilles to return to fight?
g) Odysseus does not succeed in persuading Achilles to return to fight because Achilles has become consumed by his grudge against Agamemnon and has rejected many aspects of heroism, including the desire for glory and the sense of camaraderie with his fellow warriors.
g) The death of Patroclus: why is the account of this death a culmination of the tragic approach to Iliadic heroism?
g) The account of Patroclus' death is a culmination of the tragic approach to Iliadic heroism because it underscores the inevitability of death in war, despite courage or heroism.
i) What does Penelope cry, while the suitors do not cry?
i) While the suitors do not cry, Penelope cries during Phemius' song. Her tears indicate her sorrow and longing for her husband, Odysseus, who has been absent for many years. It also reveals her loyalty and love for him, contrasting with the suitors who are only interested in taking advantage of her hospitality and wealth.
g) In which ways, does this story relate to Odysseus'? Discuss the way in which the following characters may be matched in Odysseus' story: Clytemnestra, Odysseus, Aegisthus and Orestes.
g) This story relates to Odysseus' in the way that both Clytemnestra and Penelope are waiting for the return of their husbands. However, the outcomes and the characters' actions differ. Clytemnestra betrays her husband and is later killed by her son, Orestes, seeking revenge. In contrast, Penelope remains faithful to Odysseus and awaits his return, eventually reuniting with him. Clytemnestra can be matched with Penelope, as they are both waiting for their husbands' return. Odysseus can be matched with Orestes, as they both seek revenge against those who have wronged them. Aegisthus, who seduces and murders Agamemnon, can be seen as a foil to Odysseus, who remains faithful and endures hardships to return home.
h) Which heroic shift does it happen in Achilles in Book 18? Which new approach does he take on Iliadic heroism?
h) After Patroclus' death, Achilles undergoes a heroic shift. He abandons his previous approach to heroism, which was heavily influenced by personal honor and grudges. Instead, he decides to return to battle, driven by a desire for revenge.
h) How is Apollo characterized in the first one hundred lines of the Iliad?
h) Apollo is characterized in the first one hundred lines of the Iliad as a god who brings a plague upon the Greek camp in response to the dishonorable actions of Agamemnon. He is depicted as a powerful and vengeful deity, capable of inflicting punishment and influencing the course of events.
h) Which different responses to Phemius' song are recorded in Book 1 of the Odyssey?
h) In Book 1 of the Odyssey, there are four different responses to Phemius' song. Telemachus, as you mentioned, responds with entertainment, enjoying the music like the suitors. Penelope, on the other hand, responds by crying, showing her deep emotional connection to the song. The fourth response comes from Theoclymenus, a seer, who prophesies doom for the suitors due to their disrespectful behavior. These varied responses highlight the different characters and their emotional reactions to the same situation.
How does Phoenix try to conquer Achilles' attention here? Which themes does Phoenix highlight in these initial lines of his speech?
h) In the beginning of Phoenix's speech, he tries to conquer Achilles' attention by reminding him of their personal connection and his role as a father figure. The themes highlighted in these initial lines are the bond between Phoenix and Achilles, their shared history, and the importance of their relationship.
h) Why is it important that Hector and Andromache meet at a gate?
h) It is important that Hector and Andromache meet at a gate because it symbolizes the boundary between the private world of the family and the public world of warfare and heroism.
h) In which different three ways does Odysseus respond to Nausicaa's proposal for love and marriage?
h) Odysseus responds to Nausicaa's proposal for love and marriage in three different ways: 1. He expresses gratitude and admiration for her kindness and beauty but declines her offer, stating that he must first return to Ithaca and fulfill his responsibilities. 2. He advises her to seek marriage with one of the young men in her own country, emphasizing the importance of finding a suitable and compatible partner. 3. He requests her assistance in finding her father, as he believes that her father's help will be crucial in his journey back home.
h) How does Pandora embody the ambivalent nature and effects of female beauty?
h) Pandora embodies the ambivalent nature and effects of female beauty as she is both a curse and a blessing. She was given gifts from each god, making her irresistible to men, yet she also brought misery by opening the jar of evils.
4) Phemius' song as a mise-en-abyme of the Odyssey:
h) The different responses to Phemius' song recorded in Book 1 of the Odyssey are: 1. Telemachus responds with entertainment, as he enjoys the music and singing. 2. Penelope responds with sorrow and weeping, as the song reminds her of her missing husband. 3. The suitors respond with indifference and continue their revelry.
h) What are the main themes that each of the three lamentations highlights?
h) The main themes highlighted in each of the three lamentations are: - Andromache's lamentation focuses on the loss of her husband, Hector, and the devastation of Troy. - Helen's lamentation centers around her guilt and remorse for the destruction caused by the war and her role in it. - Hecuba's lamentation expresses the grief and despair of the Trojan women as they face the imminent fall of their city and the loss of their loved ones.
i) How does Andromache look at Hector's Iliadic heroism?
i) Andromache looks at Hector's Iliadic heroism with a mix of admiration, fear, and concern for his safety and well-being.
i) In which ways does Book 22 place a surprising focus on Hector and the Trojans? There are seven different ways!!
i) Book 22 of the Iliad focuses on Hector and the Trojans in several ways. It depicts Hector's bravery and nobility, emphasizes his role as the city's protector, and highlights his humanity by showing his fear and hesitation. It also gives significant attention to Hector's family, showing the impact of the war on the Trojans. Hector's death is portrayed as a great tragedy, and the book ends with the Trojans mourning his loss.
i) Which new heroic values does Priam embody in Book 24?
i) In Book 24, Priam embodies new heroic values, such as humility, empathy, and the willingness to seek reconciliation and forgiveness. He represents a shift away from the traditional heroic ideals of revenge and glory, instead embracing the importance of human connection and compassion.
i) Which role do Paris and Helen play in the so-called scene of the Judgment of Paris?
i) In the scene of the Judgment of Paris, Paris is the judge who must choose the fairest goddess, while Helen is the prize to be won.
i) What lies at the origin of the tension between Agamemnon and Achilles? Think both of the trigger of the quarrel, and the different views of authority.
i) The tension between Agamemnon and Achilles is triggered by Agamemnon's decision to take Achilles' war prize, Briseis, as his own. This act is seen as a disrespect to Achilles' honor and status as a warrior. Additionally, the two have different views of authority, with Agamemnon believing in his right to command and distribute prizes, while Achilles values his personal honor and resents any perceived infringement upon it.
