Anemia and Blood Problems
sickle cell disease
Individuals who are homozygous for the gene controlling hemoglobin S. The disease is characterized by the destruction of red blood cells and by episodic blocking of blood vessels by the adherence of sickle cells to the vascular endothelium. Normal MCV and low reticulocyte count
Thalassemia
Inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin, Characterised by: - low mean corpuscular volume - high reticulocyte count - High bilirubin level - high serum iron level
pernicious anemia
lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream red beefy tongue
acquired hemolytic anemia
lysis of RBCs due to exogenous factors: blood transfusions, drugs, chemicals, venoms, certain infections, prosthetic heart valves, burn injuries, vaculitis Characterised by an increased reticulocytes and bilirubin, with normal MCV.
mild anemia
(Hgb 10 to 12 g/dL [100 to 120 g/L]) may exist without causing symptoms. If symptoms develop, it is because the patient has an underlying disease or is experiencing a compensatory response to heavy exercise. Symptoms include palpitations, exertional dyspnea, and mild fatigue.
The nurse expect to observe which manifestations in a patient with acute blood loss of 2000 mL?
- Air hunger - Clammy skin - Decreased central venous pressure
moderate anemia
- Hgb 6-10 g/dL - s/s: increased palpitations, fatigue, roaring in the ear
The nurse suspects that a patient has polycythemia vera based on which findings in the patient's laboratory report?
- Increased cobalamin level - Increased hemoglobin level - Increased red blood cell level - Increased white blood cell level
severe anemia
-Hgb < 6 g/dL -more pallor, jaundice, tachycardia, vertigo, very lethargic
vasovagal syncope
A sudden drop in heart rate and blood pressure leading to fainting, often in reaction to a stressful trigger.
A patient with thalassemia shows evidence of hemolysis. The nurse anticipate the prescription of what supplement?
Folic Acid
Which condition results in anemia due to the synthesis of defective DNA in the body?
Folic Acid Deficiency
megaloblastic anemia
Folic acid deficiency, B12 deficiency
Which condition causes anemia due to decreased hemoglobin synthesis?
Iron deficiency
Hypochromic, microcytic anemia
Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia (fetal hemoglobin sometimes present), vitamin B6 deficiency, copper deficiency.
_____ blood loss of 2500 mL?
Lactic acidosis and shock
___ loss of 500 mL?
None or rare vasovagal syncope
Which erythrocyte characteristic is seen in patient with acute blood loss?
Normocytic, normochromic
Which assessment finding would the nurse associate with severe anemia?
Pallor
WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY AND PERNICIOUS ANAEMIA?
Pernicious Anaemia (Autoimmune Metaplastic Atrophic Gastritis) is the most common cause of Vitamin B12 Deficiency 1 but it is not the only reason for patients becoming deficient in this vitally important vitamin.
Which role does folic acid play in erythropoiesis?
Promotes RBC maturation
aplastic anemia
characterized by an absence of all formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow
Polycythemia Vera (PV)
chronic, clonal alteration characterized by overproduction (excessive proliferation) of red blood cells in marrow accompanied by splenomegaly; neoplastic condition involving abnormal proliferation of bone marrow stem cells and self-destructive expansion of red cells; cause remain unknown (erythropoietin remains normal); due to increased blood volume and viscosity, hyper-coagulable states result in clogging and occluding blood vessels; tissue injury (ischemia) and death (infarction) is the result; manifestations include plethora (ruddy, red color) and engorgement of retinal and cerebral veins
pancytopenia
deficiency of all types of blood cells