Anesthesia and physiological monitoring 14
anesthesia care provider
ACP: a professional who is licensed to administer anesthetic agents and manage the patient throughout the period of anesthesia
oropharyngeal airway
OPA artificial airway that is inserted over the tongue into the larynx; used in patients in whom endotracheal intubation is difficult or contraindicated
neuromuscular blocking agent
a drug that blocks nerve conduction in striated muscle tissue
anxiolytic
a drug that reduces anxiety
anesthetic
a drug that reduces pr blocks sensation or induces unconsciousness
laryngoscope
a lightened instrument used to assist endotracheal intubation
pulse aximeter
a monitoring device that measure the patents hemoglobin oxygen saturation by means of spectrometry
bispectral index system
a monitoring method used to determine the patients level of consciousness and prevent intraoperative awareness
anesthesiologist
a physician specialist in the administration of anesthetics and pain management
intraoperative awareness
a rare condition in which a patient undergoing general anesthesia is able to feel pain and other noxious stimuli by unable to respond
malignant hyperthermia
a rare state of hypermetabolism that occurs in association with inhalation anesthetic and neuromuscular blocking agents
esmarch bandages
a rolled bandage made of rubber or latex that is used to exsanguinate blood from a limb
homeostasis
a state of balance in physiological functions
delirium
a state of confusion and disorientation. in the past it was defined as a distinct stage of induction and emergence from general anesthesia. however, this stage is rarely demonstrated in associated with modern anesthetics.
hypothermia
a subnormal body temperature
apnea
absence of breathing
pneumatic tourniquet
an airfilled tourniquet used to prevent blood flow to an extremity during surgery
laryngeal mask airway
an airway consisting of a tube and small mask that is fitted internally over the patients larynx
anesthesia technologist
an allied health professional trained to assist the anesthesia care provider
sedation
an arousbale state in which an individual is unaware of sensory stimuli. depression of a central nervous system
endotracheal tube
an artificial airway that is inserted into the patients trachea to maintain patency
pulmoary embolism
an obstruction in a pulmonary vessel caused by a blood clot, air bubble, or foreign body. causes sudden pain and possible pulmonary arrest
general anesthesia
anesthesia associated with a state of unconsciousness. it is not a fixed state of unconsciousness, but rather ranges along a continuum from semi-responsiveness to profound unresponsiveness
regional block
anesthesia in a specific area of the body, achieved by injection of an anesthetic around a major nerve or group of nerves
topical anesthetic
anesthesia of superficial nerves of the skin or mucous membrane
alternative analgesia
anticholinergics, histamine receptor
nasopharyngeal airway
artificial airway between the nostril and the nasopharynx; used in semiconscious patients or when an oral airway is contraindicated
physiological monitoring
assessment of the patient vital metabolic function
maintenance
begins when the patients airway is secured and inhalation drugs can be administered
anesthesia machine
bio-technical device used to deliver anesthetic gases or volatile liquids and provide physiological monitoring
arterial blood gas
blood gas samples
halothane and enflurane
both produce deep anesthesia
perfusion
circulation of blood to specific tissue, organ system, or the whole body. perfusion is necessary to maintain life in the cells.
intermediate nondepolorizing agent
cisatracurium, vecuronium, rocuronium
balanced anesthesia
combination of drugs and gases
depolorizing agents
deffect muscles in paralysis and contraction
types of benzodiazepines
diazapam, midazolam, larazepam, alprazalam
isotonic
equal in solute concentration than plasma
capnography
exhaled gas is monitored
intravascular volume
fluid volume within the blood vessels
anesthesia alarm
goes off when ventilation is interrupted
hypertonic
greater solute concentration than plasma
narcotic reversal
halothane, halmefene
risk of spinal
high riding spinal
epidural
hollow needle and catheter placed in-between spinal column and epidural space
anterograde amnesia
in anesthesia, the patients ability to recall events that occur after the administration of specific drugs
isoflurane
inhalation anesthetic for short surgeries
induction
initiation of general anesthesia with a drug that causes unconsciousness
spinal
injection into subarachnoid space
what is the danger of an LMA
it does not protect you from aspirations
hypotonic
lower solute concentration than plasma
induced hypothermia
lowering the patients core temperature to help treat MH
fluid balance
maintains intravascular volume and pressure using drugs and solution
renal output
measurement of urine output
pulse oximeter
measures arterial O2 saturation in the hemoglobin by spectrometry
vital signs
minimum assessments of heart rate, temperature, and respiratory rate. in actual practice, a qualitative assessment of these indicators is necessary to provide a more meaningful picture of the patients cardiac, ventilatory, and perfusion status.
short acting nondepolorizing agent
mivacurium
monitored anesthesia care
monitoring of vital functions during regional anesthesia to ensure the patients safety and comfort.
reversal drugs for neuromuscular blocking agents
neostigmine, edrophonium, phridostigmine
protective reflexes
nervous system responses to harmful environmental stimuli, such as pain, obstruction of the airway, and extreme temperature. coughing, blinking, shivering, and withdrawal are protective reflexes
consciousness
neurological state in which a patient is able to sense environmental stimuli such as sight, sound, touch, pressure, heat and cold.
unconsciousness
neurological state in which the person is unabe to respond to external stimuli. can be induced with drugs or may be caused by trauma or disease
preoperative medication
one or more drugs administered before surgery t prevent complication related to the surgical procedure or anesthesia
recovery
patient is transferred to PACU
PACU
post anesthesia care unit: the critical care area in which patients recover from the sedation of general anesthesia
cryoanalgesia
post op thoracic surgery pain
narcotics
produce analgesia by altering how the patient perceives pain
sedative hypnotics
propofol, etomidate, thiopental, ketamine
sevoflorane
rapid emergence drug
nitrous oxide
rapid induction
bier block
regional anesthesia in which the anesthetic agents injected into a vein
neurological response
relaxation achieved through neuromuscular blocking agents
analgesia
the absence of pain, produced by specific drugs
anesthesia
the absence of sensory awareness or medically induces unconsciousness
airway
the anatomical passageway or artificial tube through which the patient breathes
gas scavenging
the capture and safe removal of extraneous anesthetic gases from the anesthesia machine
coma
the deepest state of unconsciousness, in which most brain activity ceases
ventilation
the exchange of CO2 and O2 between the body and the environment
amnesia
the loss of recall of events or sensations
why is maintaining homeostasis an important physiological parameter?
the medication works quicker and more effectively
induction
the patient is conscious and begin with the process of relaxing the patient
observation
the patients thorax is observed for expansion
ventilation
the physical act of taking air into the lungs by inflation and releasing carbon dioxide from the lungs by deflation
intubation
the process of inserting an invasive artificial airway
breathing bag
the reservoir breathing apparatus of the anesthesia machine. gases are titrated and shunted into this, which is connected to the patients airway
emergence
the stage in general anesthetic in which the anesthetic agent is withdrawn and the patient regains consciousness
levels of consciousness
these decrease the possibility of intraoperative awareness
central nervous system depression
this refers to a decrease i sensory awareness caused by drugs or a pathogenic condition
long duration nondepolorizing agent
tubocurararine, galimine, metocurine, pancuronium, pipecuronium
transesophageal monitoring
used to monitor the patients heart rhythm, intensity, pitch and frequency during general anesthesia via transesophageal stethoscope
benzodiazepines
used to promote loss of recall
clinical evaluation
watching the patients clinical signs
extubation
withdrawal of an artificial airway