Animal Cognition - Test 3
What's the problem with people leaving dogs at home all day long while they work?
Some have bad separation anxiety
A feeling of permanent insecurity leads to consistently high cortisol levels. In humans, what sad state is this thought to lead to?
Depression
What is performance?
Actual behavior → what you see is what you get
Why does Donaldson call it 'execution' when people kill dogs who have behaved aggressively?
- A biting dog is not suffering and does not need or want a merciful death - Killed because of transgression he has committed against humans - Most cases the dog is behaving normally for a dog
Why is feeding dogs together a really bad idea?
- Causes stress - Promotes resource guarding
Stress can be defined as reacting to an endogenous or exogenous threat and focusing energies on coping with it. What do 'endogenous' and 'exogenous' mean?
- Endogenous → internally caused - Exogenous → externally caused
In what way are some owners impossibly self-centered with respect to their dogs?
- "If you use food to train, the dog is doing it for the food and not for you" - Think dogs want to please them/live to do what humans want
Describe the banana experiment in which chimps show they have theory of mind (at least according to Sapolsky; remember, Horowitz said there wasn't clear evidence of non-human ToM yet). (Property 2: Theory of Mind)
- 2 chimps with a room in front of them - Middle screen can be transparent or opaque - Puts banana on the side of the low ranking chimp - When released → if the screen is opaque the low ranking chimp will go get it since the high ranking chimp didn't see it - If the high ranking chimp saw it → don't bother getting it
Hetts cites the percentage of mothers and fathers who spank their kids, despite plenty of evidence that it has negative consequences for behavior and language development. What are those percentages? (12 Terrible Mistakes Book - Chapter 7 "I wouldn't do that if I were you")
- 57% mothers - 40% fathers
What are the two other terms for operant conditioning?
- Instrumental learning - Skinnerian conditioning
How can socialization by accident occur with one dog in a family but not with another? Why should dog owners be aware of this?
- A family can have young kids who have friends over all the time and live in an apartment → no active socialization needed - When the family moves to the suburbs and the kids are grown up → the new dog is not getting exposure to little kids and the outside like the other dog - Need to actively socialize their dogs to prevent potential accidents - Dog on leash while another one isn't → the one on the leash feels trapped/vulnerable in the presence of the other
Do dog and human facial expressions have a lot in common or not too much in common?
- A lot in common - Same muscle gets moved
What is contingency?
- A statement of a dependent relationship between events - Substitutes "depends upon" - Substitute "if ... then"
What is a conditioned aversive stimulus? What is an example? (Be able to recognize examples.)
- A stimulus that elicit an avoidance response due to training - Negative reinforcement → remains aversive - Ie. horses being kicked during training
What is habituation? Know some examples.
- Ability to stop reacting to meaningless stimuli - Dog stop reacting to noises from the TV - Dogs ignores the sounds of the apartment hallway unless it stops in front of their door - Dogs stop being startled if you drop your keys a lot
What does socialization have to do with dogs being "master discriminators"?
- Adequate socialization to women or 8 year old kids, does not guarantee a generalization to men or 2 year old kids - Needs to expose puppies to a wide social sphere as possible in terms of human age groups, sexes, sizes, shapes, colors, and gaits
The half-life of cortisol is 20 minutes. - What does that mean? - What is the implication for an animal's behavior when stressed?
- After 20 minutes, the level of cortisol is half of what it was - X → after 20 minutes → ½ x - Can't snap out of fear/stress immediately → takes time - Can live in hyper cortisol state - Feedback loop doesn't work
Be able to recognize examples of a conditioned emotional response.
- Albert → 11 month old child → shown a white rat + loud noise was sounded - Became afraid of rats, dogs, a rabbit, a fur coat, a package of cotton wool, etc
How can dogs be trained to play nicely?
- Allowing them to greet each other → negotiate what play will look like - Aid one sided enjoyment → have the dogs take a break and try again later - Have treats → reward appropriate behavior - Have something that can grab the dog's attention - Have the dogs greet first with protected contact → ie fence/other obstacles between them - Incorporate breaks
The alpha myth essentially says that all dog behavior problems are based on problems with the ______________ hierarchy. (12 Terrible Mistakes Book - Chapter 1 "We don't need no stinkin' alpha!")
- Alpha/dominance/power - Socio-sexual
Why doesn't tug-of-war make your dog a predator?
- Already predators - Played with rules → tremendous predatory energy burner and good exercise → good outlet - Increases dog focus and confidence - Cooperative behavior
Why might it take a very long time to train an animal to do something specific using 'free shaping'?
- Animal can get frustrated - Might not progress → especially if stays in the same stage too long
What does the acronym ABC (in the ABCs of learning) refer to?
- Antecedent - Behavior - Consequence
What is behavior?
- Any action performed that can be observed and measured - Ie. walking, barking, lying down, pricking ears, etc
What is stimulus?
- Any event that can be perceived by the animal - Light, sound, touch, smell, etc
Why do horses instinctively hide pain?
- Are prey animals - Instinctively hide their vulnerability from predators from being targets
Is it a good idea or a bad idea to pair commands?
- Bad idea - It is easier for them to learn two simple relationships than it does to learn a rule for discrimination between two - Ex. best to teach the dog to turn left first and then teach right → do not do it at the same time
What is barrier frustration? What causes it?
- Barrier frustration → something that occurs when a dog really wants to approach something but there is a barrier preventing them from approaching - Contributes to the aggression and displaying observed in kennels dogs, dogs who are tied out, and dogs who fence fight - Dogs see things they are highly motivated to approach and investigate but are prevented from doing so - Ex. leashes, fences, etc
In what ways do people expect a lot of dogs these days, in our "de-naturized civilization" (S&R p. 6)?
- Be able to deal with traffic + noise - Being left alone a lot - Expected to be friendly with everyone and other dogs - Expected to be fine in all environments - Suppress normal behavior
Walks should not involve just marching along fast because they should fill an important non- physical need as well. What is it? (12 Terrible Mistakes Book - Chapter 4 "These paws are made for walkin'")
- Calm dogs - Allow them to sniff, explore, seek
When Grandin troubleshoots problems in agricultural establishments, how often does the problem involve equipment versus how people are behaving?
- Can only fix about half of the things with equipment, other half of problems are behavioral - People are more willing to buy the thing than do the management → want to fix everything
Why is it hard to use extinction as a training method to get rid of an undesirable dog behavior?
- Can result in spontaneous recovery and extinction bursts - Not unlearning the behavior → learned behavior but not being rewarded for it - Can take a really long time for them to get it - Can't ever reward them during the extinction process for that behavior → no inconsistent reinforcement
The alpha myth has led some trainers to invent false rules that are supposed to remind the dog all the time that you're the 'pack leader'. Be able to recognize examples of them and understand why they're so stupid. (12 Terrible Mistakes Book - Chapter 1 "We don't need no stinkin' alpha!")
- Can't walk ahead of you - Can't go on the furniture - Can't initiate interaction - Shouldn't play tug of war with dogs → "competition for dominance"
In real life, classical conditioning is not primarily used for things involving reflexes. What is it used for? (Also be able to recognize examples like the ones I'll give you in class, which are from Richmond's article.)
- Change an animal's emotional response - Focus on how the animal feels - Sitting/near truck → treats → no longer scared - Helping them get accustomed to head halters → treat when touch or wearing - Treat when kids are near their face - Can help them get more comfortable with grooming, vet visits, noisy things, prevent food guarding, and more
I have a human analogy of the idea that mild stressors in early life are like inoculations - what was it?
- Children are being raised very protectively now → no exposure to anything dangerous (movies, shows, environment, etc) → only exposed to positive things - They need to expose to fear → makes them stronger → know how to react in similar situations
How was Clever Hans "doing math"? What is the take-home message?
- Clever Hans answered by tapping his foot x number of times - Wilhelm von Osten → owner → eyebrow movement cue the horse - Lower eyebrow → tap - Raise eyebrow → stop - Things are not always what they seem - Never know for sure until you systematically rule out other explanations - Use caution
I'll explain the point of these excerpts, which must be taken in context (with 'context' including the knowledge and experience of the trainer involved): - 16:40 "At E you're going to do a medium trot [they are currently doing collected trot; medium trot would involve more energetic movement within the same gait]. Now I want you to be able to let him do medium. Do you have the power? Do you have the power? ... And medium. [The horse breaks into a canter.] Ah, I would kick him hard" [It takes more effort for a horse to do a more energetic trot than to do a lazy canter.] ... "What I'm looking for in general is that you create a more powerful, electric trot" - 18:23 - Gray goes in with a dressage whip - she never touches the horse with it - 19:38 - "That was fun, wasn't it? ... Now you create that... Easy, talk to him a little" - 20:15 "That should be available all the time" [i.e., the horse should react with a lot of energy to any command to add more energy] - 20:45 "Collect him, don't squash him. It's putting all that energy in a little smaller box" - 21:30 "If he throws you around I'd rather you post than grab him in the mouth" - 22:23 "You know that partnership [someone] was talking about earlier... This is where he needs you. I'm shaking him up. He needs confidence from you." - 23:17 [The student] "That was fun!" - 23:40 "Our first success was when I chased him around a bit, shook him up a little bit and then Nicole discovered that there was something there and then she can go find it."
- Collect more energy in smaller spaces - Shaken horse up → girl needs to reassure him - Whip → threaten - Traditional way of training horses
Why won't you enjoy your dog as much if you believe this myth? (12 Terrible Mistakes Book - Chapter 1 "We don't need no stinkin' alpha!")
- Constantly in a power struggle - Worried that your dog has dominance over you
Why is Skinner view not actually bleak?
- Correct view - Be able to teach dogs what it needs to know - No crazy expectations
Grandin tells the story of a photo shoot involving a trained-for-show cow that turned dangerous. What happened?
- Cow was trained to vehicles → people assumed cow will be okay with 4x8 panels - Cow lost it when the panel was moved → not trained for this specific object
What was the sad police dog case involving incompatible cues?
- Dog was trained to attack on command except when the suspect raised their arms - Dog was told to attack but the suspect had their arms up raising a chair threatening the officer - Dog unsure what to do → began circling and whining → still like that months later → experimental neuroses
Why should adult owners (not children) allow their puppies to play-bite? How should owners respond to play-bites?
- Dogs are born with soft mouth → ability to bite softly if conditions are right - Need to allow them to play bite early on → gains feedback about bite strength → learn to have soft mouth - If no exposure to play bite → will have hard mouth - If the bite is too strong → "scream" and walk away → feedback for the dog to bite softer next time
Why does Donaldson argue that we are morally obliged to use what behavioral science carried out in the lab has learned?
- Dogs aren't demeaned or reduced to the status of laboratory rats by applying what has been learned by behavioral science - Operant conditioning works → use it
In what way does a dog's cultural norm about greeting not align with what we want?
- Dogs buzz around excitedly, lick and sniff each other, jump - Dogs want to greet our face → jump - Humans allow them to get away with it as puppies → rules change when they grow larger
What is the dominance panacea? Why is it a "panacea"? Why is it so utterly wrongheaded? (Note that we'll talk more about this later in the course.)
- Dominance panacea → alpha/pack idea → need to show the misbehave/disobedient dog who's boss - Dominance has provided a panacea-like explanation for dog behaviors → solution for all difficulties - Wrong → not true
Dunbar talks about relationship skills that are applicable to humans too. Know the examples and understand why he is so passionate about doing right by our dogs - and other humans.
- Dominance → dogs, horses, humans → abused in life → built in their behavior to come back and apologize → "I'm sorry you had to beat me. I'm really sorry, yes, it's my fault" - ESL → teaching dogs english - Positive reinforcement is key to training techniques - Punishment doesn't have to be hurtful - People like dogs don't like walking towards the person who is yelling at them → know punishment is coming - Ex. marriage, kids, etc
What is the main point of the section we watched? (Chronically Rushing Canter Video)
- Don't micromanage the horse or over demand - Let the horse figure out how to mentally/physically do what you want - Let the horse know they can take a rest if needed
What are some examples of incompatible, alternative behaviors - which can be used to replace a behavior one doesn't want?
- Don't want the dog to jump → train it to sit → can't do both at the same time - Dig through the walls → working on a chew toy - Annoy dinner guest → lie on a mat - Chasing cars → holding eye contact
What is a dyad? Why is it preferable for dog play?
- Dyad → in a pair (two) - Good play is often between two dogs - Hard to manage a good interaction with a group
Different parts of the horse's face are appropriate for engagement vs. play. Where is engagement? Where is play?
- Engagement → end of their muzzle, their nose, or under their jaw, around their muzzle → corner of their mouth and nostril down - Play → above corner of their mouth and nostril, side of face, muzzle and above
What is flooding and why is it cruel?
- Ex. a person is deathly afraid of snakes → put them in a room full of snakes - Can causes the fear to be even stronger - Flooding only works when the animal is too exhausted and is physically unable to respond fearfully any longer
How can you actually harm your dog, emotionally or physically, by following this delusion? (12 Terrible Mistakes Book - Chapter 1 "We don't need no stinkin' alpha!")
- Excessive physical/emotional punishment - Roll dog on back → pin down → can cause the dog to show aggression all the time
The nucleus accumbens is a mechanism in the brain that flips between which two emotions?
- Fear - Seeking
What is a negative side-effect, not related to stress, of having a high level of cortisol?
- Feedback for cortisol doesn't work → just keeps going up - Reproductive disorder - Stress forever - Raised sex hormones → high aggression
What's the experimental example that shows that vampire bats use tit-for-tat? (Property 3: The Golden Rule)
- Female bats feed other female's babies too - Everyone cooperates and helps feed - If a female doesn't feed other babies → others won't feed her baby
What is the Wellesley effect?
- Females will synchronize their ovulation due to olfaction pheromones → except women who had close intimate relationship with males - Socially dominant one controls the cycle
When we bred pigs to be lean and grow rapidly, what other traits went along with that?
- Fighting - Excitability
What are some things that cause stress?
- Flooding - Pain → physical - Danger - Lack of resources - Isolation - Lack of ability to sleep
Who is Lendon Gray?
- Former olympian - Head of dressage for kids - Train in the usual way that people train (kick + whip)
Read the section of ch 4 about the Gorns. I'll try to think of a test question to be sure you've actually read it.
- Gorns and humans → humans and dogs - Gorns hate everything human do that humans think is normal → punished - Ex. watching tv, using the toilet, listening to music other than Country & Western, talking to other humans, smoking/drinking, sitting on chairs, tooth brushing, eating anything but Human Chow, shaking hands to greet, smiling - Humans do normal human things when Gorns are away → to keep from going crazy - Human hate training and don't understand Gorn language → growl at Gorn → brought to the human vet to be put down
What is resource guarding? How can one train to prevent it?
- Guarding of scared resources like food, toys, etc → demonstrates aggression to anyone near - Ex. practice taking away food bowl during feeding → adding something good and giving it back - Ex. feed in installments - Ex. sit near the dog during feeding → showing them that you are not a threat - Ex. train with the command "give", or take away, treat, take object and give back, etc
What is Sapolsky's example of a particular group of baboons exhibiting very surprising behavior because of circumstances that killed off certain kinds of members of the group? (Property 6: Culture)
- Half of the males in the troop were killed by humans → happened to be the most aggressive males - 2x girls than males - Far less aggression in the group - Male baboons groom each other
Grandin gives examples of how animals make very specific categories for things that humans might consider all the same thing. What are some of her examples?
- Horse → man on his back vs man on the ground - Cattle → handled on horse vs man on ground - Dogs → on leash vs off leash
Why does Donaldson think that we don't oversee dog breeding more closely?
- Humans deny any genetic influence on behavior - Someone can breed the most aggressive dog and sell it → if anything happens the owner is liable
Understand the importance of the following: - "A major element of the culture clash between dogs and humans is differing perceptions of what constitutes a real threat" (p. 57) - "Dogs are unaware that they've been adopted into a culture where biting is considered a betrayal of trust and a capital offense."
- Humans see barking and biting (non harmful) as a threat and punishes the dog - The dog does those actions as a warning of their uncomfortableness and communicating they need space - Humans don't understand what actions/behaviors can provoke a dog → human actions/intentions are not understood by dogs
Grandin talks about "bad becoming normal" at animal handing facilities. What does she mean?
- Humans slip back into bad behaviors → screaming + prodding at animals - Bad behavior becoming normal
Why does she say "It's Orwellian what we do to dogs"?
- Humans try to control every aspect of the dogs life - Punish them for not doing what we want → dog begs for mercy regardless of whether they had any clue as to why they are being punished - Bathroom + carpet - human = good bathroom - Bathroom + carpet + human = punishment
What is the link between aggressive behaviors and negative reinforcement?
- If threatening and biting succeed at increasing the distance between the dog and scary person → dog will use this strategy again in the future - Common way for a fearful dog to learn aggressive behaviors
This lecture was the day before college graduation and Sapolsky says that this aspect of humans should be a kind of marching orders for the students about to graduate. Why?
- Impossible for 1 person to make a difference - The more impossible making a difference seems, the more you must
How is rough handling of animals correlated with cortisol levels? (You also need to know what cortisol levels indicate.)
- Increase in rough handling → increase in cortisol levels - More scared + stressed → high cortisol
Understand screenshot (trigger stacking)
- Individually does not trigger outburst - Slowly change one thing at a time → make sure they have adjusted before changing more → be more observant of the animal - Change a lot → combine triggers → outburst
Why can it be counterproductive to make animals really hungry before training?
- Intense motivation can cause the animal to be so distracted by the anticipation of the reward that his responding becomes sloppy and erratic - Can't focus on the task → extremely focused on the food
What is reinforcer?
- Is a reward - The recipient considered it good and serves as "pay"
Why is sensory adaptation a concern for handlers of detection dogs?
- It is not known how much olfactory stimulation leads to adaptation - Can become fried and temporarily stop working
Be able to explain this: "The 'kids and dogs' as wonderful playmates is an overblown and highly dangerous myth."
- Kids do not know how to behave properly around dogs and can cause harm to themselves and the dog - They bring out the predatory rehearsal repertoire in the dog - Kids and dogs should only socialize with supervision
Which of the following two pictures of how dopamine works is correct? What does the correct picture suggest? (Property 5: Reward)
- Know how to do the task → anticipation of the reward - Goal directed behavior that the reward fuels
What is latent learning?
- Knowledge that only becomes clear when a person has an incentive to display it - Ex. mouse learning the layout of the maze → able to apply it when there was cheese
What are some keywords to remember about classical conditioning?
- Learning association → learning that things go together → when one thing happens another thing will follow shortly - Animal learns to respond to the first event in anticipation of the second - Predictability - Involuntary
What is the main point of the section we watched? (Sylvia Loch Video)
- Look the horse in the eye before getting on the horse → connection → polite → asking permission to ride - Rethink the relationship
What is errorless discrimination learning and how is it set up? Why is it hard to implement in reality?
- Make the desired outcome so easy → animal always chooses it - Stimuli needs to match the nature of the behavior - Needs to be able to systematically fade the prompts - Hard to implement due to the complexity of environment, individual differences, time and resources, etc - Ex. pigeons are trained to peck at the green circle and not red → green circle is very large and bright, while the red one is small and blends in with the background → gradually change the two circles so they are equal
Scientists don't talk about alpha males and alpha females (at least with respect to dogs and wolves), they use different terms that much more accurately reflects their role in the family. What are those terms? (12 Terrible Mistakes Book - Chapter 1 "We don't need no stinkin' alpha!")
- Mating pair - Parents - Mother - Father
What are the three reasons why people accept the pack/alpha model? (12 Terrible Mistakes Book - Chapter 1 "We don't need no stinkin' alpha!")
- Mix up control and dominance - People don't like complexity → alpha myth is easy → one answer to all - Behavior scientists and dog trainers didn't communicate until recently
What is the main point of the article "DOGS BITE But Balloons and Slippers Are More Dangerous"?
- More likely for kids to choke on balloons or adults to be injured by slippers - 1/18 million to be killed by dogs
Stress can be caused by too much good, exciting stuff piling up. Be able to recognize examples.
- New activities daily - Learning new things quickly - Too much attention → unable to sleep
For most dogs, can praise act as a primary motivator?
- No - All animals are motivated by food, water, sex, and avoiding aversive - Can be motivated by play, attention, and the opportunity to socialize with or investigate other dogs and interesting smells
Are dogs competing with us when they walk in front of us, lie on the couch, or keep napping in the hallway even if we want to pass by? Why or why not? (12 Terrible Mistakes Book - Chapter 1 "We don't need no stinkin' alpha!")
- No - Likes to explores, be comfortable, something smells like you, etc
Does having a big yard replace the need for walks? Why or why not? (12 Terrible Mistakes Book - Chapter 4 "These paws are made for walkin'")
- No - Need new experiences, new smells - Can't self entertain - Need to get energy out
Can classical conditioning be used to train tricks?
- No - Triggers involuntary biological responses
Understand and be able to recognize the 10 things we know about dogs (which are social predators) (p. 21).
- No concept of artifact → it's all chew toys to them - Amoral → no right vs wrong, only safe vs dangerous - Self interested → like all living organisms - Lemon brains → small and less convoluted brains - Predator ancestry → search, chase, bite, dissect and/or chew - Highly social → bond strongly and don't cope well with isolation - Finite socialization period → fight or flight when not socialized to some social stimulus category - Opportunistic scavengers → if it's edible and within reach, eat it - Resolve conflict through ritualized aggression → growl - Well developed olfactory system
Do jackpots work?
- No evidence that it works - No research has addressed the issue directly and noticeable difference is unclear - Jackpots → rewards for excellence - Attempt to capitalize on positive contrast by providing a special reward for a really excellent response
If dogs don't want to do what we want in the moment, it's hardly likely to be a matter of rank. What are some of the possible reasons?
- No idea what is being asked of them - Undermotivated to comply - Something else has won the behavioral gambit at that moment in time → ie squirrel - Tired - Over aroused
Does banning certain breeds make sense? Why or why not?
- No → dogs of the same breed don't all act the same - Genetics and nurture play a role too
In the video with the two white dogs sorting out who would get to eat the kibble on the ground, what was the first indication of which dog would get it?
- Non dominant dog turned its head slightly to the right, then sat down - Appeasement behavior
Why does Hetts advise against allowing leashed dogs to greet? (12 Terrible Mistakes Book - Chapter 5 "Friend or foe, you just never know")
- Not natural for them - Dogs like to first walk in circles and target butt - Can feel restrained or threatened - Don't like face to face interaction
Does playing in a dyad mean that other dogs shouldn't be around (as in a dog park)?
- Not necessarily - Find a playmate and go off together
What prison-related example of feature 7 did Sapolsky give? (Property 7: Something unique to humans "Gaining the strength and will to do X from the irrefutable evidence that X cannot be")
- Nun spent her entire life ministering to the needs of men on death row in a maximum security prison - Less forgivable the act, the more it must be forgiven - Less loveable the person is, the more you must find the means to love them
Why is the ethogram a useful tool?
- Observe and record the behaviors of animals - Can give vets, trainers, etc. insight on possible red flags
If an animal doesn't perform a behavior, it doesn't necessarily mean that the behavior wasn't learned. What else could be going on? (Cf. the video about chimpanzees in a lab in Japan that they sometimes got the wrong answers when doing the computer task involving numbers.)
- Opportunity - Motivation - Physical abilities - Learning
What is antifragility?
- Opposite of fragile - Be exposed to bad things - Ability to improve function or capability in the face of adversity → stressors, shocks, volatility, noise, mistakes, faults, attacks or failures
What is Grandin's example of biological system overload in dogs?
- Over selecting for extreme traits - Push cow to make milk + push pig to make more muscle → ends up with a lame weak animal - More extreme over the years
What do the 'package of stimuli' and the 'salient stimulus' have to do with conditioning?
- Package of stimuli - everything in the environment the animal perceives - Ie visual, auditory, smell, etc - Animal needs to learn the salient stimulus - Will only learn the most salient elements of a package of stimuli, the less salient elements of the package will be overshadowed by the more salient elements - Need to slowly fade out other stimuli so the animal knows the one verbal, visual, etc command is the most salient
Trainers who train without food need a different primary motivator (a harsh one). What is it?
- Pain → physical or psychological - Kicking, yelling, yanking, etc
What are the other two terms for classical conditioning?
- Pavlovian conditioning - Associative learning
Why is it silly to say "Good sit!" to a dog after it sits?
- Presenting the dog with a stimuli he cannot perform the response → already sitting - Saying "good sit" while your dog is sitting → contributing to the dog's understanding that upon hearing "sit" → should do nothing
Why does the author of this article say that the typical phrase "pressure and release" should be called "pressure and relief"?
- Pressure used to train horses is not a little pressure - Horses want relief from it - Release is not a reward but a relief
The Principle of Parsimony and Morgan's Canon are both relevant to the Clever Hans story. How?
- Principle of Parsimony → unless there is evidence to the contrary, you must account for a phenomenon with the simplest explanation available - Morgan's Canon → "In no case is the animal activity to be interpreted in terms of higher psychological processes, if it can be fairly interpreted in terms of processes which stand lower in the scale of psychological evolution and development" - Can't assume that Hans had a concept of math → can only assume the simplest explanation → he was responding to minute, unintentional movements on the part of his trainer
What is the principle of marginal gains? Give a couple of examples of how a cycling coach used the principle of marginal gains.
- Principle of marginal gains → change a lot of tiny things → small yet significant improvements can lead to monumental results - Ex. teach them how to wash their hands properly, best pillows, rubbing alcohol on the bikes, change the valve stems, etc
Understand the following with respect to how dogs behave in our human world: "Dogs don't learn right vs. wrong, they learn safe vs. dangerous."
- Proto morality - Learning what is safe vs dangerous → where they won't be punished - No idea what is right or wrong → no understanding
Why does Reid make this a "why" book (that applies to all species) rather than a "how-to" book?
- Providing the reader the ability to understand how dogs learn → never tied to one technique - Will understand why a technique works and therefore how it works
Know the example of autoshaping a dog to pick up a dumbbell.
- Put a dog in a pen → lowered a dumbbell into the pen + drop a piece of food into the bowl - Took 200 pairings → dog begins to nose and lick at the dumbbell → food was rewarded regardless of whether interaction happened - Switched to operant conditioning → required to do something for food → nose the dumbbell, lick the dumbbell, open mouth near it, etc
Grandin thinks that Cesar Millan does some good work with aggressive dogs "but he's done some stuff with fear dogs that I thought was terrible". Her example illustrates a highly dispreferred training method that we discussed in a previous class. What is it?
- Put the dog on a treadmill and made it run while he is blasting sound effects of thunderstorms - Flooding
You can't condition any animal to do anything. Why? What is an example?
- Raccoon given a coin, asked to drop it in the container → difficulty → enjoyed the coin too much → got food once dropped coin - Two coins became too much → raccoon enjoyed it way too much - Conditioning didn't work with pigs too - When classical and operant behaviors are at odds with each other → classical overrides
What is one reason why training might sensitize a dog to something aversive rather than desensitize to it?
- Rather than habituating → some animals will sensitize → reaction become stronger - Stimuli that elicit really strong emotional reactions → fear → often don't habituate
Why do scientists think that alley-running rats who were randomly rewarded 50% of the time run faster than rats being rewarded 100% of the time? Why is randomness important?
- Rats come to expect his reward and if he doesn't get it, he becomes frustrated and his frustration actually serves as motivation for him to run faster as he approaches the goal box - Randomness prevents anticipation of whether they will be awarded or not → can't be lazy
Know the operant conditioning quadrants - including definitions, examples, etc.
- Reinforcement (positive or negative) → causes the behavior to be more likely - Punishment (positive or negative) → causes the behavior to be less likely
There's an interesting reason why dogs can afford to engage in behaviors like food guarding. What is it?
- Relative scarcity of food - Invest an immense amount of energy in finding and catching - Worked hard for food - Genetically wired to guard food → compulsive - Evolved highly ritualized forms of aggression
How does extinction occur?
- Repeatedly present the conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus - Conditioned stimulus returns to neutral
Why is 'free shaping' a difficult training method to master?
- Requires exquisite observational skills, incredible patience, and lightening fast decisions - Must continuously watch the animal so that no reinforcement opportunities are missed - Can't stay too long or too short in a stage
When an animal orients, it then decides to do one of two things - what are they?
- Seek - Flee
Grandin mentions two conditions for which Prozac works for dogs. What are they?
- Separation anxiety and fear - Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
Why is expending so many calories by thinking important for Sapolsky's overall story?
- Similar to baboons who just open the stomach of their worst rival - Taking old nuts and bolts of physiology and using it in ways that are unrecognizable
What's a major reason, associated with the building itself, why pets panic at veterinary offices?
- Slippery surfaces → animals slip on different surfaces (floors, tables. etc) - Causes them to slip and panic - Fear of falling
What is socialization? Is it only about interactions with other animate beings?
- Socialization → habituation, or getting used to environmental elements through exposure to them - Exposure to beings and new situations/environments
How do dogs feel about being petted and handled?
- Some actively enjoy it - Many tolerate it - Many others actively dislike it - Some are afraid
Grandin disagrees with wildlife researchers who say that, since they only netted the animal for 30 seconds, it's not a big deal. What human example does she give to explain why it is a big deal?
- Someone knock you down and took your wallet - Only took 30 seconds → cause a good amount of stress and fear
What is a conditioned appetitive stimulus? What is an example? (Be able to recognize examples.)
- Something the animal likes and understand the cue is a good thing - Ie. horse lightly touched → get cookie
What is the tit-for-tat rule (it's actually an optimization strategy)? (Property 3: The Golden Rule)
- Start off cooperating - If someone stabs you in the back → stab them back - Continue cooperating if others are cooperating
What is the problem when breed standards describe the expected personality traits of dogs as aloof, discerning, or wary of strangers? [You need to understand what a breed standard is to understand the point of this question.]
- Stereotyping dogs is harmful → not all dogs behave the same way - Some standards are also unrealistic → ex. Dogs can't tell good people from bad - Ex. pitbulls → banned in some places due to their "aggression"
What is shaping? How does it work?
- Successive approximations involves a process of differentially rewarding some behaviors and not others - Every time animal gets closer to goal → give reward
Who decides what is motivating to an animal?
- The animal - Drive theory → each individual animal comes genetically "equipped' with varying levels of energy for different drives - Current environmental factors play a role too (ie. squirrel vs food)
Dr. Patricia McConnell's work with herding dogs discovered that there was something similar about herding commands worldwide. What was it?
- The commands they used for specific behaviors were very similar - Short, rapidly increasing, rising notes for commands which increased the dog's activity - Long, continuous, descending notes for commands which decreased the dog's activity
What's different between humans and animals when it comes to the timing of rewards? (Property 5: Reward)
- The lag time between the work and the reward - Humans can hold on longer and even after you die
Why does Reid say that the cognitive revolution doesn't really affect animal training?
- The science is in its infancy and offers little practical information to help us understand learning - Neuroscience isn't telling us anything yet/we don't have insight - No predictive power
What are some signs of pain in horses being ridden?
- Tossing their head - Swishing their tail - Intense stare - Exposing tongue - Dragging toe - Stumbling often
In Pavlov's experiment: - The food is the ___________________ stimulus. - Salivation is the ________________ response. - After being paired with the food during the conditioning, the lab technician is the_____________ stimulus. - Salivation upon seeing the lab technician after conditioning is the ________ response.
- Unconditioned - Unconditioned - Conditioned - Conditioned
Which human ways of showing aggression aren't found in other animals? (Property 1: Aggression)
- Unrecognizable aggression → passive aggression - Ex. pulling a trigger, dropping a bomb from 30,000 feet, kill people on the other side of the world, etc
Why are flock-guardian dogs "notoriously hard to socialize"?
- Us vs them breeds - Original task → living with a flock of sheep and noticing and driving off predators - More sensitive to environmental changes - Suppose/use to living on its own
Why is the umbrella test (for dog temperament) really stupid?
- Used to test a dog's temperament - Open the umbrella suddenly when the dog is near → see how they react - Some dogs aren't scared of umbrellas → test does not conclude how dogs react when they encountered something that scares them
Why is it so important to avoid animals creating fear memories?
- Very difficult to erase - Very important that an animal's new experiences with new things are good
What is the key to writing guidelines for ANYTHING?
- Words to avoid → properly, adequate, sufficient, proper - Words too vague and unclear
What is secondary theory of mind? Who has it? (Property 2: Theory of Mind)
- You understand that that individual has information that that one doesn't unless that one thinks this one is doing this but is actually doing that - Humans
"The old way of doing guidelines is what's called an engineering variable. You're telling them exactly how to build stuff. I'm getting away from that, but you still need to have a few engineering variables, maybe some space requirements. Okay, here are some really simple measurements for animal handling: how many fall? How many are squealing or mooing? How many are running? I want livestock handled at a walk or a trot, I don't want them running. How many do you use the electric prod on? How many run into to stuff like fences and gates? I can measure that. Here are just some other measures of horses and cattle getting scared. And if you have horses, and the eyes are bugging out, and you see the whites of the eyes showing, your animal's getting scared. You see the tail swishing in horses and cattle, they're getting more and more upset. Quivering. Heads held up high looking around. Nostrils are flaring out - he's getting excited."
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A clarification: When (at about 17:00) Grandin talks about introducing new gaits to horses (walk, trot, canter) too quickly, she means with a rider on their back. In nature, they have no problem. But they have to balance themselves very differently in each gait when a rider is on their back.
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An important quote: "I'm still waiting to meet a real dog with desire to please. If he shows up, I'll send him for therapy."
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Chapters 9 - 11: 9: "What we have is a failure to communicate" (about recognizing signs of fear and anxiety) 10: "Because I said so" (about using punishment) 11: "You want me to do what?" (about training methods)
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Important points: "Aggressive behavior does not fracture relationships in dog society. It's all taken very much in stride." (p. 53) But aggression looks very different to humans. "We routinely execute dogs who bite. That's quite the culture clash." (p. 53)
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The main point: family members must agree on what acceptable behavior is. Different people can't be imposing different rules on, and allowing different behaviors by, the animal - that is way too confusing for it. (12 Terrible Mistakes Book - Chapter 12 "Make up your minds!")
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Think about this: "Even long-trained adult dogs need to hear at least an occasional congratulatory mumble when they make wee-wee in exactly the right place yet again." (p. 109)
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Approximately what percentage of horses had tested had ill-fitting saddles?
11/20 ~ 55%
How many showed low-grade lameness or abnormalities in the canter?
16/20 ~ 80%
How long is it reasonable to expect dogs to hold their pee during the day? (12 Terrible Mistakes Book - Chapter 3 "This den just isn't my thing")
4-5 hours
What does the following picture show? [Note: the top line is dotted and associated with 50%; the bottom line is solid and associated with 100%] (Property 5: Reward)
50% → introduce "maybe" → animal will anticipate the reward and get more excited
How many calories to chess grand masters expend per day due to the huge effort of thinking (which involves a lot of stress)? [I recently read research that said that thinking itself doesn't burn calories - as unfair as that is for all of us who get tired from thinking!]
6,000 - 7,000 calories → thinking
What messy physiological effects can high stress have on animals?
Accidental defecation → can't control it
How can the 4 stages of learning (acquisition, fluency, generalization, maintenance) be applied to the example of weave poles?
Acquisition - Acquiring - Learning phase - Learn to maneuver in a certain manner through the obstacles - Bend body/ribcage → learn the motions Fluency - Automatic - Develops a rhythm → one fluid response - Can improve how cleanly and quickly he moves through the poles Generalization - Application - Learn that weaving response can be applied in various situations - Weave through other objects other than poles or different sort of poles, different numbers of poles, size, placement, color, etc Maintenance - Always - Response of weaving is polished and reasonably consistent - Should be able to perform this task over time → may need additional training from previous stages
What was a simple change that made 34% fewer pigs balk when entering a restrainer?
Add a light → animals don't like entering dark place
What happens if you block the dopamine rise from occurring? (Property 5: Reward)
Animal don't get the work dopamine feel
Why is the Wellesley effect relevant for the title of the talk, "The Uniqueness of Humans"?
Animals has the Wellesley effect too → humans are not unique
What is aversive?
Anything the animal considers a bad thing; anything unpleasant, painful, annoying, uncomfortable, etc
What is appetitive?
Anything the animal considers a good thing; anything that feels good, sounds good, taste good, etc
Job Michael Evans included alpha rolling and scruff shaking in his book for the Monks of New Skete. What did he do subsequently with respect to this techniques? (12 Terrible Mistakes Book - Chapter 7 "I wouldn't do that if I were you")
Apologized for ever suggesting it
Grandin compares the normal human mind with the autistic mind with respect to details. What is her comparison?
Autism - More specific thinking → no general concept - Photorealistic visual thinker - Sound and touch sensitivity - Sort information into categories Normal mind drops out the details where the autistic mind gets all the details
Why is backchaining typically better than forward chaining?
Backward chaining - The end (terminal) behavior is established first because this response leads directly to reinforcement - Introduce new behavior once the end is mastered → do not need to be reinforced with a primary reward because the behavior is rewarded with the opportunity to perform the end behavior Forward chaining - Start by rewarding the first behavior in the sequence and then switch to rewarding the second behavior in the sequence when it is introduced, and so on - Reward never follows a specific behavior → chain is not well established
Give an example of an animals killing others of their species in an organized manner. (Property 1: Aggression)
Border patrol → group of chimps patrolling the edge of their territory → will kill any chimp trespassing
How does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning?
Classical - Conditioned responses occurs even though nothing is required of the animal - Unconditioned response is present no matter what the animal does Operant - Animal must perform a behavior in order for the stimulus (consequence) to be presented
Why is "turning towards" important for relationships with both humans and animals?
Connection → both wants to connect
What are the two main kinds of reinforcement schedule we talked about?
Continuous reinforcement schedule (CRF) - Every occurrence of the response is followed by reinforcement Partial or intermittent reinforcement schedule (PRF) ** - Responding to reinforced only after certain responses - Schedules are fixed rations (FR - ie 5 responses before a reward), variable ratio (VR - ie 5 responses on average), random ratio (RR), fixed interval (FI - ie rewarded for the first response that occurs after 5 seconds has elapsed since the last reward), and variable interval (VI - ie a response will only be reinforced if it occurs at least 5 seconds, on average, since the last reinforcement) Differential reinforcement schedule ** - Only certain rates of responding or certain types of response are reinforced - Whether or not a response is rewarded depends on how soon the response occurred after the preceding response or on the form (or quality) of the response Duration reinforcement schedule - Responding must be maintained throughout an entire interval for reinforcement to be earned - Fixed duration (FD), variable duration (VD), and random duration (RD)
What is the commissure?
Corner of mouth
Know what counterconditioning and desensitization are. Be able to identify examples of each.
Counterconditioning - Takes a fear provoking stimulus (the CS) which has come to be associated with an unpleasant situation and changing the association to one of signaling a pleasant situation - Ex. Pair treat with strangers coming into the house Desensitization - Presenting low levels of the fear provoking stimulus and gradually working up to the full blown stimulus - Ex. have a stranger standing 200ft away + treat, then 150ft + treat, etc
Why is it impossible (cognitively) for dogs to want to please us? What would that require?
Dogs can't form representations of another being's internal state (ie can't read minds)
How are humans different in their experiencing of empathy? (Property 4: Empathy)
Feeling empathy for other species, paintings, imaginary animals, etc
McConnell says that anger is an emotion that provides ________________________.
Energy
Know meanings and implications of eustress and distress. "A certain amount of stress is sensible and - for optimum physical efficiency - even necessary. Up to a certain point every organism can compensate for stress without suffering damage. The question of where this point is depends on the extent of the stress suffered. If the body compensates for stress situations, i.e., if it gets accustomed to a certain level of stress, this is referred to as adaptation syndrome, or coping." (Stress in Dogs, p. 18).
Eustress - Optimum readiness to react and physical efficiency through increased energy supply to the body. - Little to moderate stress → good stress Distress - Pathological alteration through enduring or high stress, such as diseases of the immune system, the kidneys, the cardiovascular and circulation system and the digestive system. Increased readiness for aggression. - Excess stress → bad stress
What do vampire bats use blood for? (Property 3: The Golden Rule)
Feeding their babies
When play is going well, how often do dogs typically take breaks?
Every 30 seconds
What is theory?
Explanation of how things work
Which training quadrant? Antecedent: Behavior: Dog jumps on you during game Consequence: You walk away with toy (dog training)
Negative punishment
Which training quadrant? Antecedent: Behavior: Dog wiggles during nail trim during which you're giving cookies very frequently Consequence: Pause (cookies stop) (dog training)
Negative punishment
When people erroneously attribute intelligence and morality to dogs, they also impose upon them impossible expectations. What does this lead to?
Gives problems to dogs they cannot solve and then punishes them for failing
Which training quadrant? Antecedent: "Sit!" + pull up on lease Behavior: Dog sits Consequence: Release lease pressure (dog training)
Negative reinforcement
McConnell says that when she sees clients with dogs in her office, she always writes down how long it takes for the dog to show a particular sign of becoming more relaxed. What is it?
How long it takes the dog to open its mouth
Which training quadrant? Antecedent: Kick Behavior: Horse goes faster Consequence: Release pressure (horse training)
Negative reinforcement
When a dog gets super-excited when you come home from work/school, it's not because it's obsessed by you as a person. What are the real reasons?
Humans are the source of access to the good things → food, water, play, etc
If your dog practices going nuts at the door when strangers come and you want it to unlearn that behavior, how many (ballpark figure) good, successful trials should you expect to have to do? (12 Terrible Mistakes Book - Chapter 6 "Practice makes perfect: but not in the way you think")
Hundreds and thousands
Which training quadrant? Antecedent: Pull both reins Behavior: Horse slows/stops Consequence: Release Pressure (horse training)
Negative reinforcement
In the vast majority of cases, when you reassure a dog who is scared you are not reinforcing the fear. However, there is one situation in which such reassurance might reinforce fear - but it points to a very broken kind of relationship between the dog and its handler. What is that situation/relationship? (12 Terrible Mistakes Book - Chapter 2 "Stay calm and carry on")
If you never give them any attention and only give them attention when it's showing fear → it will learn to show fear to get attention → very rare
Why is the Walt Disney view so damaging?
Incorrect way of viewing dogs
If a chimp who was an innocent bystander gets pummeled, it is much more likely for a particular subsequent action to happen than if the chimp was asking for it. What action? (Property 4: Empathy)
Innocent chimp → 5x more likely to be socially groomed by others → make him feel better → empathy
Does crating a dog help house training? (12 Terrible Mistakes Book - Chapter 3 "This den just isn't my thing")
It can help
What is conditioning?
Learning
Which training quadrant? Antecedent: Pull one rein Behavior: Horse turns Consequence: Release Pressure (horse training)
Negative reinforcement
LIMA Training - The big idea: Trainers should be competent enough to be working exclusively at level 4 or below.
Level 1 - Wellness: Nutritional, Physical - Not sick or in pain Level 2 - Antecedent Arrangements - Set up the environment so it's impossible for them to fail - ie unable to do the unwanted behavior Level 3 - Positive Reinforcement - Do something → get reward Level 4 - Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behaviors - Ignore behaviors you don't like - Reward behaviors you do like Level 5 - Extinction, Negative Reinforcement and Negative Punishment - May occasionally be the ethical, effective choice under certain circumstances Level 6 - Positive Punishment - Rarely necessary at all Level 5 and 6 are less comfortable for the animal and generally should not be used
Donaldson says that lumping together dogs who bite and cause little or no harm with dogs who bite to kill is like lumping together people who do what and what?
Lumping sharp words with felony assault and murder
What is the leading cause of death among male baboons? (Property 1: Aggression)
Male baboons
Which training quadrant? Antecedent: Put dog fearful dog near dogs Behavior: Dog looks at trainer Consequence: Move dog away (dog training)
Negative reinforcement
Which training quadrant? Antecedent: Squeeze legs Behavior: Horse goes faster Consequence: Release Pressure (horse training)
Negative reinforcement
Which training quadrant? Antecedent: Tug dog towards oneself Behavior: Dog walks closer Consequence: No tugs if walking close by (dog training)
Negative reinforcement
Are dogs naturally "denning" animals? (12 Terrible Mistakes Book - Chapter 3 "This den just isn't my thing")
No
Do alpha rolls and scruff shakes mimic how dogs "discipline" each other? (12 Terrible Mistakes Book - Chapter 7 "I wouldn't do that if I were you")
No
Why is it called AUTOshaping?
No behavior is required from the animal to be rewarded
Does rewarding 25% of the time or 75% of the time also push dopamine up? (Property 5: Reward)
No → both reduce the unpredictability → both lower the dopamine surge
Is killing members of one's own species unique to humans? (Property 1: Aggression)
No → kill in anger, cold blood premeditation, strategically, competitively, advantageously
Do dogs know right from wrong? (Recall the 'guilty?' experiment we saw in a video earlier.) (12 Terrible Mistakes Book - Chapter 8 "But he knows better")
No → only safe vs dangerous
Does most learning in animals and people involve classical or operant conditioning?
Operant
Which training quadrant? Antecedent: Behavior: Dog does anything you don't like Consequence: Scream at it (dog training)
Positive punishment
Which training quadrant? Antecedent: Behavior: Dog jumps up to say hi Consequence: Knee it in the chest (dog training)
Positive punishment
Which training quadrant? Antecedent: Behavior: Dog barks at mailman Consequence: Shock it with shock collar (dog training)
Positive punishment
Which training quadrant? Antecedent: Behavior: Horse refuses jump Consequence: Hit it/kick it (horse training)
Positive punishment
Which training quadrant? Antecedent: Subtle leg cue Behavior: Horse doesn't move faster Consequence: Hit it with riding crop/kick it (horse training)
Positive punishment
Which training quadrant? Antecedent: "Sit!", lure hand signal Behavior: Dog sits Consequence: Cookie, "good dog!", play, go outside (dog training)
Positive reinforcement
Which training quadrant? Step 1 Antecedent: Show target pole Behavior: Horse touches it with nose Consequence: Cookie Step 2 Antecedent: Show target pole at side Behavior: Horse bends neck to touch it Consequence: Cookie Step 3 Antecedent: Pair open rein and target pole at side Behavior: Horse bends neck to touch it Consequence: Cookie Step 4 Antecedent: Same as above but in saddle and moving Behavior: Horse turns Consequence: Cookie Step 5 Antecedent: Open rein (only) Behavior: Horse turns Consequence: Cookie (horse training - Alize)
Positive reinforcement - signs that positive training is a possibility for horses
A clicker is a bridge from the behavior to the _________ reinforcer.
Primary
Know what primary and secondary reinforcers are; be able to recognize examples of them.
Primary - Food, water, play Secondary - A hint that the primary reinforcer is coming (ie clicker)
Why is punishing an animal for a mistake (e.g., shocking it) a really bad idea?
Punishing makes the animal stop doing everything
What are the big yawns by the horse showing?
Releases of tension being held in for a long period of time
Pavlov's Classical Conditioning Video. Be able to label the boxes in a picture like this:
See picture
Because "flat-out aggression is expensive behavior", what social skills do properly-socialized dogs develop?
Ritualized agonistic (conflict-resolution) encounters → postures, stares, growls, snarls, snaps and reduced force bites → all stand for flat out attacking
When conditioning an animal, what does generalizing mean?
Same response is given even though the stimulus (ie location, who says it, etc) may vary somewhat
What's unique about humans with respect to culture? (Property 6: Culture)
Sheer complexity and magnificence of human culture
Why do dogs chew up your favorite shoe, your favorite CD, etc.?
That's the thing you touched the most → has your scent
Why is 2 small treats better than one big one?
The act of engaging in eating is itself very rewarding
Know the three stages of reacting to stress are and what they mean. - The alarm reaction stage - The resistance stage - The exhaustion stage "At first, the body reacts to stress with exhaustion. If this is not followed by a long recovery phase, so-called adaptation diseases are to be expected." (Stress in Dogs)
The alarm reaction stage - Heart rate increase - Boost of adrenaline → increases energy - Act efficiently → responding to situation The resistance stage - Attempts to deal with stress - Not enough energy to deal with everything else (ie immune system) The exhaustion stage - Original adaptation to stress is overwhelmed - Prolonged or chronic stress → "forever" stress Completely exhausted
What is culture? (Property 6: Culture)
The non genetic transmission of behavioral styles to a next generation
What is trigger stacking?
Things that add up and end with an outburst
Are human facial expressions culture-dependent or universal?
Universal
McConnell says that the biggest thing we can learn from this lecture is that dogs pay much more attention to _______________ than to ______________.
Visual Auditory
What is the Walt Disney vs. B.F. Skinner view of dogs?
Walt Disney - Very intelligent - Has morals - Capable of planning and executing revenge - Solve complex problems - Understands the value of the artifacts B.F. Skinner - Input-output black box
What are the 8 guidelines Ramirez posits for ethics in training? (Know what he means by them; you don't need to directly memorize them or be able to list them.)
Welfare - Welfare needs to come first - Consider the animal's needs, preferences, and limitations - Don't put them in situations that will cause them distress or harm Training needs to fulfill a core need - Primary reason for training must be physical exercise, mental stimulation, or safe managing Set environment up for success Primary reinforcement Use redirection - Don't punish - Replace the behavior you don't want with one you do Extinction Negative reinforcement + negative punishment - If absolutely needed Positive punishment - Last resort
I'll give you keywords for each point and you can fill in the rest: - Welfare/5 freedoms - Adapt - Assess - Science - Reevaluation
Welfare/5 freedoms - Freedom from Hunger and Thirst - Freedom from Discomfort - Freedom from Pain, Injury, and Disease - Freedom to Express Normal Behavior - Freedom from Fear and Distress Adapt - Adapt to the individual Assess - Fully assess the problem Science - Know and understand science based training methods Reevaluation - Reevaluate their efficacy by comparing their results over time
What are the wrong and right interpretations of a dog chewing furniture when you're out?
Wrong (Walt's view) - Dog learns from reprimands that chewing furniture is wrong and that the owner hates it - Resents being left alone → gets back at owner by chewing furniture Right (BF's view) - Dog learns that chewing furniture is dangerous when the owner is present but safe when owner is gone - Anxious when left alone → feels better by chewing → helps pass time - Doesn't know why he is being punished → just know the order of events
Is having non-reproductive sex day after day unique to humans?
Yes
