Animal nutrition- Minerals
Calcium tetany
- Also called milk fever and parturient paresis. -Milk fever is a metabolic disease common in dairy cattle, dogs, sows, and other species. This disease is the result of low blood calcium and it usually occurs within the first five days after parturition. Milk synthesis starts shortly after parturition and requires large amounts of calcium. Milk synthesis may deplete the blood of most of its calcium and cause a condition known as blood hypocalcemia (low blood calcium).
Describe the disease condition grass tetany. What can be done to prevent it?
- Also known as wheat poisoning, grass staggers, lactation tetany, and winter tetany results from deficient blood and cellular magnesium levels. This is a very common practical problem of cattle in certain management systems. Grass tetany typically occurs to beef cattle that are grazing fosh green pastures. The grass is generally adequate in magnesium but due to poor magnesium absorption, blood, bone, and muscle magnesium levels are reduced. Lactating cows are much more prone to the problem because they are losing Mg in the milk. Those grazing heavily fertilized pastures, especially when it is still early in the spring and temperatures are cool are also more susceptible.
Bone lengthening
- Determines mature size -The proliferative zone in a bone is an area containing osteoblast cells that synthesize new bone cells. These cells are pushed in both directions, which causes the bones to be lengthened. The newly formed cells are soft and consist mainly of protein. After the cells have been pushed into place the Haversian canal allows the blood stream to diffuse the minerals into the cells. The minerals required are mainly calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, and fluorine. The minerals crystallize in the cytoplasm. Bone lengthening is one of the primary factors that determines mature size.
Sulfur functions
- Functyions mainly as a component of organic metabolites. -Used in synthesizing chondroitin matrix of cartilage, in biosynthesis of taurine, heparin, cystine and other organic metabolites -Component of methionine and cystine (must be present as methionine or cystine in nonruminants)
Rickets. Where is it seen?
- Is a disease of growing bones. Consequently, it usually is seen in young, weaned, growing pigs in which there is a deficiency, an imbalance, or a failure of utilization of calcium, phosphorous or vitamin D. Rickets usually is caused by a dietary deficiency of vitamin D or phosphorus.
Hemoglobin and iron
- It is a large molecule that contains four iron atoms, each of which will bind one molecule of either oxygen, water, or carbon monoxide. Unfortunately, iron has a stronger binding affinity for carbon monoxide than oxygen hence the problem of carbon monoxide poisoning exists.
Iron deficiency in humans
- It is worth noting that iron-deficiency is an all-too common problem in the human population of the world, both male and female. In developed countries, it is largely a problem of the menstruating female population. Some experts go so far as to suggest that nearly every menstruating woman on the planet will at some time suffer iron-deficiency anemia.
Graphically illustrate the response you would expect in animal productivity as the concentration of an essential mineral is increased from zero to a toxic level.
- Most likely a bell curve -Productivity would be minimal if not arrested at zero concentration of a essential mineral and would linear increase in productivity as the essential mineral level reach optimal levels. Past optimal levels there would be a rapid decrease in productivity as the essential mineral reaches toxicity levels to the point where productivity can be completely arrested at slightly high essential mineral levels
Sulfur metabolism
- Not efficient through GI tract but does occur through active transport in small intestine -If in an organic compound it will be absorbed readily
What is the bone's function in calcium metabolism?
- The bone serves as a buffer to maintain blood calcium levels within the necessary range. If the blood contains high levels of calcium the bone can absorb and store it if conditions are right. If the blood contains low levels of calcium the bone can donate calcium to restore the calcium concentration to normal. Obviously the bones can do this only until their cells are filled to capacity with calcium or severely depleted.
How do minerals function in acid-base balance?
-All enzymes and body reactions have an optimum pH in which they function properly. Minerals help control the hydrogen ion concentration and thereby regulate pH.
Why should we consider mineral interrelationships when formulating livestock rations, i.e., why not just mix minerals together as we find them to prepare a mineral supplement?
-Because of the risk of an mineral imbalance occurring from mineral mixes not formulated properly. For instance if the dietary level of one mineral increases, the digestibility, absorbability or metabolizability of the other mineral in the pair is reduced. -Mineral interactions can also cause mineral deficiency symptoms if not properly formulated -Mineral toxicity symptoms occur very easily
sulfur deficiency
-Deficiency of any organic metabolites containing S of course produces functional and morphological issues for the animal- 1. Causes amino acid deficiency in nonruminants 2. Reduced MCO fermentation, Poor MCO growth in rumen, anorexia and reduced productivity by the animal
Calcitonin
-Function is to lower blood Ca through bone deposition and excretion in the urine. -Can also override parathyroid hormone and prevent it from releasing blood calcium during the initiation of lactation during gestation. -No longer produced when blood calcium levels are low but takes several hours to be destroyed for calcitonin already in blood.
Is the metabolic control system for domestic animal serum calcium levels foolproof (lactating dairy cow)? Explain.
-Intravenous injection of calcium, glucose, and magnesium. The female will typically recover quite rapidly (in less than 30 minutes) if the injection is given soon enough. However, one injection may not be enough to cure her and the symptoms may reappear. Be ready to administer a second injection if necessary.
Haversian canal X
-Involved in bone lengthening where after the bone cells have been pushed into place the Haversian canal allows the blood stream to diffuse the minerals into cells.
What affects the efficiency of phosphorous absorption? 2
-It is related to the ratio of phosphorous with calcium 1. Too much P causes imbalance in ratio. If you raise one you need to raise the other. 2. Efficiency of P absorption also related to digestibility of phosphorous which becomes indigestible when bound to phytic acid
What is the most versatile element found in lfestock? What percent of it is found in bones/teeth and soft tissue? What cells have this element in them.
-Phosphorous -80% in bones and teeth and 20% in soft tissue -All cells have P in them
Prevention of grass tetany? 5
-Prevention is hard to bring about in grazing livestock because of all the variables at play. a. Fertilizer supplemented with magnesium may help increase the magnesium content of plants. Best results are generally realized from sandy soils. This is a rather expensive solution. b. Provide each cow or stocker calf with two ounces of magnesium oxide per day. Magnesium oxide can be mixed into a range cube ( commercial source available) or with grain. Magnesium oxide is extremely unpalatable so it may be difficult to maintain consumption. Itis especially hard to get enough Mg into them if it is only provided in a free choice mineral supplement. The stuff really tastes nasty. c. Limit grazing time of cattle on pasture or feed hay at night. d. Feeding an animal large amounts of grain helps to prevent grass tetany but this is expensive and defeats the purpose of grazing. e. Other good sources of magnesium include magnesium carbonate, magnesium chloride, magnesium phosphate; the poorest source is magnesium oxide, but it is most often used because it ·is the least expensive.
Minerals constitute a group of inorganic elements needed by livestock for what?
-Production and maintenance
How are blood phosphorous levels regulated?
-Regulated indirectly by the hormone calcitonin and the parathyroid hormone. When calcium is released or stored in bone so is phosphorous, as it is a part of the calcium crystal found in bone.
How do minerals help with cell structure and integrity? X
-They are found in cell and nucleus membranes plus other layers in cells also contain minerals.
How many inorganic elements are required by certain species?X
-good evidence for 20 inorganic elements (micro-, macrominerals) are required by some species book says 22 but with no evidence for last two to have an essential function for the body
Potassium (K) deficiency symptoms 6
1) Abnormal electrocardiograms. 2) Growth depression. 3) Unsteady gait. 4) Muscle weakness. 5) Depraved appetite (pica) and wool biting in sheep. 6) Emaciation and death.
Chlorine (Cl) functions 3
1) Associated with 66% of the blood acids so one major role is acid base regulation. 2) Gastric juice contains chlorine as free acid (HCl) and salts. 3) Osmotic balance, especially of extracellular fluid.
Chlorine deficiency symptoms 2
1) Depressed growth rate. 2) It is probable that sodium deficiency happens so fast and is so overwhelming that Cl deficiency symptoms are masked.
Potassium functions 5
1) Muscle and nerve function. Heart and kidney integrity depends on K and irregular heartbeat/heart lesions occur in a deficit. 2) Osmotic balance. 3) K is very important in maintaining acid base balance in the body. 4) Enzyme reactions. 5) Helps cells absorb amino acids and glucose.
Treatment of iron deficiency 5
1) lnject a soluble iron solution into the baby pig prior to six days of age and then one to two weeks later depending on the product being raised. This method guarantees each pig will receive enough iron. 2) An alternative treatment is an oral dose with a stomach tube at about four to six days. This will be absorbed in enough quantity to satisfy the newborn pig's needs. 3. It can be effective just to place in the pig's pen a pan of high iron supplement that has been coated with something sweet and hope that the pig will eat enough to satisfy the requirement. This really leaves too much to chance. 4) One can also provide the litter with drinking water containing soluble iron (not too satisfactory as they may or may not drink the water). 5) An old-fashioned method is to give piglets a chunk of dirt (which hopefully contains iron). They will usually nibble at it and get enough iron. Feeding the sow adequate iron really doesn't raise the iron level in the milk very much. Recent research has shown it is possible to increase the iron content in the saw's milk a small amount by feeding iron chelated to amino acids. However, iron shots are still recommended to ensure that each pig gets adequate iron. Saving just one pig will pay for quite a few iron shots.
Selenium (Se) deficiency 4
1. ''White muscle disease," 2. Liver necrosis 3. Atrophy of the pancreas. 4. When deficient simultaneously with vitamin E results in muscular dystrophy in calves and lambs.
Iron deficiency symptoms 5
1. Anemia (microcytic, hypochromic). Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity due to lack of iron in red blood cells. 2 Diarrhea. 3. Oral and skin lesions (due to tissue anoxia). 4 Decreased cytochrome activity (only in severe deficiency). 5. A syndrome called "the thumps" occurs frequently in baby pigs unless they are given an iron supplement. The baby pig has a marginal iron supply when it is born (lasts about five to six days). Sow's milk has a very low iron content (lowest of all species of livestock). Added to these complications is the fact that the baby pig has a rapid growth rate. The baby rapidly exhausts the body iron and develops pallor of the skin, labored breathing, rough hair coat, poor and reduced growth, and frequently comes down with respiratory infections.
General deficiency symptoms shared by Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl), and Potassium (K). 5
1. Anorexia 2. Reduced growth 3. Unthrifty appearance 4. Reduced productivity 5. Death in extreme deficiencies.
Name the minerals considered to be classified as microminerals 12
1. Bo-Boron 2. Fe-Iron 3. F-Fluorine 4. Cu -Copper 5. Mo-Molybdenum 6. Co-Cobalt 7. Zn-Zinc 8. Cr -Chromium 9. I-Iodine 10. Si-Silicon 11. Se -Selenium 12. Mn-Manganese
Discuss metabolic control of blood calcium levels. 3
1. Bone serves as a buffer to maintain blood calcium levels within the necessary range 2. Blood calcium concentrations are controlled hormonally. 3. Blood calcium levels are influenced by the amount of calcium contained in the diet and the calcium phosphorous ratio.
Name the minerals considered to be classified as essential macrominerals 7
1. Ca-Calcium Ca^2+ 2. Cl-Chlorine CI^- 3. P-Phosphorous P04 4. K-Potassium K+ 5. Na -Sodium Na+ 6. Mg-Magnesium Mg++ 7. S-Sulfur
Main minerals required in bone lengthening? X 4
1. Calcium 2. Phosphorous 3. Magnesium 4. Fluorine
Calcium function 6
1. Calcium is one of the minerals found in bones and teeth. 2. blood clotting 3. muscle contractions 4. membrane permeability 5. neuromuscular excitability 6. acid-base equilibrium.
Discuss acute versus chronic calcium deficiency symptoms and relate this to milk fever. 2
1. Chronic Calcium deficiency. Rickets plus the acute symptoms listed below in the final stages. Rickets is a disease of young growing animals. I can also be caused by vitamin D deficiency and P imbalance. 2. Acute Calcium deficiency. Muscle incoordination (wobbly walk), paralysis, and possibly death. "Big head" disease in horses, various bone disorders.
Why is it important to regulate blood calcium levels? 2
1. Chronic calcium deficiencies such as Rickets 2. Acute calcium deficiency like muscle incordination paralysis or death
Selenium (Se) function 3
1. Component of glutha_thione peroxidase (removes toxic peroxides) 2. Interaction 'With vitamin E in that vitamin E is an antioxidant 3. prevents peroxide formation
Sodium (Na) functions 3
1. Contained in 93% of blood bases so one major function is acid base regulation. 2. Reduced reproduction. 3. Osmotic balance. Required by the sweating process: Na is pumped into the sweat gland. Water follows the Na+ due to the increased osmotic pressure inside the gland. When the skin is contracted (response to increased body temperature) the water is forced out onto the skin and hopefully evaporates. In general, water moves throughout your body by following minerals (osmotic process). The only direct water pumps in vivo include the heart, the peristaltic motion of the intestines, and the lymph system.
Iodine (I) function 1
1. Contained in thyroxin produced by thyroid gland.
Cobalt (Co) Functions 3
1. Contained in vitamin B12 2. Similar to sulfur in methionine and cystine. 3. Functions are those listed for vitamin B12
What microminerals would you need to consider when formulating mineral supplements? 11
1. Copper (cu) 2. Cobalt (Co) 3. Iodine (I) 4. Zinc (Zn) 5. Selenium (Se) 6.Molybdenum (Mo) 7. Fluorine (F) 8. Chromium (Cr) 9. Silicon (Si) 10. Sulfur (S) 11. Manganese (Mn) Chart in guide pg. 220 and 221
Prevention of milk fever 2
1. Feed low calcium diet for two weeks prior to parturition to stimulate PTH production and destroy calcitonin. 2. Inject massive dose of vitamin D within seven days prior to parturition to stimulate extra calcium absorption and thereby increase blood calcium levels. Caution: if vitamin D is injected too soon vitamin D toxicity (soft tissue and joint calcification) and milk fever may result.
General functions of minerals 7
1. Filling in soft bone and teeth cells to make the cell (which is a structure) hard and rigid 2. Cell structure and integrity 3. part of organic compounds such as proteins, AA, carbs, and fats 4. Minerals help control the location of body water via osmotic pressure 5. Acid base balance 6. Activator of enzymes 7. Necessary for hormones
Cobalt (Co) deficiency 5
1. Generally termed "wasting disease;'' 2. listless 3. anorexia 3. weight loss 4. nonnochromic anemia 5. death if deficiency is severe.
Iodine (I) deficiency 4
1. Goiter (enlargement of thyroid gland) 2. hairless newborn pigs 3. premature aging 4. lowered basal metabolic rate.
Copper (cu) defiency symptoms 6
1. Hypochromic anemia, 2. Deformed bones, 3. Ruptured aorta, 4. Uncoordination 5. Paralysis 6. Infertility in cows.
Iron functions 3
1. In hemoglobin helps carry oxygen 2. In Muscle myoglobin binds to oxygen. 3. Cytochrome system
Treatment of milk fever 2
1. Intravenous injection of calcium, glucose, and magnesium. The female will typically recover quite rapidly (in less than 30 minutes) if the injection is given soon enough. However, one injection may not be enough to cure her and the symptoms may reappear. Be ready to administer a second injection if necessary. 2. Before we had modern treatments, it was standard practice to inflate the cow's udder. Here are the instructions: Necessary equipment includes a bicycle pump or air pump and a teat cannula. Inflate all four udder quarters and seal the teats with tape. (OUCH!) The milk synthesis mechanism is reversed and the milk is absorbed increasing blood calcium levels to normal.
Functions of Magnesium?
1. Like Ca and P, it is needed for bone development and maintenance 2. Crucial role in carb, protein, and fat metabolism bc hundreds of enzymes need it for optimal catalytic activity. Enzymes that hydrolyze ATP to form ADP and free PO4 (liberating energy) need Mg for optimal activity.
What are the metabolic functions of Phosphorous? 6
1. Phosphorous combines with calcium to form crystals that resemble hydroxyappetite crystals [Cal0(P04)6(0H)2]. These are components of hard tissues. 2. Phosphorous is a component of many enzymes (phosphoproteins). 3. ATP, ADP, and AMP each contain phosphorous, therefore phosphorous plays a key role in energy utilization. 4. Buffer in blood. 5. Component of RNA and DNA (genetic code). As such, it is vital to protein synthesis in the body. 6. Component of phospholipids. These function in lipid transport and metabolism and cell membrane structure.
Sodium (Na) deficiency symptoms 5
1. Reduced growth rate 2. reduced feed efficiency 3. reduced milk production 4. Weight loss. 5. Animals crave salt and those deficient in it will work hard to find it and consume it -up to and including the consumption of fresh urine and licking the ground in salt-rich areas. (A standard method for capturing some domestic reindeer by their herders in times past was to hang a bag of freshly collected human urine in a corral like trap. Now they just use helicopters and ATVs.)
Zinc (Zn) toxicity or imbalance effects
1. Reduces copper absorption 2. Dermatitis, 3. Corrosion of the gastrointestinal tract, 4. diarrhea 5. possibly death
Zinc (Zn) functions 2
1. Required by several enzymes -carbonic anhydrase -phosphatase -And more 2. Important in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism.
Copper (cu) Function 5
1. Required for iron absorption 2. synthesis of hemoglobin 3. bone collagen formation 4. Elastin formation (blood vessels) 5. nerve transmission.
Phosphorous deficiency symptoms? 4
1. Rickets in growing animals. 2. Decreased appetite, Anorexia. 3. Reduced productivity. Weight gain, milk production, wool growth, reproduction, etc. 4. Abnormal eating or chewing called pica. This is manifested by wood chewing, soil eating and, in general, exhibiting a depraved appetite, Animals may chew on bones if they can find them. 5, In adults long-term effects result in lameness and reduced bone strength.
Zinc (Zn) deficiency 9
1. Skin lesions 2. anorexia,. 3. slow growth 4. stiff joints, 5. reduced serum zinc, 6. humans-impaired taste, 7. dwarfism 9. parakeratosis in pigs
Common Ca and P feed supplements? 6
1. Steamed bonemeal 2. Dicalcium phosphate 3. Deflourinated phosphates 4. Ground limestone 5. Phosphoric acid (H3P04) 6. Sodium phosphate (Na2HP04)
Cobalt (Co) toxicity or imbalance 5
1. Thyroid 2. hyperplasia, 3. anorexia 4. nausea 5. diarrhea.
Copper (cu) toxicity or imbalance effects 3
1. Tissue necrosis ( death) 2. Jaundice (yellow color) 3. brown liver due to copper accumulation
Iodine (I) toxicity or imbalance effects 5
1. Vasodilation 2. skin lesions 3. nausea, 4. hyperthyroidism 5. 2-3 g/70 Kg body weight has been fatal in humans.
Is phytic acid an important factor to consider when estimating the quantity of available phosphorous contained in feedstuffs? Explain.
1. YES, Phytic acid is a compound found in plants that can bind phosphorous, rendering it indigestible to nonruminants (not ruminants). Phytic acid (hexophosphoric acid ester of inositol) can bind from 1/2 to 2/3 of the total phosphorous found in plants. This organically bound P is called "phytate P.11 Since monogastric animals do not have the enzyme phytase to free the phosphorous contained in phytic acid the phytate P is not available for absorption. Monogastric nutritionists normally figure that 1/2 to 2/3 of the plant phosphorous is not available.
Iron homeostasis
A particular feature of iron as compared with other metals of biological significance is that once absorbed, it is released from the body only to a small extent (no excretion mechanism). Since livestock go to great lengths to retain iron, absorption plays the determining role for the homeostasis of iron metabolism. The key feature of iron absorption regulation is the ability of the intestinal mucosal cell to control the amount of iron entering the animal's body.
Can anzlyzing grass for Mg give you any warning for grass tetany?
Analyzing the grass for magnesium will give you no advance warning of grass tetany. Grasses high in potassium and protein reduce magnesium absorption so forage that has seemingly adequate amounts can still cause a problem. Other mitigating factors have also been identified. It is fairly obvious that grass tetany is more than a simple Mg deficiency.
How does calcium levels in the diet and the calcium phosphorous ratio affect blood calcium levels?
Blood calcium levels are influenced by the amount of calcium contained in the diet and the calcium phosphorous ratio. Calcium and phosphorous share absorption sites so if the concentration of one ( Ca or P) is too high in relation to the other, it will not be able to compete for absorption. This competition can result in either a Ca or P deficiency, even when the diet appears to be adequate in the mineral exhibiting the deficiency symptoms. Optimal Dietary Ca to P ratios for nonruminants are in the 1:1 to 2:1 range.
What inhibits zinc absorption?
Calcium
Why are minerals necessary for hormones? Example?
Certain minerals are necessary components of hormones. A hormone is a compound produced by one part of the animal, pumped in the blood to go to another part of the body and regulate a chemical reaction at that part of the body. For example, iodine is a necessary part of the hormone thyroxine that speeds up the body's metabolism.
What reduces calcium digestibility?
Fatty acids liberated from fat digestion within the intestines can bind calcium forming an indigestible fatty acid-Ca complex (similar to soap). The net effect is that Ca digestibility is reduced.
Ratio of Ca and P in monogastrics, pigs, and chicken
Generally for monogastrics the dietary ratio of calcium to phosphorous should be between 1:1 and 1.5: 1 on total calcium to total phosphorous. Usually pigs need a 1: 1 or 1.2:1 ratio. Laying hens may require much higher amounts of calcium since an egg shell is primarily calcium. Growing chickens may require a 2: 1 calcium to phosphorous ratio. Always check the current National Research Council publications or Extension Service recommendations for the proper level and ratio.
Magnesium deficiency symptoms. 8
I. Neuromuscular hyperirritability (muscle spasms). 2. Skin lesions. 3. Calcium deposits in arteries, kidneys, and soft tissue (arteriosclerosis?). 4. Reduced microbial fermentation in rumen and cecum. 5. Retracted head in calves. 6. Anorexia and reduced productivity (gain, milk, etc.). 7. Grass tetany. 8. Bone abnormalities.
How and what hormones control blood calcium levels?
Ifblood calcium levels are high the thyroid gland releases a hormone called calcitonin. Calcitonin allows the movement of Ca across the bone and other cell membranes as long as vitamin Dis present. The net result is that blood calcium levels are decreased because it is moved into the bone. Vitamin D is necessary for calcium transport across biological membranes. On the other hand if blood calcium levels are low due either to a deficient diet or poor Ca digestibility, Ca will be withdrawn from bone to restore the blood to normal. The parathyroid gland produces parathyroid hormone that acts the opposite of calcitonin and allows the cells to release Ca to the blood. See text Figure 11.1, page 166.
What is iron? Where is it found and what are the percentages?
Iron (Fe). Although iron is a micromineral its presence is necessary for proper metabolism to occur in body cells. Over 50% of the body iron is found in the blood protein hemoglobin. Myoglobin in muscle and hemoglobin in red blood cells combined account for 60-80% of body iron.
Look at chart of mineral function, deficience, imbalance effects, and requirement source
JUST DO IT pg. 220 and 221 in guide
Where are Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl), and Potassium (K) located in the body?
Location of Na+, Cl-, and K+ in vivo. Na+ is found mostly in the extracellular fluid (90%) while K+ is found largely in the intracellular fluid (90%). Chlorine is found both inside and outside the body tissue cells. The distribution of Na+ and K + ions creates an electrochemical gradient surrounding the cell. The gradient regulates nerve impulse transmission as well as muscle contraction, i.e., the gradient functions as an on/off switch. Deficiency symptoms of Na+ and K+ include decreased efficiency of nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction irregularities.
Hypocalcemia
Low blood calcium that can result from milk synthesis which can deplete the blood of most of its calcium and cause the condition milk fever or calcium tetany
What is the 3rd largest mineral presence in the body? Where is most of it found in livestock?
Magnesium (Mg). In actual amount, it is the third largest mineral presence in the body after Ca and P. Approximately 70% of the magnesium contained in livestock is found in bone tissue.
How are minerals activators of enzymes?
Minerals may join with an inactive enzyme and activate it. The correct term for a compound that joins with an enzyme to activate it is "coenzyme."
Feed and milk quantities of iron
Most feeds contain adequate quantities of iron to meet the animal's requirement. However, milk (especially saw's milk) is deficient in iron and we must give the baby pig special attention to avoid iron deficiency symptoms.
Can minerals be synthesized by animals or microorganisms?
No- they are inorganic, thus they need to be provided in the diet in a formed that can be digested, absorbed, and utilized to fill a given requirement
Is sulfur essential?X
Not freely but is required as a component of organic material such as amino acids methionie, cystine, and cysteine; vitamins biotin and thiamin and monosaccharides in the chondroitin sulfate and mucoitin sulfates.
What inorganic element is found in highest quantity in our body? Give percentages
On an absolute weight basis, Ca is found in larger amounts in our body than any other mineral. It constitutes about 9% of the bone wet weight; 99% of all body calcium is found in the bones and teeth and 1% is found in the blood and soft tissues. Calcium is found in a 2: 1 ratio with P in bone.
What is a major environmental concern associated with large animal operations?
One of the major environmental concerns associated with large animal operations is the amount of P that is found in animal manure. This phytate Pis a problem from an environmental perspective and solutions are actively being researched.
Optimal dietary calcium phosphorus ratio for nonruminants?
Optimal Dietary Ca to P ratios for nonruminants are in the 1:1 to 2:1 range.
Muscle myoglobin
Oxygen binding (storage) compound found in muscle cells.
What organic compounds contain minerals? Give examples X
Part of organic compounds such as proteins, amino acids (methionine and cystine), carbohydrates, and fats (phospholipids).
What is organic phosphorous bound to phytic acid called?
Phytate P
Mg deficiency and osteoporosis incidence
Recent research suggests that Mg deficiency may play a role in osteoporosis in humans and animals.
Sulfur toxicity
Reduces molybdenum toxicity, may result in molybdenum and copper deficiency -Can cause nerological disease polioencephalomalacia (PEM) -Cause anorexia -Cause growth deperession -Toxicity depends on form
Describe the unique tie of sulfur to the organic fraction of the feed. Describe the major deficiency symptom of sheep to a sulfur deficiency. How common is a sulfur toxicity?
Sulfur is in many ways the "odd man out" in mineral nutrition because of its unique ties to amino acids and because it does not appear to be required in inorganic form by the body. The section in your Pond et al. text is straightforward and to the point. It begins on page 181 and ends on page 182. Please read that material. READ IT ---Weight gain and reduced wool growth in sheep ---Sulfur toxicity is not common but causes nuerological diseases (PEM), growth depression and anorexia
Symptoms of grass tetany
Symptoms may include standing alone, loss of appetite, easy excitability, viciousness, grinding of teeth, salivation, incoordination, collapse, convulsions, coma, and death. Death may occur at any time but is usually 6 to 10 hours after the symptoms are first observed. The first indication that you have grass tetany is generally a dead animal unless you check your herd three or more times per day. Often the problem shows up when a spring storm with rain and wind hits lactating, shedding mama cows. They start shivering, which depletes Mg, and they go down with tetany.
Example of milk fever/symptoms
The situation in general. During pregnancy the female is able to absorb extra calcium because she is not lactating. The extra calcium is deposited in the bones with the aid of the hormone calcitonin and vitamin D. The function of calcitonin is to lower blood Ca through bone deposition and excretion in the urine. During gestation there is little demand for calcium since fetal growth is slow and the bones store a considerable quantity of calcium. With the initiation of lactation the blood calcium level quickly drops because milk contains a high amount of calcium. Even though low blood calcium stimulates parathyroid production, calcitonin is still present. Calcitonin overrides parathyroid hormone and will not let it function to release bone calcium. Calcitonin is no longer produced when the blood calcium levels are low but the calcitonin already in the blood takes several hours to be destroyed. Once calcitonin is destroyed the danger of milk fever is over-if the female lives that long.
List the metabolic functions, deficiency symptoms, and imbalance effects of the macrominerals.
Theres a lot
Information on Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl), and Potassium (K) and how they work together in the body?
Together these three minerals work in concert to maintain the osmotic balance in intracellular and extracellular fluids. Sodium and chlorine are the two minerals that, if deficient in the diet, cause an animal to exhibit mineral deficiency symptoms the fastest. Very few feeds contain enough salt to provide adequate sodium and chlorine. However, seaweed, fish meal, and whey that hasn't been desalted may have enough salt. If you work under the presumption salt needs to be checked in the formulation of all rations you will be right. Both plants and animal products are usually very high in potassium so potassium deficiency in a "normal diet" is rare. However, within the last few years potassium supplementation of ruminant animals (especially after shipping stress) has been found to be beneficial.
Treatment of grass tetany?
Treatment of an animal should be administered only if the animal is discovered before it goes into a coma. Intravenous injection of a calculi-magnesium solution usually produces favorable results if the animal has not been down (unable to walk) for many hours. The treatment should be administered under supervision of a veterinarian. Relapses after treatment are usually fatal.
Is it possible for an animal to exhibit specific mineral deficiency symptoms when the diet appears to contain adequate levels? Explain.
Yes with iron
Blood hemoglobin 2
a) Carries oxygen from lungs to tissue cell capillaries. Blood is capable of carrying some dissolved oxygen but without hemoglobin the 02 in blood is reduced by V2, which will cause death by suffocation. b) Carries CO2 back from tissues to lungs but this is not attached to the iron directly as is 02 and/or CO. (CO will replace oxygen if present and result in suffocation.)
cytochrome function
is capable of performing electron transfer reactions and catalysis by reduction or oxidation of their heme iron.
What is the process by which minerals are put into bone cells? X
ossification, which is nicknamed calcification because bones and teeth are high in calcium.
What are bone cells called? X
osteocytes