ANPS 020 Homework and Labs for Final Exam
What is the role of the gallbladder? 1. it stores and concentrates bile; 2. it stores fat; 3. its cells produce bile and bicarbonate; 4. it secretes digestive enzymes
1. it stores and concentrates bile
Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration? 1. oxidative phosphorylation; 2. lactic acid production; 3. oxidation reactions; 4. substrate-level phosphorylation
1. oxidative phosphorylation
Which is the largest lobe of the liver? right lobe, quadrate lobe, caudate lobe, left lobe
right lobe
Where is most of the water absorbed from the GI tract? small intestine, large intestine, stomach
small intestine
Which of the following structures is found in the stomach but nowhere else in the alimentary canal? mucus-forming cells; an oblique muscle cell; a circular muscle layer; a lining of columnar epthithelium
an oblique muscle layer
Which dietary component cannot be digested and absorbed by humans? cellulose, sucrose, starch, lactose
cellulose
During which gastrointestinal phase does just the thought of food stimulate gastric secretions? cephalic, gastric, intestinal
cephalic
What is the name of the most inferior part of the urethra? ovary; vagina; fundus; cervix
cervix
What is the primary purpose of the small intestine? chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients; secretion of digestive enzymes; mixing and churning of food; secretion of hydrochloric acid
chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients
What does the pancreas secrete? acid to help digest food, bile, nutrients such as carbohydrates and proteins, digestive enzymes
digestive enzymes
All of the following are anatomical features that help maintain the optimum temperature for sperm production EXCEPT: cremaster muscle; epididymis; scrotum; pampiniform plexus of veins
epididymis
Which of the following is the site where sperm are stored until they are ejaculated? rete testis; seminiferous tubule; epididymis; ductus deferens
epididymis
Which hormone is produced by the granulosa and thecal cells of the developing follicle? FSH; progesterone; LH; estrogen
estrogen
Salivation is controlled almost entirely by the nervous system. Which of the following stimuli would decrease salivation? nausea, a lemon, fear, the thought of food
fear
What is found in the cortex of the ovary? endometrial glands; fimbriae; follicles which contain oocytes; immature spermatids
follicles which contain oocytes
Meiosis starts with a single diploid cell and produces ___. four haploid cells; two diploid cells; eight haploid cells; four diploid cells; two haploid cells
four haploid cells
During which phase does the presence of food in the stomach initiate reflexes that cause the production of gastric secretions and increase gastric motility? intestinal phase, gastric phase, cephalic phase
gastric phase
Which hormone is released from enteroendocrine cells in response to food (and especially proteins) in stomach and causes production of hydrochloric acid? gastrin, CCK, secretin
gastrin
Which of the following is NOT a product of the salivary glands? amylase, ghrelin, mucus, lipase
ghrelin
All of the following are accessory glands that contribute fluids to the semen EXCEPT: seminal vesicles; glans penis; bulbourethral glands; prostate gland
glans penis
Which of the following molecules is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell? glucose, ATP, water, oxygen
glucose
Which cells in the small intestine's mucosa secrete mucus? Paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells, goblet cells, enterocytes
goblet cells
What is the name of the cells that form layers surrounding the oocyte in the developing follicles? granulosa cells; endometrial cells; antrum; secondary oocyte
granulosa cells
What is the name of the large peritoneal fold that contains fat and hangs off the greater curvature of the stomach? pylorus, fundus, greater omentum, rugae
greater omentum
What do chief cells secrete? an inactive form of the enzyme pepsin, salivary amylase, mucus, hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
inactive form of the enzyme pepsin
All of the following structures are contained within he spermatic cord EXCEPT: inguinal canal; ductus (vas) deferens; testicular artery; nerves and lymphatics; pampiniform plexus of veins
inguinal canal
Which of the following reduces circulating blood levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) when the sperm count is high? estradiol; luteinizing hormone (LH); inhibin; androgen-binding protein (ABP)
inhibin
How would you classify chewing food? digestion, mechanical breakdown, ingestion, propulsion
mechanical breakdown
What is the process by which food is propelled from the pharynx to the stomach? digestion, gravity, peristalsis in esophagus, swallowing in pharynx
peristalsis in esophagus
Which sphincter controls the flow of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine? pyloric sphincter, lower esophageal sphincter, ileocecal sphincter, internal anal sphincter
pyloric sphincter
Which area of the stomach empties into the small intestine? cardia, fundus, body, pylorus
pylorus
liver
receives nutrient-rich blood via the hepatic portal system
Defecation requires ___. opening of the pyloric sphincter; relaxation of the ileocecal sphincter; closure of the lower esophageal sphincter; relaxation of both anal sphincters
relaxation of both anal sphincters
Which energy-rich molecule produced by cellular respiration directly powers cell work? glucose, ATP, water, oxygen
ATP
Normally menstruation occurs when ___. 1. blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease; 2. blood levels of FSH fall off; 3. blood levels of estrogen and progesterone increase; 4. the corpus luteum secretes estrogen
1. blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease
Which of the following lists the sections of the large intestine in the correct order? 1. cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon; 2. ascending colon, descending colon, rectum, anal canal; 3. sigmoid colon, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon; 4. cecum, ascending colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon
1. cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon
What are the three layers of the uterus? 1. endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium; 2. stratum functionalis, stratum basalis, myometrium; 3. infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus; 4. endometrium, medulla, and cortex
1. endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium
What is digestion? 1. food is broken down into nutrient molecules small enough to be absorbed by the lining of the gastrointestinal tract; 2. alternating waves of contraction of smooth muscle push the food bolus or chyme through the GI tract; 3. waste substances are eliminated from the body via the anus in the form of feces; 4. nutrient molecules and water are passed from the lumen of the GI tract into either the blood or lymph by active or passive transport mechanisms
1. food is broken down into nutrient molecules small enough to be absorbed by the lining of the gastrointestinal tract
What happens to the ruptured follicle after ovulation? 1. it becomes the corpus luteum; 2. it becomes the corpus albicans; 3. it becomes the primordial follicle; 4. it embeds in the uterine lining
1. it becomes the corpus luteum
What is the role of bile? 1. it emulsifies fats; 2. it digests proteins; 3. it digests starch; 4. it digests fats
1. it emulsifies fats
What happens to the secondary oocyte at ovulation? 1. it is drawn into the uterine tube by ciliated fimbriae; 2. it enters the uterus at the cervix; 3. it is implanted into the myometrium of the uterus; 4. it is implanted in the peritoneal cavity
1. it is drawn into the uterine tube by ciliated fimbriae
What is TRUE about pepsin? 1. it is secreted as the inactive form pepsinogen; 2. it is secreted by parietal cells; 3. it is most active at pH 7.0; 4. it is involved in the digestion of fats
1. it is secreted as the inactive form pepsinogen
Secretions from goblet cells do all of the following EXCEPT: 1. regulate secretion of bile, bicarbonate ions and digestive enzymes; 2. lubricates intestinal contents for ease of movement; 3. protect intestinal mucosa from acid; 4. protect epithelium from digestion by proteases
1. regulate secretion of bile, bicarbonate ions and digestive enzymes
What is TRUE about nervous control of salivation? 1. salivation is controlled by cranial nerves VI (facial) and IX (glossopharyngeal); 2. salivation is controlled by cranial nerve X (vagus nerve); 3. salivation is controlled by cranial nerve XII, the hypoglossal nerve, which innervates the tongue
1. salivation is controlled by cranial nerves VII (facial) and IX (glossopharyngeal)
Which structures are part of the enteric nervous system? 1. submucosal plexus and myenteric plexus; 2. muscularis mucosa and muscularis externa; 3. lamina propria and submucosa; 4. lymphatic nodules and glands
1. submucosal plexus and myenteric plexus
Which of the following best describes the capillary wall structure found in the liver lobules? 1. the capillary walls have openings that allow large proteins and small cells to pass through; 2. the walls only allow water to pass through; 3. the walls are continuous, only allowing small molecules and water to pass through; 4. the walls have windows that allow small proteins to pass through but not cells
1. the capillary walls have openings that allow large proteins and small proteins to pass through
What is the main difference between oogenesis and spermatogenesis in terms of meiosis? 1. the number of functional gametes produced is different; 2. oogenesis produces three polar bodies, while spermatogenesis produces only one; 3. oogenesis does not include a secong meiotic division; 4. oogenesis takes place in the uterus, while spermatogenesis takes place in gonadal tissue
1. the number of functional gametes produced is different
As wastes navigate the large intestine, which features do they pass through, in order? 1. the right colic, left colic, and sigmoid flexures; 2. the sigmoid, left colic, and right colic flexures; 3. the sigmoid, right colic, and left colic flexures; 4. the cecum, left colic, and right colic flexures
1. the right colic, left colic, and sigmoid flexures
Which statement describes the citric acid cycle? 1. this process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion; 2. this process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA; 3. this process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose; 4. this process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration; 5. this process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose
1. this process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion
Which statement describes the electron transport chain? 1. this process uses electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration; 2. this process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion; 3. this process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose; 4. this process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA; 5. this process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose
1. this process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration
Peristaltic waves are ___. 1. waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another; 2. segmental regions of the gastrointestinal tract; 3. churning movements of the gastrointestinal tract; 4. pendular movements of the gastrointestinal tract
1. waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another
Which of these best describes a lacteal? 1. a projection of the small intestine wall designed to increase surface area; 2. a lymphatic vessel designed to help introduce fats to the blood; 3. a deep pocket in the intestinal wall where endocrine and antimicrobial cells are located; 4. special blood capillaries in the villi designed for absorbing sugars and amino acids
2. a lymphatic vessel designed to help introduce fats to the blood
Which of these best describes a lacteal? 1. special capillaries in the villi designed for absorbing food effectively; 2. a lymphatic vessel designed to help introduce fats to the blood; 3. a projection of the small intestine wall designed to increase surface area; 4. a deep pocket in the intestinal wall where endocrine and antimicrobial cells are located
2. a lymphatic vessel designed to help introduce fats to the blood
What are the two compounds that the screencast mentions that are the only two compounds absorbed from the stomach? Please make sure you read the follow-up explanation after you answer this question. 1. pepsinogen and intrinsic factor; 2. alcohol and aspirin; 3. bile and gastrin; 4. proteins and carbohydrates
2. alcohol and aspirin; the screencast mentions that alcohol and aspirin are the only two compounds that are absorbed in the stomach. This statement is not 100% accurate. What is true is that very few substances are absorbed in the stomach, and aspiring, other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and alcohol are among those that are.
Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the ___. 1. formation of sugar; 2. conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid; 3. conversion of glucose into carbon dioxide and water; 4. conversion of pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water
2. conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid
Which layers make up the mucosa of a GI tract organ? 1. submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa; 2. epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae; 3. epithelium, connective tissue, smooth muscle; 4. simple columnar epithelium, goblet cells and glands
2. epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
What is TRUE about intrinsic factor? 1. it is secreted by chief cells, along with hydrochloric acid; 2. it is required for reabsorption of Vitamin B12 in the ileum; 3. it aids in the digestion of fats; 4. release of intrinsic factor is only a minor role of the stomach
2. it is required for the absorption of Vitamin B12 in the ileum
What is the role of bicarbonate secreted into the duodenum? 1. it digests carbohydrates such as starch; 2. it neutralizes acidic chyme coming from the stomach; 3. it breaks proteins into smaller peptides and individual amino acids; 4. it helps to emulsify fats
2. it neutralizes acidic chyme coming from the stomach
What is the brush border? 1. villi which line the mucosa of the small intestine; 2. microvilli on epithelial cells of the small intestine; 3. permanent folds in the wall of the small intestine
2. microvilli on epithelial cells of the small intestine
Which two organs or parts of the digestive system can participate in the mechanical digestion of food? 1. stomach and large intestine; 2. mouth and stomach; 3. mouth and pharynx; 4. mouth and esophagus
2. mouth and stomach
What causes heartburn? 1. lack of oxygen to the heart; 2. stomach acid backs up into the esophagus; 3. mild muscle spasms of the diaphragm; 4. constriction of coronary arteries
2. stomach acid backs up into the esophagus
What is true about the muscularis externa in the esophagus? 1. there are three layers of muscularis externa; 2. the muscularis externa has skeletal muscle in the upper regions of the esophagus, and smooth muscle in the lower regions; 3. the esophagus doesn't have a muscularis externa
2. the muscularis externa has skeletal muscle in the upper regions of the esophagus, and smooth muscle in the lower regions
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the stomach? 1. the stomach has three layers of muscle in the muscularis tunic; 2. the stomach releases enzymes to digest carbohydrates (starches); 3. the stomach mucosa is folded into rugae; 4. the stomach produces a double-layered coat of alkaline mucus
2. the stomach releases enzymes to digest carbohydrates (starches)
Which statement describes glycolysis? 1. this process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA; 2. this process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose; 3. this process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose; 4. this process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion; 5. this process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration
2. this process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose
What is the function of the blood-testis barrier? 1. to filter out male sex hormones; 2. to prevent activation of immune system of the male against the developing sperm; 3. to ensure that semen contains only sperm and seminal fluid; 4. to provide only select nutrients to the developing sperm
2. to prevent activation of the immune system of the male against the developing sperm
Why doesn't semen enter the urinary bladder during ejaculation? 1. Ejaculation is a parasympathetic reflex resulting in no response by urinary contraction muscles; 2. There is no common duct between the reproductive system and the urinary system; 3. The smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urinary bladder closes; 4. There is no urge to urinate during sexual intercourse because of the suppression of LH by testosterone buildup in the blood
3. The smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urinary bladder closes
Which of the following constitute a portal triad? 1. the portal hepatis; 2. three lobules sharing a common central vein; 3. a bile duct along with a portal venule and arteriole; 4. the hepatic artery and two hepatic veins
3. a bile duct along with a portal venule and arteriole
The ovarian cycle is made up of which phases? 1. follicular and secretory; 2. menstruation, proliferative and secretory; 3. follicular, ovulatory and luteal; 4. proliferative, luteal and follicular
3. follicular, ovulatory and luteal
All of the following statements about gastrin are true EXCEPT: 1. gastrin increases acid secretion in the stomach; 2. gastrin promotes gastric motility and secretions; 3. gastrin is released into the lumen of the stomach; 4. peptides in the lumen of the stomach can cause gastrin release from enteroendocrine cells
3. gastrin is released into the lumen of the stomach
Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration. 1. acetyle CoA -> citric acid cycle -> electron transport chain -> glycolysis; 2. citric acid cycle -> electron transport chain -> glycolysis -> acetyl CoA; 3. glycolysis -> acetyl CoA -> citric acid cycle -> electron transport chain; 4. glycolysis -> citric acid cycle -> acetyl CoA -> electron transport chain; 5. electron transport chain -> citric acid cycle -> glycolysis -> acetyl CoA
3. glycolysis -> acetyl CoA -> citric acid cycle -> electron transport chain
What is the name of the sphincter that controls whether digestive enzymes or bile can enter the duodenum? 1. pyloric sphincter; 2. gastric sphincter; 3. hepatopancreatic sphincter
3. hepatopancreatic sphincter
What event coincides with the transition from the proliferative phase to the secretory phase? 1. menstruation; 2. enrichment of the blood supply an glandular secretions prepare for reception of an embryo; 3. ovulation; 4. Stratum functionalis is shed
3. ovulation
The function of the goblet cell is to ___. 1. absorb nutrients from digested food and store them for future use; 2. secrete buffers in order to keep the pH of the digestive tract close to neutral; 3. produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion; 4. provide protection against invading bacteria and other disease-causing organisms that enter the digestive tract in food
3. produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion
Which of the following is an effect of estrogens in females? 1. promotes lactation; 2. suppresses the effect of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); 3. promotes oogenesis; 4. promotes water loss (diuresis)
3. promotes oogenesis
The correct order of events during meiosis is ___. 1. metaphase I, prophase 1, telophase I, anaphase 1, cytokinesis, meiosis II; 2. prophase I, anaphase I, metaphase I, telophase I, meiosis II, cytokinesis; 3. prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytockinesis, meiosis II; 4. prophase I, anaphase I, telophase I, metaphase I, meiosis II; 5. metaphase I, prophase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis, meiosis II
3. prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis, meiosis II
What triggers the release of secretin from the small intestine? 1. presence of cholecystokinin (CCK) in the small intestine; 2. presence of bile in the small intestine; 3. the presence of acidic (low pH), fatty chyme in the small intestine; 4. presence of proteins in chyme entering the small intestine
3. the presence of acidic (low pH), fatty chyme in the small intestine
All of the following statements are TRUE about enteroendocrine cells EXCEPT: 1. they release their products when they sense the breakdown products of food (fats, proteins or acidic chyme) in the lumen of the GI tract; 2. they release their products into the lamina propria to enter the blood capillaries; 3. they release their products into the lumen of the GI tract; 4. they release the gastrointestinal (GI) hormones
3. they release their products into the lumen of the GI tract
What is the function of meiosis? 1. to produce four cells, each with identical chromosomes; 2. to produce cells with double the chromosome number of parent cell (spermatogonium in the male or oogonium in the female); 3. to produce cells with half the chromosome number of the original parent cell (spermatogonium in the male or oogonium in the female); 4. to produce genetically identical cells through the two nuclear divisions
3. to produce cells with half the chromosome number of the original parent cell (spermatogonium in the male or oogonium in the female)
What is the job of the esophagus? 1. to pulverize food by churning action of the muscular walls; 2. to store food until the stomach is ready to receive it; 3. to transmit food from the pharynx to the stomach; 4. to begin the process of digestion
3. to transmit food from the pharynx to the stomach
What is TRUE about salivation? 1. salivary glands are located in the wall of the esophagus; 2. the parasympathetic nervous system inhibits salivation; 3. GI hormones regulate the release of saliva; 4. Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system control salivation
4. Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system control salivation
Which of the following are types of papillae on the tongue that contain taste buds? 1. circumvallate and filiform; 2. palatine and circumvallate; 3. fungiform, circumvallate, and filiform; 4. fungiform and circumvallate
4. fungiform and circumvallate
Gluconeogenesis is the process in which ___. 1. glycogen is broken down to release glucose; 2. glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water; 3. glycogen is formed; 4. glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate molecules
4. glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate molecules
What are the endocrine hormones that are released from the endocrine pancreas? 1. trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase; 2. pancreatic lipase and pancreatic amylase; 3. CCK and secretin; 4. insulin and glucagon
4. insulin and glucagon
Where is the pancreas located? 1. it is located on the lateral side of the stomach, 2. it is located between the ileum and the cecum, 3. it is located in the center of a liver lobule (hepatic lobule), 4. it extends between the duodenum and the spleen
4. it extends between the duodenum and the spleen
In the enteric nervous system, a long reflexive pathway has an advantage over a short reflexive pathway in the fact that ___. 1. long reflexive pathways last much longer than short reflexive pathways; 2. long reflexive pathways are quicker to respond than short reflexive pathways; 3. long reflexive pathways can respond throughout the entire length of the GI tract while short reflexive pathways can only respond in the proximal end; 4. long reflexive pathways can be stimulated by the central nervous system
4. long reflexive pathways can be stimulated by the central nervous system
During what phase of the female's uterine cycle is the uterine lining shed? 1. secretory, or postovulatory, phase; 2. proliferative phase; 3. preovulatory phase; 4. menstrual phase
4. menstrual phase
The uterine cycle is made up of which phases? 1. follicular and secretory; 2. follicular, ovulation and luteal; 3. proliferative, luteal and follicular; 4. menstruation, proliferative and secretory
4. menstruation, proliferative and secretory
What are the four layers that make up the wall of an organ in the gastrointestinal tract? List the layers in order starting with the layer closest to the food in the lumen of the GI tract. 1. serosa (adventitia), submucosa, muscularis externa, mucosa; 2. epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae; 3. epithelium, submucosa, muscularis mucosae, serosa (adventitia); 4. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa (adventitia)
4. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa (adventitia)
Where are the testes located? 1. in the pelvis, posterior to the urinary bladder; 2. inside the abdominal cavity; 3. inside the pelvis, just inferior to the urinary bladder; 4. outside the body in the scrotum
4. outside the body in the scrotum
Which of the following would be more likely to increase digestive system function? 1. preparing to give a speech; 2. sympathetic nervous system activity; 3. running from a tiger; 4. parasympathetic nervous system activity
4. parasympathetic nervous system activity
If a male undergoes a vasectomy, which of the following can no longer take place? 1. passage of sperm cells from the rete testes to the epididymis duct; 2. passage of sperm cells from the seminiferous tubules to the rete testes; 3. passage of sperm cells from the epididymis duct to the epididymis tail; 4. passage of sperm cells from the epididymis to the penis
4. passage of sperm cells from the epididymis to the penis
The wall of the small intestine has three structural features that help to increase the surface area for absorption. What are these 3 features, and list them in order of largest to smallest. 1. duodenum, jejunum, ileun; 2. microvilli, villi, plicae circulares; 3. villi, mucosa, submucosa; 4. plicae circulares, villi, microvilli
4. plicae circulares, villi, microvilli
What happens in the epididymis? 1. 60% of the seminal fluid (semen) is added here; 2. spermatids undergo a conformational change to become spermatozoa (spermiogenesis); 3. meiosis; 4. sperm are stored until they become motile
4. sperm are stored until they become motile
What is the main difference between oogenesis and spermatogenesis in terms of meiosis? 1. oogenesis does not include a second meiotic division; 2. oogenesis produces three polar bodies, while spermatogenesis produces only one; 3. oogenesis takes place in the uterus, while spermatogenesis takes place in gonadal tissue; 4. the number of functional gametes produced is different
4. the number of functional gametes produced is different
What is TRUE regarding the characteristic features of the wall of the large intestine? 1. the smooth muscle layers in the muscularis externa are reversed, so the circular layer is on the outside, and the longitudinal layer is on the inside; 2. there are 3 layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa; 3. there are permanent folds in the wall called plicae circulares (circular folds); 4. the outer layer of longitudinal smooth muscle is incomplete in the muscularis externa
4. the outer layer of longitudinal smooth muscle is incomplete in the muscularis externa
Which of the following is the primary physiological function of the large intestine? 1. nutrient absorption; 2. primary digestion of food; 3. mechanical breakdown of food; 4. water absorption and feces elimination
4. water absorption and feces elimination
What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration? 1. 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2; 2. 6O2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy -> C6H12O6 + 6CO2; 3. C6H12O6 + 6H2O -> 6CO2 + 6O2 + ATP energy; 4. C6H12O6 + 6CO2 -> 6O2 + 6H2O + ATP energy; 5. C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP energy
5. C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP energy
Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell? 1. ATP production by ATP synthase; 2. electron transport chain; 3. citric acid cycle; 4. acetyl CoA formation; 5. glycolysis
5. glycolysis
During prophase I of meiosis ___. 1. there are four haploid daughter cells; 2. there are two daughter cells, each with 23 chromosomes; 3. chromosome pairs are positioned in the middle of the cell; 4. the homologous chromosomes separate and move toward opposite poles; 5. homologous chromosomes stick together in pairs
5. homologous chromosomes stick together in pairs
Which of the GI hormones released from enteroendocrine cells stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and the secretion of digestive enzymes from the pancreas? motilin, gastrin, CCK (cholecystokinin), GIP
CCK (cholecystokinin)
What is the name of the cell that creates the blood-testis barrier and helps to nourish spermatocytes during their development? spermatogonium; Sertoli cell or sustentacular cell; interstitial cell or Leydig cell; Granulosa cell
Sertoli cell or sustentacular cell
What is the testicular target for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)? Leydig cells (interstitial endocrine cells); Sertoli cells (sustentocytes); spermatogonia; spermatozoa
Sertoli cells (sustentocytes)
For optimum sperm production, the testes must be maintained ___. at a temperature cooler than the core body temperature; at a temperature warmer than the core body temperature; at a temperature that is the same as core body temperature
a temperature cooler than the core body temperature
Which major process involves removing nutrients and water from the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract and delivering them to the blood or lymph? absorption, mechanical breakdown, ingestion, defecation
absorption
large intestine
absorption of water; bacteria process undigested chyme
Which portion of the sperm contains the enzymes needed to penetrate the oocyte? midpiece, head, tail, acrosome
acrosome
Which enzyme digests starch? protease, lipase, amylase
amylase
The coverings that surround the testis in the scrotum are derived from which anatomical area? kidney; pelvis; anterior abdominal wall; urinary bladder
anterior abdominal wall
Which compound results in the emulsification of fats? bile salts, amylase, lipase, triglycerides
bile salts
Once sperm are deposited into the vagina, sperm motility must be enhanced and they must be prepared to release hydrolytic enzymes from their acrosomes. What is this process called? cortical reaction; fertilixation; capacitation; acrosomal reaction
capacitation
In order for dietary nutrients to be absorbed by the epithelial cells of the small intestine, the nutrients must be broken down into their chemical building blocks, or monomers. Which one of the following is INCORRECTLY matched with its chemical monomer? carbohydrates: monosaccharides; proteins: amino acids; carbohydrates: amylase; triglycerides (fat): free fatty acids & monoglycerides
carbohydrates: amylase
Which body system of a pregnant woman undergoes the most dramatic physiological changes during pregnancy? 1. digestive system; 2. respiratory system; 3. cardiovascular system; 4. urinary system
cardiovascular system
The acidic environment in the stomach converts pepsinogen to pepsin. Which cells of the gastric glands produce pepsinogen? G cells, mucus neck cells, surface epithelial cells, chief cells, parietal cells
chief cells
Enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine secrete two GI hormones that are important in regulating the function of GI organs during digestion. What are these GI hormones? cholycystokinin (CCK) and secretin; insulin and glucagon; bicarbonate and bile; enterokinase (enteropeptidase) and trypsinogen
cholecystokinin (CCK) and secretin
Which structure in the female reproductive system is analogous to the male penis and contains erectile tissue? labia majora; prepuce; clitoris; vagina
clitoris
Which structure(s) of the female's external genitalia has/have erectile tissue? labia majora; labia minora; mons pubis; clitoris
clitoris
Which of the following is the first barrier that must be penetrated by the sperm in order to fertilize an oocyte? zona pellucida; oocyte plasma membrane; extracellular space; corona radiata
corona radiata
If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum becomes a ___. primordial follicle; corpus albicans; vesicular or Graafian follicle; secondary oocyte
corpus albicans
What ovarian structure forms at the beginning of the secretory phase, encouraging its progress, and then degenerates just before menses? corpus albicans; primary follicle; corpus luteum; vesicular follicle
corpus luteum
What ovarian structure forms at the beginning of the secretory phase, encouraging its progress, and then degenerates just before menses? corpus luteum, vesicular follicle, corpus albicans, primary follicle
corpus luteum
The duct system of the male reproductive system does not include the ___. ductus deferens; epididymis; corpus spongiosum; urethra
corpus spongiosum
Which body of erectile tissue surrounds the urethra? prostate gland; corpus cavernosum; corpus spongiosum; scrotum
corpus spongiosum
Which male reproductive structure is ligated during vasectomy? epididymis; urethra; ductus (vas) deferens; penis
ductus (vas) deferens
Secretions from the liver, gall bladder and pancreas are delivered to which part of the small intestine? duodenum, cecum, jejunum, ileum
duodenum
The ___ is the first segment of the small intestine. colon, duodenum, jejunum, ileum
duodenum
Which part of the small intestine is at greatest risk for acid damage? duodenum, jejunum, ileum
duodenum
Which part of the small intestine receives secretions from the liver, gall bladder and pancreas? duodenum, jejunum, ileum
duodenum
Which of these cells would contain 23 unpaired chromosomes? secondary spermatocytes; spermatogonia; primary spermatocytes; early spermatids
early spermatids
What serves as the energy source for the proton pumps in oxidative phosphorylation? glycolysis; the Krebs cycle; electrons passing from transfer molecules to oxygen (Electron Transport Chain); oxidation of oxygen
electrons passing from transfer molecules to oxygen (Electron Transport Chain)
Growth of which structure(s) in the stratum functionalis occurs in preparation for implantation of the fertilized ovum? endometrial glands and spiral arteries; perimetrium; follicles; smooth muscle layers
endometrial glands and spiral arteries
Which of the enteric nervous system neurotransmitters can slow intestinal motility, contract the gastrointestinal sphincters, and inhibit intestinal secretions? enkephalins, NO or nitric oxide, substance P, ACh
enkephalins
What is the name of the enzyme embedded in the microvilli (brush border) of the small intestine epithelial cells that is responsible for activating pancreatic proteases? chymotrypsinogen; procarboxypeptidase; enterokinase (enteropeptidase); pepsin
enterokinase (enteropeptidase)
Which vessel delivers nutrient-rich blood to the liver from the digestive tract? central vein, inferior vena cava, hepatic portal vein, hepatic vein
hepatic portal vein
What are liver cells called? sinusoids, hepatocytes, portal cells, portal triads
hepatocytes
The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively unite to form the ___. hepatopancreatic ampulla; pancreatic acini; portal vein; bile canaliculus
hepatopancreatic ampulla
What is produced by enteroendocrine cells? hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, hormones, pepsinogen
hormones
What do parietal cells in the gastric glands secrete? salivary amylase, hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, mucus, inactive form of the enzyme pepsin
hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
What is produced by parietal cells? bile, pepsinogen, gastrin, hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
Which sphincter prevents backwards flow (reflux) from the large intestine into the small intestine? external anal sphincter; ileocecal sphincter; pyloric sphincter; lower esophageal sphincter
ileocecal sphincter
Which part of the small intestine delivers chyme to the large intestine? duodenum, jejunum, ileum
ileum
Growth of endometrium occurs in preparation for what important event? ovulation, formation of the corpus albicans, implantation of the fertilized ovum, childbirth
implantation of the fertilized ovum
How are chylomicrons transported from the intestinal villi? in blood capillaries; in lymph capillaries called lacteals; in the hepatic portal vein
in lymph capillaries called lacteals
Which one of the sphincters that control defecation (elimination of feces) are under involuntary control (i.e. are controlled by the autonomic nervous system)? internal anal sphincter, external anal sphincter
internal anal sphincter
A cell preparing to undergo meiosis duplicates its chromosomes during ___. metaphase I; prophase I; interphase; meiosis II; anaphase I
interphase
Which cells produce the male sex hormone testosterone? Sertoli or sustentacular cells; spermatids; spermatogonia; interstitial cells or Leydig cells
interstitial cells of Leydig cells
During which phase in the control of the digestive system would bicarbonate and bile be stimulated? cephalic phase, intestinal phase, gastric phase
intestinal phase
Which enzyme breaks down fats into their chemical building blocks? lipase, bile, monoglycerides, free fatty acids
lipase
Which sphincter prevents reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus? lower esophageal sphincter (LES), pyloric sphincter, ileocecal sphincter, upper esophageal sphincter
lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
A surge in ___ directly triggers ovulation. estrogen; follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); progesterone; luteinizing hormone (LH)
luteinizing hormone
During what phase of the female's uterine cycle is the uterine lining shed? menstrual phase; proliferative phase; secretory, or postovulatory, phase; preovulatory phase
menstrual phase
What is the name of the structure that anchors the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall? mesentery, greater omentum, ileum, pancreas
mesentery
In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain? golgi apparatus; nucleus; mitochondrion; lysosome; chloroplast
mitochondrion
Most absorption of dietary nutrients occurs in the small intestine. Which breakdown products of digestion can cross the plasma membrane of small intestine epithelial cells by simple diffusion? hydrophilic amino acids; glucose; monoglycerides and fatty acids; monosaccharides
monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Carbohydrates are digested into ___. nucleotides; amino acids; monosaccharides; glycerol
monosaccharides
small intestine
most digestion and absorption occurs here
Which layer of the alimentary canal or gastrointestinal tract can include either a stratified squamous or simple cuboidal epithelium? submucosa, serosa, mucosa, muscularis externa
mucosa
Which layer of the stomach contains the gastric pits that secrete mucous, acid, and digestive enzymes? mucosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, serosa
mucosa
What protects the epithelium of the stomach from the damaging effects of acid and the enzyme pepsin? mucus secretions; gastrin from the G cells; intrinsic factor from parietal cells; the low pH in the stimach
mucus secretions
Which layer of the alimentary canal is responsible for segmentation and peristalsis? muscularis externa, serosa, submucosa, mucosa
muscularis externa
Which layer of the digestive tract controls digestive propulsion? muscularis externa, serosa, submucosa, mucosa
muscularis externa
Which nervous plexus is located between the layers of the muscularis externa? mucosal plexus, enteric plexus, submucosal plexus, myenteric plexus
myenteric plexus
Which uterine layer is most important during labor and childbirth? perimetrium, endometrium, stratum functionalis, myometrium
myometrium
What is the major function of pancreatic juice? acidifying the contents of the small intestine; acidifying the contents of the stomach; emulsifying fats by breaking them into smaller pieces; neutralizing chyme entering the small intestine from the stomach
neutralizing chyme entering the small intestine from the stomach
stomach
only digestive organ with three layers in muscularis externa
Which organ is considered the female gonad, which means that the gametes are produced there? uterus; vagina; ovary; testis
ovary
Rupture of a vesicular or Graafian follicle to release a secondary oocyte is called ___. menstruation; fertilization; ovulation; oogenesis
ovulation
Milk ejection (the letdown reflex) is stimulated by which of the hormones associated with pregnancy? gonadotropin; inhibin; prolactin; oxytocin
oxytocin
Which hormone is responsible for the milk letdown reflex? aldosterone; oxytocin; prolactin; ADH
oxytocin
What is the (approximate) pH of the stomach (in the lumen)? it is neutral; pH = 7.0-7.4; it is basic (alkaline); pH = 2.0
pH = 2.0
Which organ supplies most of the enzymes used in digestion? small intestine, liver, stomach, pancreas
pancreas
All of the following are examples of pancreatic proteases except: pancreatic amylase; trypsinogen (trypsin); chymotrysinogen (chymotrypsin); procarboxypeptidase (carboxypeptidase)
pancreatic amylase
What is the name of the permanent folds seen in the wall of the small intestine? plicae circulares (circular folds), rugae, villi, microvilli
plicae circulares (circular folds)
Which portion of the penis is removed during circumcision? prepuce (foreskin); crus of the penis; glans of penis; bulb of the penis
prepuce (foreskin)
What is the function of hepatocytes? secrete digestive enzymes; process substances from the blood, produce bile; phagocytize material
process substances from the blood, produce bile
Chief cells ___. produce mucin; produce gastrin; produce pepsinogen; produce HCl
produce pepsinogen
pancreas
produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate
Which of the following is considered a role of primary sex organs? site of fertilization; secretions for copulation; production of sex hormones; copulation
production of sex hormones
During meiosis, segments of nonsister chromatids can trade places. This recombination of maternal and paternal genetic material is a key feature of meiosis. During what phase of meiosis does recombination occur? telophase I; metaphase I; prophase I; anaphase I; meiosis II
prophase I
Secretions of the large intestine epithelium are primarily responsible for: digestion of fats; protection of the epithelium; production of bacteria; absorption of nutrients
protection of the epithelium
What is the correct substrate for proteases? starch, fats or triglycerides, amino acids, proteins (or peptides)
proteins (or peptides)
What is the name of the ligament that extends from the uterus toward the anterior body wall, travels through the inguinal canal to attach to the tissue of the labia majora, and maintains the uterus in an anteverted position (tilted anteriorly)? round ligament; ovarian ligament; isthmus; broad ligament
round ligament
What is the name of the temporary folds in the wall of the stomach that allow the stomach to expand more than 10 times its size in order to accommodate large meals? fundic folds, pyloric folds, rugae, cardiac folds
rugae
Which of the following is NOT a structural modification of the small intestine that increases surface area? villi; rugae; microvilli; plicae (circular folds)
rugae
Which of the following cells is released during ovulation? oogonium, primary oocyte, secondary oocyte, ovum
secondary oocyte
Which of the following cells is released during ovulation? ovum, oogonium, secondary oocyte, primary oocyte
secondary oocyte
Paneth cells ___. secrete enzymes that kill bacteria; secrete bicarbonate ions; secrete hormones; secrete digestive hormones
secrete enzymes that kill bacteria
Which GI hormone is known as "nature's antacid"? CCK, gastrin, secretin, enterokinase
secretin
Which of the GI hormones released from enteroendocrine cells increases the secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreas and inhibits gastric secretions (in the stomach)? bile, motilin, gastrin, secretin
secretin
All of the following are functions of the salivary glands EXCEPT: secretion of bile; aids the special sense of taste; protects against micro-organisms in the mouth; starts the process of digestion
secretion of bile
Which digestive process does NOT occur in the mouth? ingestion, segmentation, digestion, mechanical breakdown
segmentation
Sperm are produced in which tube-like structure located within the testis? epididymis, rete testis, seminiferous tubules, efferent ductules
seminiferous tubules
Sperm is produced in the ___. ejaculatory duct; ductus deferens; seminiferous tubules; epididymis
seminiferous tubules
The outermost tissue layer of the alimentary canal is the ___. submucosa; muscularis; mucosa; serosa
serosa
What is the epithelium in most of the large intestine? simple squamous, simple columnar (with goblet cells), stratified squamous, stratified columnar
simple columnar (with goblet cells)
Secretions from the liver, gall bladder and pancreas are delivered to which organ? small intestine, stomach, large intestine, colon
small intestine
Where does most digestion and absorption of nutrient occur? pancreas, liver, stomach, large intestine, small intestine
small intestine
Where does the majority of digestion and absorption occur in the gastrointestinal tract? stomach, large intestine, liver, small intestine
small intestine
Where does the process of segmentation occur? anus, stomach, small intestine, esophagus
small intestine
Where does the process of segmentation occur? small intestine, esophagus, anus, stomach
small intestine
Erectile tissue is made up primarily of ___. spongy bone; specialized blood vessels; skeletal muscle tissue; adipose and connective tissue
specialized blood vessels
Which of the following cells in the final product of spermiogenesis? type B daughter cells; secondary spermatocytes; spermatids; spermatozoa
spermatozoa
Which of the following is the final product of spermiogenesis? spermatids; type B daughter cells; spermatozoa; secondary spermatocytes
spermatozoa
The presence of fat in the small intestine lumen causes enteroendocrine cells to release cholycystokinin (CCK) which stimulates all the following EXCEPT: stomach acid secretions; release of digestive enzymes; gall bladder contraction; relaxation of hepatopancreatic sphincter
stomach acid secretions
What is the function of the gall bladder? process nutrients from the portal system blood, stores and concentrates bile, produces bile, secretes digestive enzymes
stores and concentrates bile
Which type of epithelium lines the esophagus? simple squamous, stratified squamous, simple columnar
stratified squamous
Which uterine layer is shed during menses (menstruation)? myometrium; endometrium; stratum basalis (basal layer); stratum functionalis (functional layer)
stratum functionalis (functional layer)
Which layer of the alimentary canal contains not only glands and blood vessels but also a nerve plexus that helps regulate digestive activity? submucosa, muscularis externa, mucosa, serosa
submucosa
What are the 3 longitudinal bands of smooth muscle that can be seen from the external surface of the large intestine? epiploic appendages, haustra, teniae coli, plicae circulares
teniae coli
Which of the following is/are contained within the spermatic cord? testicular arteries and veins; rete testis; epididymis; seminiferous tubules
testicular arteries and veins
Where does spermatogenesis occur? seminal vesicle; testis; penis; epididymis
testis
Which organ in the male reproductive system produces the male gamete? testis; seminal vesicle; epididymis; prostate
testis
Formation of a secondary oocyte occurs during ___. the follicular phase; the luteal phase; ovulation; pregnancy
the follicular phase
Which of the following glands are responsible for about 70% of the volume of semen? the prostate, the bulbo-urethral glands, the pituitary, the seminal glands
the seminal glands
What stimulates the secondary oocyte to complete meiosis II? ovulation, a surge of LH, puberty, the sperm penetrates the oocyte membrane
the sperm penetrates the oocyte membrane
Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by ___. the rubrospinal tract, somatic neurons in the spinal cord, the vagus nerve and enteric plexus, the reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts
the vagus nerve and enteric plexus
What cellular area shown in the figure secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)? blastocyte; morula; trophoblast; inner cell mass
trophoblast
Which of these male accessory ducts transports both sperm cells and urine? ductus (vas) deferens; ejaculatory duct; epididymis; urethra
urethra
In the female, there are three openings from the inside of the body to the outside, which are listed below. Which of these orifices is most anterior? vaginal orifice; urethral orifice; anal orifice
urethral orifice
What part of the female system is the usual site of fertilization of the ovulated oocyte? cervical canal; uterus; vagina; uterine (fallopian tube)
uterine (fallopian) tube
Where does fertilization occur (usually)? uterine tube; uterus; vagina; spongy urethra
uterine tube
Which organ serves as the implantation site of the developing embryo? vagina; uterus; ovaries; uterine tube (oviduct); cervix
uterus
Which structure in the female reproductive system has smooth muscle and elastic fibers in its wall, serves as the birth canal and receives the male penis during intercourse? uterus; vagina; cervix; uterine tube
vagina
Which cranial nerve controls digestive system function and releases ACh as the neurotransmitter from its postganglionic neurons? vagus, hypoglossal, facial nerve, glossopharyngeal
vagus
What are the finger-like projections of mucosa in the small intestine that help increase the surface area for absorption? villi, rugae, microvilli, plicae circulares (circular folds)
villi
What is another name for serosa? muscularis, parietal peritoneum, visceral peritoneum, connective tissue
visceral peritoneum
Which of the following is the primary physiological function of the large intestine? water absorption and feces elimination; primary digestion of food; nutrient absorption; mechanical breakdown of food
water absorption and feces elimination
