Ansci 101 Exam 2

¡Supera tus tareas y exámenes ahora con Quizwiz!

Midsized operations becoming larger to remain viable with tighter margins and to maintain market options. Feedlots with > 1000 head represent 2% of operations, but control > 80% of the cattle marketed. "Big 3"packers process > 80% of fed cattle. Most of the cattle in US are in LARGE feedlots

Consolidation (beef)

how much of the product is there. Measured by fat and ribeye

Cutability

Meat quality is based on?

Cutability and palatability

States with the most horses

Texas, Cali, Florida, Oklahoma

Hormone to sync heifers

prostaglandin

milk grade

quality grade

grow to 14 months, bred, and give birth at 2 years

replacement heifers

Beef Cattle segments

seedstock, commercial, feedlot, packers

cow has full udder, separates herself, hip muscle is sunken, muccus on her vulva

signs of cattle parturition

extrinsic factors of microbial growth

storage temp, relative humidity, gaseous atmosphere

breed a cow in

summer

grade A milk requirements

temp, microbial load, antibiotics, somatic cell count

vaccinate calves at

weaning

milk classes

yield grade

feedlot benchmarks

ADG= 3 lbs/day end weight= 1400-1500 lbs

Combine genetic pieces from seedstockers. Priorities: weaning weight- maximized weight produced per cow. Tools: forage, crossbreeding. Products: feeder calf.

Commercial (Beef)

cows eat __ of the day, rest __ of the day, ruminate __ of the day

1/3

By 1900, a typical Iowa farm had ____ draft horses, each working 600 hours/year

10

_____ lb steer, ___ % dress, ____ lb carcass, ___ % retail yield, ___ lb retail product, ___ lbs annual per capita per year, ~_ US citizens fed

1400, 63, 750, 70, 525, 60, 9

of the costs of feeding a herd= feed costs

2/3-3/4

when did tax dollars get taken away from horse slaughter inspectors in the US?

2008

cow estrous

21 days

cattle gestation

280-285 days

Dairy steers amount for what % of the beef industry?

30%

Danger zone

40-140

Age and weight of weaned calves

7 months 500 lbs

cattle birth weight

70-100 lbs

__ out of 10 Americans eat fresh beef at home regularly ~2 times/week

8

How many horses in US

9.5 mil

Scotland Black and polled Moderate to small Always polled, no scurs. Most popular breed in US Maternal ("English") breed

Angus

Cattle can be bred when throughout the year?

Any time

% of the carcasses weight that ends up as boneless, mostly trimmed retail product

Beef carcass cutability

Belgium Spotted to white with usual roan pigment. Double Muscled. Often shown sheared off to show extreme muscle expression. Produces unusually tender meats. Paternal.

Belgian Blue

US but from India Long, down ears, hump, dark to light grey in color Seen often in bull riding. Very strong resistance to parasites and heat so most popular in deep south Maternal

Brahman

US composite 5/8 Angus, 3/8 Brahman influence Black with slight appearance of hump and ears (from Brahman influence) Combines heat and parasite tolerance of Brahman influence with growth and maternal ability of Angus Maternal

Brangus

France White with reddish pigment in skin. Heavy Muscled. Large Framed White is co-dominate to other color genes. Diluted color in crosses Paternal ("exotic" or "continental")

Charolais

Italy White with black eyes and switch. American lines are small and black to suit youth show industry Cross of Brahman lines tend to have a striped or brindle pattern Paternal

Chiannina

"Cafeteria bug". Vegetative cells destroyed by cooking. Spores live an eternity. Grows where there is little or no oxygen present- causes diarrhea and cramps.

Clostridium perfringens

Beef cattle are trending __________?

Downward (no more housewives to watch a roast all day)

Exist naturally in the microflora of sheep and cattle. Can survive acidic conditions. Low infectious dose. Over 73 thousand cases every year. Hallmark symptom: bloody diarrhea

E. Coli O157:H7

By size (weight per dozen)

Egg class

by shell and internal quality (shell integrity, cleanliness, air cell, inclusions, blood spots)

Egg grade

How mature the animal was, look at the thorasic vertebrate, is the last rib totally cartilagenous? Look at marbling and color

Estimating beef carcass palatability

measure 3/4 down the way of the rib

Fat thickness

Cattle Feeders. ~40,000 feeders. Most are fed by a couple thousand producers. Priorities: feed efficiency, growth rate, carcass merit. Tools: concentrates, growth promotants. Products: finished market calf

Feedlot (beef)

Use a Rack, pace, or running walk. One foot remains on the ground

Gaited horses

Southern Germany in late 1700s Red color with strong skin pigmentation US black lines developed. More moderate size that other European imports. Commonly heavier dewlap Known best for reproductive performance compared to other European imports. Has odd ability to restrict blood flow to sites of heavy parasite infestation and thus kills the parasite. Paternal or maternal is okay here. Are used both was in various operations

Gelbvieh

yolk round and upstanding, covers relatively small area

Grade A

Stand up tall, firm yolk, area coverd by white is small, thick white

Grade AA

yolk is flattened, used for baking, food service

Grade B

Vehicle: stool of infected person. Onset: 15-50 days. Causes fever, nausea, abdominal pain, fatigue, jaundice, inflammation of liver. Can be carried in prepared salads, salad bars, raw or lightly cooked oysters, clams, virus killed by heating at 185 degrees for 1 min.

Hepatitis A

England Red with white face and points, moderate sized. Can be dark red to almost yellow Western range cow with moderate milk so breeds easily. Distinguished horns (curve downward) and polled breed/lines too. Maternal ("English")

Hereford

at least 14.2 hands, riding and work

Hot bloods

Follow protocol to precondition cattle and they get the green tag. Low stress, injections in front of shoulder

Iowa "green tag" protocol

Most prevalent countries in horse slaughter?

Japan, Mexico, Canada

France Red or black, heavy muscled, rounded quarter and large size Fine boned Paternal ("exotic" or "continental")

Limousin

Can grow with or without oxygen, very salt tolerant, can survive refrigeration

Listeria monocytogenes

US from Crillio cattle left feral from Spanish explorers Moderate to small size and colors with various levels of white, red, and black mixing. Obvious large horns. American original. Long horns with age; really durable in tough environmental conditions. Also very easy to calve. Maternal

Longhorn

France Large framed and big headed with rough shoulder and weak top. Traditionally red and white spotted. Strong American Shorthorn influence, can see roan and small, stock appearance in US lines Popular cross in show cattle in US. US lines are mostly solid black or with some white (called chrome). They are selected for hair length to suit show industry. Paternal

Maine

rotational grazing so that grass can photosynthesize and recover. Dramatically increases productivity of grass. Benchmark= .5-2 acres/cow calf pair

Managed Intensive Grazing System

Bone ossification (cartilage has calcifies and solidifies with bones around it) and palatability

Maturity

mandatory, wholesomeness, government paid, US inspected and passed by dept of ag

Meat inspection

microscopic forms of life, widely dispersed in the environment. Vast majority are non-pathogenic to humans

Microorganisms

<1000 companies. Priorities:yield, quality. Tools: assembly-line efficiency. Challenges: tight margins, consistent quality, safety.

Packers (beef)

tenderness, juiciness, color

Palatability

yield usually in % lean, USDA grades

Pork cutability

Grade A, B, and C. Quality of workmanship defined.

Poultry grading

Use a ribeye grid measured in 10th of a square inch

Ribeye area

Beef cattle producers who's primary product is the sale of genetic change. 120,000 breeders. Priorities: change agent. Tools: EPD.

Seedstock (beef)

NE coast of England, Scotland Red, roan, or white Noted dairy and beef lines exist Maternal

Shorthorn

Switzerland, but German lines as well Usually very large, level made cattle. Traditionally yellow or red spotted, German lines solid red. American lines can be black or grey Bred triple purpose in Europe, and represented world wide with many different strains and names. Paternal

Simmental

larger, later maturing, faster growing. Leaner at typical slaughter weights and produce great carcass characteristics. More expensive to maintain or not as functional in the environment in which the cow herd must produce

paternal breeds (cattle)

Grade- Indicate Palatability. Tenderness, juiciness, flavor.

USDA Quality Grades

Grade- Indicate cutability. % edible product from carcass

USDA yield grades

"Indicates percent boneless, closely trimmed retail cuts from wholesale cuts"

USDA yield grades (beef & lamb)

Dutch warmblood, Hanoverian, Seele Francaise, Trakehner, Holsteiner

Warm bloods

Under 14.2 hands. Used for show, children, therapy

pony

beef teaching farm raises

angus and simmental

Order of USDA grading

prime, choice, select, standard, commercial, utility, cutter

basic shapes of bacteria

bacillus, coccus, spiral

Combo tattoo and ear tag, hot or fire branding, freeze branding, electronic ear tag

beef cattle identification methods

processing cattle

castrate bulls, tattoo and ear tag, may provide an antibiotic

Preconditioning practices

castrate, dehorn, treat for parasite

preconditioning practices

castrate, dehorn, treat for parasite

weight of carcass, measurement of fat, depth of ribeye=

cutability estimate

grade b milk

not consumed as fluid milk

intrinsic factors of microbial growth

nutrients, water activity, pH

at least 16 hands, largest breeds

draft (cool bloods)

pig wholesale cuts

ham, loin, side, boston butt, picnic

USDA is/is not required for harvesting facilities

is not

internal fat

kidney, pelvic, and heart fat

break joint

lamb

Lamb wholesale cuts

leg, loin, rack, shoulder

While gestating, cows have more/less energy demand, so they can eat low quality stover

less

Benefit of having fall calves?

make more money because there's less supply (no grazing season though)

More _______ that exists, the more palatability

marbling

Basis of the cow herd, cost effective, forage efficient, sensibly sized, low input, easy fleshing.

maternal breeds (cattle)

Palatability is determined by

maturity and marbling

Optional, palatabiliy/quantity, packer paid

meat grading

spool joint

mutton


Conjuntos de estudio relacionados

Organizational Behavior Exam 2 - Leisl Wesson

View Set

Answer these questions about José's and Anabela's pastimes.

View Set