anshaelah A

Freddie used to feed her cat canned cat food. Now every time Freddie uses the can opener, her cat gets very excited and starts meowing. In this example, the US is

CAT FOOD

The nine digits of a person's social security number will exceed the capacity of short-term memory, but for most people a social security number actually becomes three bits of information through a process called

CHUNKING

Why do students generally find essay exams to be more difficult than multiple-choice exams?

Essay exams require recall.

The terms schema, assimilation, and accommodation are most closely associated with which of the following psychologists?

Lev Vygotsky

In classical conditioning, an association is learned between the

NS and the US.

Wilson wants to use operant conditioning to teach his son to take out the trash. Every time his son takes out the trash, Wilson gives him a dollar. Wilson is using

POSITIVE reinforcement.

Freddie used to feed her cat canned cat food. Now every time Freddie uses the can opener, her cat gets very excited and starts meowing. In this example, the UR is

THE CAT EXITEMENT

Freddie used to feed her cat canned cat food. Now every time Freddie uses the can opener, her cat gets very excited and starts meowing. In this example, the CR is

THE CAT EXITEMENT????

Explicit memory is

THE CONSIOUS USE OF MEMORY

Freddie used to feed her cat canned cat food. Now every time Freddie uses the can opener, her cat gets very excited and starts meowing. In this example, the CS is

THE SOUND OF THE CAN OPENER

What is the commonly accepted view of current psychologists regarding the nature-nurture controversy?

The interaction of these two factors determines what we become.

What do functional fixedness and mental sets have in common with each other?

They are obstacles to problem solving.

Which of the following is TRUE about ill-structured problems?

They can only be solved with heuristics.

Sam recently lost his grandmother. Now Sam feels sad whenever he smells the perfume his beloved grandmother used to wear. In this example, the loss of his grandmother is the

US

Why would Watson's studies with "Little Albert" be considered unethical today?

Watson did not have the opportunity to undo the negative effects of his studies

Learning is

a relatively permanent change in behavior, or the potential for behavior, that results from experience.

Maintenance rehearsal involves ____ processing and elaborative rehearsal involves ____ processing.

a shallow level of; a deep level of

Divergent thinking is most closely associated with which of the following?

a. creativity

When you are trying to retrieve knowledge from your memory, you are

a. thinking.

When your teacher announces that you are going to be discussing the theories and research of Lawrence Kohlberg, you can expect that you will be talking about ____ development.

a. Moral

Postconventional moral reasoning is based on

a. abstract principles of morality.

If your 4-month-old infant appears to quickly lose interest in a pacifier that you have just hidden under a blanket, Piaget would say that the infant lacks an understanding of

a. egocentrism.

Four-year-old Bai goes to the store to buy her mother a birthday present and picks out a Barbie doll. According to Piaget, Bai is demonstrating

egocentrism.

The greatest difference between computers and the human mind is the mind's ability to

experience consciousness.

John Watson was successful in conditioning ____ in "Little Albert

fear

Stimulus discrimination should lead to

fewer varieties of stimulus that cause a specific response

Chang gets paid a $50 bonus for every 100 pairs of shoes that he sells. Chang is being reinforced on a ____ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed ratio

Regarding the categories we use to organize our knowledge, superordinate categories are ____ and subordinate categories are _

general; specific

Sue is afraid of all snakes. If she is hiking in the woods and she sees a black snake, she will run away just as fast as if she had just seen a rattlesnake. Sue's behavior is an example of

generalization

____ 3. Which of the following represents the correct sequence of prenatal development?

germinal, embryonic, fetal

The physical activities involved in playing soccer would mostly include ____ motor skills.

gross

When your dog's continual barking leads you to eventually be able to pay less attention to it, ____ has

habituation

When you tie your shoes you are most likely making use of your

implicit memory.

A four-year-old child who ambitiously seeks to discover his environment and its expectations of him, would be in Erikson's stage of

initiative vs. guilt.

Implicit memory is

is the unconscious use of memory.

One specific way to overcome the obstacle of a mental set when attempting to solve a problem is to

let it incubate.

Recall is to ____, as recognition is to ____.

long-term memory; short-term memory

Episodic memory is

memory for the events of one's life.

According to Erik Erikson, an infant whose needs are not met by its caregivers is likely to develop

mistrust.

When you break your curfew and your parents take away your car privileges in order stop you from breaking curfew in the future, they are attempting

negative punishment

Mayra tells her daughter that she doesn't have to do the dishes for a week because she did so well on her weekly spelling test at school. Mayra is using

negative reinforcement.

If you use maintenance rehearsal to prepare for your next test in psychology, you probably will

not do well

The orienting reflex is to ____, as habituation is to ____.

novel experience; repeated experience

positive punishment

occurs when something pleasant is taken away from an organism's environment.

According to the availability heuristic, you are more likely to ____ the number of days that it snows each year, if asked to make this judgment on a ____ day.

overestimate; snowy

Retrograde amnesia is to ____, as anterograde amnesia is to ____.

past, future

You have the phone number of the local pizza parlor in your iconic memory right now. What do you have to do with this information to move it to short-term memory?

pay attention to it

If you were explaining the three stages model of memory to your friend, you would tell them that the first stage of memory is

sensory memory

The duration of short-term memory is about

30 seconds

On exam day, as you attempt to answer the questions on the exam, you are primarily engaged in the ____ of memory traces.

retrieval

When you momentarily forget a friend's name, the function of memory that has failed is the ____ function

retrieval

If a child holds a schema that hospitals are for having babies, this schema might have to be changed if the child learns that his father has to be admitted to the hospital. This change in schema is called

accommodation.

Positive reinforcement is to ____, as negative reinforcement is to ____.

addition of something pleasant; removal of something unpleasant

Determining the number of miles per gallon you got on your last tank of gas by dividing the total mileage since your last fill-up by the number of gallons of gas purchased would be an example of using a(n)

algorithms

Negative reinforcement leads to

an increase in behavior

Which of the following is the best example of a prototype for the category fruit?

apple

Yan has never seen a zebra. While watching a television show on animals, a zebra is shown and Yan says, "Look at the horse." According to Piaget, Yan is engaging in

assimilation.

Bill believes that children need physical punishment, and are usually not competent enough to make their own decisions or be involved in family decisions. Diana Baumrind would characterize his parenting style as

authoritarian.

____ 20. Trey wants to play basketball in a local league. He and his mom sit down and discuss what grades he will have to maintain in order to play on the basketball team. They also agree on what the consequences will be if

authoritative

____ 16. Which of the following best represents moral reasoning at the conventional level?

b. being in favor of capital punishment because that is the law in your state

Frika is washing dishes and she automatically puts the forks in the side drawer, despite the fact that she moved the forks to another drawer last week. Frika's error is most likely the result of ____ memory.

b. implicit

____ 2. Dr. Cortez believes that heredity influences development more so than one's environment. Dr. Cortez is emphasizing ____ over ____.

b. nurture/nature

Which of the following is a well-structured problem?

balancing your checkbook

Prototypes are most closely associated with which term?

basic level categories

If we don't pay attention to sensory memories, they will most likely

be forgotten forever

An automobile driver who justifies speeding as long you don't have to pay a fine, is most likely reasoning at the ____ level of moral development.

c. preconvention

Iconic memory is to ____, as echoic memory is to ____.

c. visual sensory memory; auditory sensory memory

Teresa had a bad experience at the dentist's office when she had a painful root canal. As a result, Teresa is afraid of dentists. Which type of learning best explains Teresa's fear of dentists?

classical conditioning

Semantic memory is

conceptual memory

A child who consistently uses logical thinking to solve conservation problems is likely in Piaget's ____ stage.

concrete operations

Kamal believes that abortion is wrong as many of his friends and his parents also believe. Kamal is most likely at which of Kohlberg's moral reasoning?

conventional

You have just stored an echo of something your professor said in lecture. If you do not process this echo enough to send it on to short-term memory, what will happen to the information stored in the echo?

d. It will disappear forever.

If a new memory has made it to the short-term memory stage, it has definitely been

d. given at least a slight amount of attention.

A child who does not yet understand object permanence is most likely in Piaget's ____ stage.

d. preoperational

If you are doing a research paper on the theories of Erik Erikson, your topic will most likely focus on ____ development.

d. psychosocial

Balancing your checkbook involves

deductive reasoning.

A neutral stimulus is defined as one that

does not naturally elicit a particular UR

Reasoning is

drawing conclusions based on a set of assumptions.

Joseph told his buddies at work a joke that made fun of women. To his surprise, his friends scolded him. As a result, Joseph decided never again to tell a joke like that at work. Joseph's experience is an example of what type of consequence?

positive punishment.

Jenny was recently married and she took her husband's last name. To her dismay, her friends from high school keep calling her by her maiden name despite her repeated requests to use her married name. Jenny's friends

proactive interference.

The safest and most effective tool to change behavior is

reinforcement.

. When animal trainers use operant conditioning techniques to slowly condition a new behavior by reinforcing successive approximations of the new desired behavior, the specific name for this is

shaping.

Short-term memory uses a dual-coding system for storing memories. This means that

short-term memories are usually stored either acoustically or visually.

Vera wants to classically condition her dog to associate the sight of his leash with going outside. To do this, she must keep in mind that to get the strongest conditioning possible, she will have to

show the dog the leash immediately before the walk begins.

Short-term memory is best described as

small in capacity and short in duration.

Jean Piaget would have been most interested in the

social stages that children progress through on the way to adulthood.

Information that you store in your long-term memory about all the groups of people who attend your school is likely organized in the form of

stereotypes.

Short-term memory is to ____, and long-term memory is to ____.

temporary; permanent

The fact that our mental representation of apples would be stored in our long-term memory category of fruits provides evidence

that concepts are important in the organization of our stored knowledge.

If asked, many people would believe that car accidents are a more frequent cause of death in the U.S. than strokes. However, the truth is that car accidents are just more sensational than the more frequent strokes. This mistake would be an example of

the availability heuristic.

The neutral stimulus in Pavlov's original studies was

the buzzer

Sam recently lost his grandmother. Now Sam feels sad whenever he smells the perfume his beloved grandmother used to wear. In this example, Sam's sadness is the

uR

In Pavlov's original studies, salivation to meat was a(n) ____, and salivation to a buzzer was a(n) ____.

unconditioned response; conditioned response

Cooking without using strict measurements, but relying upon past experience and cooking wisdom to determine the correct proportions of ingredients would be an example of using a(n)

underextension

Assimilation is to ____, as accommodation is to ____.

use of existing schema; creation of new schema

Mental rotation and image scanning studies show that

visual images in our minds have many of the spatial properties of the real stimulus.

Most short-term memories are stored as

visual images.

Which of the following would not be a result of classical conditioning?

voluntary response

According to the three stages model of memory,

we keep all permanent memories in our long-term memory.

17. Which of the following memories is most likely to remain accessible over a long period of time?

your memory of how to drive a stick shift