ANT ch6 Primates

define Stereoscopic Vision

- Binocular vision - allows for depth perception

describe OWM Hamadryas

- Considerable sexual dimorphism - sleeping cliffs up to 750 fission into clans during daily foraging - aggressive; large populations - dont have territoris so they just move around

Describe OWM Black and White Colobus

- Uni-male/ multifemale - arboreal quadroped - most likely known for stealing things from people (inida)

OWM SKeleton

-SLIDE 52 - equal length limbs - wide variety of shoulders

describe primates vision (3)

1. Binocular - overlap, both eyes see it 2. Stereoscopic - to both hemispheres, depth 3. Color vision

List and describe three types of Hominoidea

1. Hylobatidae - Gibbons and Siamangs - lesser apes 2. Pongidae - Orangutan, Gorilla, Chimps, Bonobos - great apes 3. Hominidae - Humans and our ancestors

what are the 4 kinds of dentition and their function in primates

1. Incisors (bite) 2. Canines (bite) 3. Premolars (crush and chew -- cusps) 4. Molars (crush and chew)

list 8 locomotion types

1. Vertical clinging and leaping 2. Quadrupedalism 3. Palmigrade 4. Knuckle-walking 5. Fist walking 6. Some with prehensile tail 7. Brachiation 8. Bipedalism

describe the dental formula

4 numbers on top, 4 numbers on the bottom in the order of the 4 kinds described (incisor, canine, premolars, molars) ex: (2.1.3.3)/(2.1.3.3.)

Describe OWM Savanna Baboon

Wide range of habitats overlapping with hominins similar niche also large group

what do all Catarrhini (Cercopithecoidea (OWM) have that is unique?

All have ischial callosities - patch of tough hard skin on the buttocks - associated with erect sitting

what are primates teeth used for

eating and weapons

what is unique about tarsier skeleton

eye socket is larger than brain

what is the basic social pattern of a Tarsier

family unit consisting of a mated pair and their offspring

what does a lemur use his tail for

fighting for territory by waving it, it is also covered in his scent which the most offensive odor will win

what do Tarsier's have like a strep.

have a grooming claw Lack a tooth comb and tapetum lucidum

what characteristics are for nocturnal animals

large eyes, smell, moveable ears

why are tarsier's called this

large tarsal bones in feet

Describe OWM Gelada

like grazers, huge groups always sitting, both sexes have red chests- female estrus

Where are lemurs found

madagascar and other islands off the coast of africa (They became extinct elsewhere in the world.)

why are tarsiers the "platypus" of the primates

mixed characteristics of both strep. (have grooming claw) and haplor. (no moist nose)

what represents 85% of all primates

monkeys (195 species)

briefly describe the Haplorhines

more derived, no wet nose, just nails

what is the smallest lemur

mouse lemur (30g, or 1oz)

what two groups are monkeys divided into separated by geographic area as well as several million years of evolutionary history

new world monkeys and old world monkeys

in the Primate taxonomy, who has wet noses and who has dry

wet: Strepsirhines dry: Halplorhines

what is the dental formula for ancestral pattern and ancestral formula for derived pattern

Ancestral pattern: (2.1.3.3.)/(2.1.3.3.) derived pattern: (2.1.2.3)/(2.1.2.3)

how do lemurs move and climb

Primarily Vertical clingers and leapers though some spend a lot of time on the ground

Tre on Board of Primates

Primates - Strep. i. lemur, loris, godago - Haplor i. Tarsier ii. Plouty :NWM iii. Cartar :OWM :Apes(and humans)

Primate Taxonomy, what are our two main groups

Strepsirhines form the Haplorhines

what are the exceptions to primates having nails instead of claws

Strepsirhines retain a grooming claw

define the Arboreal Hypothesis

that all these traits evolved for primates to live in the TREES (front color vision to see depth, eye socket to protect, nails not claws for tactile ability)

who is the most primitive ancestral primates

the suborders of strepsirhini like lemurs, lorises, and galagos

Galagos (or bush babies) are found

throughout East Africa, as well as in woodlands and bushlands in sub-Saharan Africa.

what is the strange scary looking red faced monkey

uakari (bald, red face, fluffy hair)

what is odd about primate vision

we have bony eye protection (started as a bar, and now its an eye socket)

Describe Catarrhini Hominoidea and who does it include (Characteristics that distinguish hominoids from monkeys:)

(Apes and Humans) - Apes found in Africa and Asia - 2-1-2-3 Dental Formula - Y-5 Molar pattern - Larger body size - Absence of a tail - Shortened trunk - Long arms relative to legs (except humans) - Brachiation, Suspensory, Knuckle walking, and Bipedal locomotion - Increased period of infant development and dependency - Diurnal

Decsribe Cercopithecines (diet, movement, grouping)

(Includes Baboons, Macaques, and Guenons) - Generalized diet - omnivorous - Both terrestrial and arboreal quadrupeds - Primarily multimale/ multifemale social groups

describe Colobines

(Includes Colobus, Langurs, and Odd-nosed monkeys) - Specialized diet - fulivorous - Arboreal quadrupeds - Small social groups in the colobus and proboscis, while multimale/ multifemale in the langurs - (bright red penis for sexual selection)

Describe the Lorises (characteristics, location, movement, diet)

(not lemur but a strepsorine) - Slender and slow varieties - found in tropical forests and woodlands of India, Sri Lanka, southeast Asia, and Africa. - Lorises use a climbing form of quadrupedalism / quadrumanous - Some lorises are insectivorous; others supplement their diet with fruit, leaves, gums, and slugs.

Describe Hylobatidae: Gibbons and SIamangs (location, movement, diet, grouping, how they identify territory, ex)

- Found in tropical southeast Asia. - Locomotor adaptations for brachiation may be related to feeding behavior while hanging from branches. - Diet is largely fruit with supplements of leaves, flowers, and insects. - monogamous pair and their dependent offspring. - Males and females are territorial and delineate their territories with whoops and "songs". - video of them playing with tiger cub

describe Galagos (bush babies) (movement, diet, sleep, grouping, dental)

- Highly active vertical clingers and leapers - Almost entirely insectivorous - Nocturnal - Solitary with established territories, sometimes small groups - 2-1-3-3 dental formula

What are some shared derived traits of primates to mammals (4)

- Homoeothermic (body temp diff than surrounding) - Lactation - Internal Gestation Parental care - Social organisms

describe Cebidae (who, movement, diet, grouping)

- Howler, squirrel, capuchin, uakari, titi, spider... - Arboreal quadrupeds with Prehensile tail - Generalized diet of fruits, leaves, and insects - Multimale / multifemale groups

list characteristics of Hamplorines (Suborder Haplorhini like Tarsiers, Monkeys, Apes and Humans) (8)

- Larger brain and body size - Only has nails - Greater color vision - Bony plate at the back of the eye socket (enclosed eye orbits) - Reduced reliance on the sense of smell (no rhinarium) - Less specialized dental formula (no dental comb) - Fused mandible - Longer gestation and maturation periods

which lemurs are diurnal and which are nocturnal

- Larger lemurs are diurnal and eat vegetable foods: fruit, leaves, buds, and bark. - Smaller lemurs are nocturnal and insectivorous (insect -feeding).

how do lemurs group (3)

- Some species favor large multimale / multifemale groups - Others are pair bonded (Indri and nocturnal lemurs) - Matriarchal

why is dentition important

- because they Preserve well - Reveal diet - Help classify species - General (all teeth the same) vs specialized

what does it mean for NWM to be cooperative breeders?

- dominant female suppresses other's ovulation

Describe the Suborder Strepsirhini in depth (like Lemurs, Lorises, and Galagos) (9)

- grooming claw - Laterally placed eyes w/ postorbital bar - Presence of the tapetum lucidum (makes eyes shine at night bc nocturnal) - Elongated snouts - Strepsirhine rhinarium (wet nose) - Rely on olfaction - "dental comb" (2.1.3.3.)/(2.1.3.3.) - Unfused mandible (split in middle) - Shorter gestation/maturation

why are NWM howler monkeys called that

- have a huge throat pouch to yell loudly - usually use this to alarm call to alert other males to stay away from his females - loud territorial howls

describe the Aye Aye lemur

- huge eyes, weird teeth inscisors, huge ears - Often feared as an ill omen and killed on sight - Middle finger used to probe for insects in tree branches

what is unique about NWM

- males help raise young - Twins are common

describe new world monkeys (callitrichdae) (movement, diet, grouping)

- marmosets and tamarins - Arboreal quadrupeds with some vertical clinging and leaping - Mostly insectivorous, but includes gum from trees and fruit - Family groups (pair bonded single female with 1-2 males)

4 types of "monkeys"

- platyrrhini, catarrhini, apes, humans

describe Tarsiers (size, sleep, location, diet, movement, unique trait)

- small - nocturnal primates - islands of southeast Asia - are primarily insectivorous - leaping from branches. - HUGE eyes and cant rotate them, only rotate heads

describe platyrhini new wolrd monkeys (location, dental, sleep)

- southern Mexico and Central and South America. - 2-1-3-3 Dental Formula, Non-Bilophodont Molars - Diurnal (meaning dwell in day light, except Owl monkey)

Catarrhini: Cercopithecoidea (Old World Monkey) (location, dental formula, molars, movement, tail?,

- tropical forests to semiarid desert to snow-covered areas in Asia. Characteristics: - 2-1-2-3 Dental Formula Bilophodont Molars (4 cusps) - Arboreal Quadrupeds and Terrestrial Quadrupeds - Lack a prehensile tail

Describe the three OWM Vervet vocalizations

- used a lot in labs - Based on Predator: 1. On ground (leopard) 2. In grass (snake) 3. In avian (eagle)

Define Quadrupedalism (who doesn't use this)

- using 4 limbs; use knuckles, palms, or fists - (humans are only bipedal mammals and arent)

Describe primates hands and feet (3)

1. grasping (some have opposable thumbs and big toes) 2. nails not claws

Describe Primates relative differences to other mammals development (7)

1. slower life history, for given body size 2. small litters (one baby at a time) 3. long gestation (pregnant for 7-8 months) 4. Long juvenile period 5. Live longer 6. Larger brains 7. Increased learning and complex behavior

if they dont have Cusps in their molars what do they have

2 parallel ridges

what is a lemurs dental formula

2-1-3-3 (like all other strepserine)

what is a tarsier's dental formula

2-1-3-3 / 1-1-3-3 dental formula

what two types of families are in Platyrrhini

Callitrichidae (marmosets and tamarins) Cebidae (all the other NWM)

what are all the other NWM called

Cebidae

Cercopithecidae (Catarrgini or OWM) divided into two subfamilies based on their diet

Cercopithecines (terrestrial and omnivorous) Colobines (arboreal and vegetarian).

define infant parking and who does this

Galagos (bush babies) who hide their babies in a small nook while the mother goes off to hunt, later picks up again

What do female Loris do that is unique

Females frequently form associations for foraging or in sharing the same sleeping nest.

what are OWM Langurus known for

Infanticide

describe old world monkeys (aka)

Old world monkeys Catarrhini (aka Cercopithecoidea) Narrow nose with down facing nostrils

primates have less emphasis on ___ and more on ___

Less emphasis on olfaction More emphasis on vision

Describe OWM Japanese Macaque

Live in snow, fluffy and pink face, they are very intelligent and play with fruit, learned how to wash off handfulls of rice

Describe OWM Macaques

Longtail, most adaptable stumptail, salawesi, bonnet (slide 49)

where are modern Strepsirhines located

Lorises in africa, india, and asia; Galagos in africa, Lemurs in Madagascar

who is the largest group of any non human primate

Mandrill, 800,1300

who is the only type that has a functional prehensile tail that works like a limb

NWM (howler)

what are Loris' sleeping, dental structure, and grouping

Nocturnal 2-1-3-3 dental formula Solitary or small groups with territories

who is the only monkey to have a coushioned pad on the butt and whats it called

OWM Catarrhini (ischial callosities )

purpose of colored nose on OWM Mandrill

Sexual selection, may indicate better health

who has the largest eye to body size ratio of any primate Immobile within the socket rotate head 180 degrees

Tarsier

who is the odd ball (like the platypus) of the two catergories

Tarsioidea

Define prosimians

Vertical clinging and leaping; long legs ex: lemur

describe new world monkeys (aka)

aka Platyrrhini Flat nose, side facing nostrils

All but who have wet noses

all but Tarsier (stepsirhines)

Define Visual Predation Hypothesis

all of these traits to live among insects to catch and eat them

What is a prehensile tail used for

almost like another limb

who are Tarsier more related to

anthropoids (haplorhines)

whats y&5 molar and who has them

apes and humans, 5 cusps that form a Y in the molar

define brachiation locomotion

arm swinging; common in cebids and gibbons

briefly describe the Strepsirhines

claws and wet noses, more ancestral

what is zabumaphu

coquerel's sifaka (jumps doesnt walk)

what are two examples of callitichides we talked about in class that look funny

cotton-top tamarin; emperor tamarin

in molars in apes, what are the two shapes

cusps and y-shaped

how do we know that we have a common ancestor to lemurs

our hands, but they do not have opposable thumbs

describe the Strepsirhini skeletal structure

postorbital bar, slide 27

describe the tree on slide 17

primates: 1. strepsirhines - lemuroidea - lorisoidea 2. Haplorhines - Tarsioidea - NWM(Ceboidea) - OWM (Cercopithecoidea) - Apes and Humans (Hominoidea)

why do NWM have equal length limbs

qud. not climbers or leapers