ANTH 101 - Kobari - Exam 1

Postnatal: 5 Stages of Growth Development

1 and 2. Neonatal and Infancy- 1-3 years; Weening; Deciduous teeth begin to erupt; Motor skills develop; Progress of cognition 3. Childhood- 3-7 years; Brain grows the most; deciduous teeth replaced by permanent 4. Juvenile- 7-10 (girls) 7-12 (boys); Physical growth slows; Socialization speeds up 5. Adolescence- Spike in development; Sexual maturation (able to tell difference between boy and girl); Males are more sensitive to environmental stresses

What are the 6 attributes of being human?

1. Bipedalism 2. Non-honing chewing 3. Speech 4. Hunting (tools and strategies) 5. Domesticated Foods (plants and animals) 6. Material culture/ tools

What are the 4 sub-fields of Anthropology?

1. Cultural 2. Archaeology 3. Linguistical 4. Biological

DNA Replication

1. DNA unzips 2. Transcription- mRNA makes copies of genes and leaves the nucleus 3. A ribosome attaches to the mRNA and reads it 3 base pairs at a time (codon) using transfer RNA 4. Translation- tRNA produces one amino acid per codon and they are held together by a peptide bond; this continues until a stop codon is read 5. The series of amino acids form a polypeptide chain; this is what forms a protein 6. Proteins lead to Phenotypes which is the physical manifestation of certain genes

4 Modes of Natural Selection

1. Directional- one extreme trait is favored; tall over short 2. Stabilizing- against extreme traits; no short or tall 3. Disruptive- both extreme traits are favored; both short and tall 4. Sexual- make yourself more appealing to the opposite sex

Darwin's Theories 4

1. Evolution has occurred 2. Most evolutionary change was gradual, requiring thousands or millions of years 3. The primary mechanism for evolution was a process called natural selection 4. The millions of species present on Earth today arose from a single original life form through a branching process called speciation, by which one species can give rise to two or more species

Genetic

1. Generational Adaptation 2. Inheritable 3. Non-reversible Ex) Hair Loss; Skin Color; Sickle Cell; Hot and Cold Environments

Human Adaptation: 3 Types

1. Genetic 2. Cultural 3. Physiological Developmental

4 Mechanisms of Evolutionary Forces

1. Mutation 2. Natural Selection 3. Genetic Drift 4. Gene Flow

5 Misconceptions about Evolution

1. Newer is better 2. All new variations are adaptive 3. Natural Selection always works 4. Orthogenesis 5. Production of perfect structure

Cultural

1. Not inherited 2. Reversible Ex) Clothing; Eating; Housing

Physiological Development

1. Ontogeny 2. Not inherited 3. Non-reversible 4. Cultural or Environmental Ex) Foot binding; Nutrition (Mal and Over); High Altitude; Heat/ Cold short-term

What are the 4 sub-fields of Biological Anthropology?

1. Paleoanthropology/ Human Evolution 2. Primatology 3. Skeletal Biology 4. Medical Anthropology

3 Phases of Human Development

1. Prenatal 2. Postnatal 3. Adult

Types of Genes

1. Structural Genes- dictate the structure of your body such as eye and hair color 2. Regulatory Genes- turn other genes on and off a. Homeotic Genes (aka Hox Genes)- responsible for an organism's form and arrangement of organs and tissue; ex) limbs

What are the three main concepts that the theory of evolution relies on?

1. The Earth is ancient 2. The surface of the Earth has changed and continues to change 3. Plants and animals have changed and continue to change in response to Earth's changes

Natural Selection: 4 Basic Principles

1. Variation 2. Hertiable 3. Populations have more offspring than resources allow 4. Favorable traits lead to better fitness

Prenatal

9 months divided into 3 Trimesters 1. 1st- Starts with a zygote; Tissues and organs begin to form; Embryo is 3 inches long and most susceptible to disruption and disease 2. 2nd- Rapid growth; Placenta is fully functioning 3. 3rd- Fetus begins to move; Lungs fully developed

Unilineal Evolution

All cultures pass through similar development. Those that are not as advanced must have some sort of arrested development. 1. Modeled after "Great Chain of Being" 2. The idea that western society is the absolute pinnacle of evolution 3. White men being the top of western society must be the most evolved

Allen/ Bergman Rule

Bergman- heat adapted mammals will have more surface area and reverse for cold adapted mammals Allen- heat adapted animals will have longer limbs than cold-adapted ones

Baron Georges Cuvier

Catastrophism; Father of comparative anatomy and vertebrate paleontology

Mutation: 3 Types

Change in genetic code; only source of new genetic material/ variation; occurs during mitosis/ meiosis; most are harmless; only evolutionarily important if in a sex cell a. 3 Types: Advantageous; Deleterious; Neutral

Charles Darwin

Circumnavigated on the HMS Beagle; On the Origin of Species Nov. 24 1859; Alfred Russell Wallace shared these ideas

Human Variation

Cline- The changes in phenotype and genotype from one population to the next; influenced by envrionment

Chromosomes

DNA wrapped around itself over and over; 22 pairs of Autosomes and 1 pair of Sex Chromosomes

What are the steps in the scientific method?

Developed by Sir Francis Bacon: 1. Make observations 2. Create a question, or deductions based on what you observe 3. Hypothesis and predictions 4. Test 5. Analyze (repeat)

James Watson and Francis Crick

Double Helix; relied heavily on the work of Franklin and Gosling

Frame-shift Mutation

Either deletion or insertion shifts the reading frame for RNA

Carolus Linneaus

Father of Taxonomy; Bionomial Nomenclature (Capital Genus: Homo; Lowercase species: sapiens)

Speciation

Formation of a new species from a parent species Step 1: Reproductive Isolation (RI) a. Eliminate gene flow b. Forms of RI: Geographic Isolation; Behavioral Differences Step 2: Genetic Divergence a. Mutation; Natural Selection

What is DNA?

Found in every living organism; contains instructions for making every cell in the human body; Found in the nucleus of every cell except for mitochondrial DNA

Who is the father of American Anthropology? Whom did he study?

Franz Boas - studied the Inuits, he drew on as many perspectives as possible. Established the 4 sub-fields of American Anthropology

Disproval of Race as a Phenotype

Franz Boas- Calculating the ratio of head length to head breadth (cephalic index) shows that racial lines are not static

Meiosis

Gamete Production 1. Prophase I: a. Duplicated chromosomes align with homologous chromosomes (one from each parent) and exchange genetic material- CROSSOVER b. RECOMBINATION- the whole process of crossing-over and forming newly coded chromosomes 2. Metapahse I- Chromosomes and Centrosomes line up 3. Anaphase I- Chromosomes separate but this time they do it as pairs each with new combination of genetic material 4. Telophase I and Cytokinesis- Two new cells with 23 new unique duplicate chromosomes 5. Meiosis II- Separate the duplicate chromosomes in each of the two new cells resulting in four new cells each with 23 new chromosomes: Gametes

Erasmus Darwin

Grandfather of Darwin; Prominent Physician; Embraced ideas regarding the change in organisms at the time

What is RNA?

Helps carry out the instructions of DNA; messenger RNA copies select portions of DNA called genes; leaves the nucleus but remains within the cell after Transcription is complete

What is Science?

It is a process not a result. An empirical process that relies on evidence and experiment. Starts from curiosity. Hypothesis, Theory, Fact.

John Ray

Laid the foundation of Taxonomy; Attempted to construct the best way to categorize organisms by paying close attention to detail

Locus vs. Allele

Locus- specific location on a chromosome Allele- different forms of genes that occur on the same loci

Aristotle

Looked at the world around him and made observations about the nature of things

Thomas Malthus

Malthusian Equation; Supply and Demand; Great influence on Darwin; Limited amount of resources and only the best will gain those resources and survive

Adulthood

Most of the body's efforts directed to maintaining tissues and organs through cell reproduction/ replacement; Not all cells are replaced

Gene Flow

Movement of alleles from one population to another through migration and emigration; There has to be reproduction

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

Philasopha Zoologique; Advanced ideas on possible workings of evolution; Wrong mechanism

Comte de Buffon

Presents a general notion of biological change; Observed animals that moved to new climates often changed in response to new climates; No mechanism

Thomas Huxley

Principle defender of scientific attacks on Darwin; Darwin's bulldog

Genetic Drift: 2 Types

Random change in frequency of alleles; Greater impact on smaller populations 1. Bottleneck Effect- Ex) Catastrophic event/ Decline in population; Survivors successfully reproduce resulting in less genetic variability 2. Founder Effect- Small band of 'founders' colonize a new region; no inter-breeding with parent group resulting in different allele frequency

Charles Lyell

Resurrected Uniformitarianism; Principles of Geology

Race

Robert Knox- The Races of Man Friedrich Blumenbach- Established taxonomy of human races: a. African b. Asian or Mongloid c. Caucasian d. American Indian

Disproval of Race as a Genotype

Robert Lewontin- Genetic variation prevalent in and between groups of people; found that there are no genetic boundaries based on racial concept

Galileo Galilei

Saw the moons of Jupiter and was able to back Copernicus' theory

Mitosis

Somatic Cell Replication (Body Cells) 1. Prophase- Chromosomes are duplicated; Centrosomes position themselves on either side of the nucleus; Nuclear membrane dissipates 2. Metapahse- Duplicated chromosomes align in the center of the cell; Centrosomes attach themselves to the chromosomes and prepare to separate 3. Anaphase- Duplicated chromosomes are pulled apart and moved to separate ends of the cell 4. Telophase- Nuclear membranes form around the two groups of duplicated chromosomes 5. Cytokinesis- Cell divides to from two identical cells

Robert Hooke

Studied tissue structure; Determined fossils were once living and that they are organism's remains

What are DNA and RNA made of?

Sugar phosphate backbone; Nitrogen-based rungs: Adenine & Thymine/ Guanine & Cytosine

Julian Huxley

Synthesized Evolution

Richard Dawkins

The Selfish Gene; How each discrete gene plays a role in evolution

Point Mutation: 2 Types

The change in one base of the base pairs in an amino acid 1. Synonymous- changes in the base pair do not produce a different amino acid 2. Non-synonymous- changes in the base pair lead to a different amino acid

Adaptive Radiation

The formation of several species from a single common ancestor 1. Often happens when an organism enters a new area with new ecological opportunities to better its fitness 2. Can also result from new phenotypes that allow for exploiting new niches 3. Extinction of one organism creates opportunities for another to expand

Biological Determinism

The idea that behavior, intelligence, morals, disposition are controlled by biology alone

Genes

The portion of DNA read by RNA resulting in the formation of different proteins; Fundamental heritable unit responsible for the formation of an organism

What is the best definition of Biological Anthropology?

The study of human biological evolution human bio-cultural variation

What is the best definition of Anthropology?

The study of humans

Stephen J. Gould and Niles Eldridge

Theory of Punctuated Equilibrium; Stasis and rapid change

James Hutton

Uniformitarianism; Determined that the Earth's surface changed and that the Earth is very old through studying wind and rain erosion

Nicolause Copernicus

Was the first to challenge the notion that the Earth was the center of the universe

Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling

X-ray defraction images of DNA; Determined form of DNA; never published their work