ANTH 1010 test 2

The Value of the Temple System

It assures that all the subaks on the watershed are able to harvest two times a year; • It optimizes the productivity of the whole system, rather than focusing narrowly on parts of the system; • It reduces habitat for pests that attack the rice crop; • It reinforces the social and symbolic aspects of Balinese culture related to wet rice production (socio-ecological reproduction)

H/G diets vary from place to place. However, work by anthropologist ... indicates that a combination of relatively .. sources (fruits, honey) and some ... (usually meat) were essential to early human brain development. Both these types of food sources are relatively rare. So while important, they are rarely the mainstay of H/G diets, which Typically revolve around a specific vegetable staple and emphasizes a diversity of food sources.

Kay Milton high carbohydrate vegetable Protein

H/G diets vary from place to place. However, work by anthropologist ... indicates that a combination of relatively ... sources (fruits, honey) and some ... (usually meat) were essential to early human brain development.

Kay Milton high carbohydrate vegetable Protein

Vertical Economies (get the definition)

Several micro-climates in close proximity to one another; • Food sources that ripen at different times of the year; • Diverse food sources; • Diverse species habitat; • Possibility of sedentism; • Increased opportunity for mutual habituation between people and wild animals. • Possibility of specialized trade.

Metabolism

When an animal eats carbohydrates the hydrogen-carbon bond is broken, giving up energy in the process. The liberated carbon binds with oxygen to become carbon dioxide (an internal combustion engine imitates -- hydrocarbons instead of carbohydrates).

metabolism

When an animal eats carbohydrates the hydrogen-carbon bond is broken, giving up energy in the process. The liberated carbon binds with oxygen to become carbon dioxide (an internal combustion engine imitates -- hydrocarbons instead of carbohydrates).

The Origins of Agriculture are tied to the ... that occurred between 15,000 B.P. and 12,000 B.P. in Europe and the Middle East. The ... would have facilitated the kind of experimentations that would have led to ...: the domestication of wild plants and animals.

broad spectrum revolution broad spectrum revolution human food production

Generalized Foraging Model

a model which asserts that hunter gatherer societies have five basic characteristics

The semi-periphery

export both industrial goods and commodities, but lack the economic, military and economic dominance of core nations.

Agricultural extensification

increasing total area of land under cultivation.

It would be a mistake to imagine that contemporary H & G peoples are some sort of preserved version of early human society. Just like all humans contemporary H & G live in a globalized world, and contend with ...

modernity & globalization.

What We Are Going to Do Today

• A review of energy - food & fuel • Our relationships to the environment are dialectical - mutually reproducing • Sidney Mintz - Sweetness and Power • Sugar, Petroleum, and Beef as Cultural Material • In Relation to Social Organization • And How We Imagine Nature

Broad Spectrum Revolution

the broad spectrum revolution would have facilitated the kind of experimentations that would have led to human food production: the domestication of wild plants and animals.

Core

the complexity of economic activities and the level of accumulation. The core produces products that flow mostly to other core countries.

Question: James Ferguson argues that development confuses temporal transformations with spatial segregations. What do you think this means, and how might it relate to the concept of uneven development?

to have clean water, decent schools, and health facilities; to produce larger harvests and more manufactured goods; to have access to consumer goods, which People elsewhere consider a normal part of life.

Discuss: General definitions of development and how they may relate to 19th ideologies of colonialism and unilinear evolution. In the process consider W.W. Rostow's stages of economic growth and Ferguson's model called the time of modernization.

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Walt Whitman Rostow (1916-2003) (TEXTBOOK)

- Graph (traditional society, pre-take off stage, take off stage, drive to maturity, high mass consumption

Ecological Footprint

- a quantitative tool that measures what people consume and the waste they produce. It also calculates the amount of biologically productive land and water area needed to support those people

Social complexity

- a society that have many different parts organized into a single social system

city-state

- an autonomous political entity that consisted of a city and its surrounding countryside

Discuss: The main ways that horticulture mimics rainforest ecosystems, and the corresponding feature of both. Be sure to address the following questions: What is swidden? What is the main limitation of this system? ???

- rain forest not a naturally fertile region - when farmers cut down the rain forest for gardens the heavy rainfall quickly leaches most of the nutrients out of the soil, leaving behind very little rich topsoil -anthorpologists assume that the people had long been hunters/gatherers but had begun a very simple slash and burn farming, cutting down and burning off the forest to provide nutrients

Discuss: The Balinese Rice Temple System seems to defy the "hydraulic despotism" paradigm

- run by priests and farmers and no heirarchy (unlike the hydraulic despotism which is run by an all powerful leader(s))

resilience

- the ability of a social system to absorb changes and still retain certain basic cultural processes and structures, albeit in a structured form

Development anthropology Discuss: The difference between development anthropology and the anthropology of development.

- the application of anthropological knowledge and research methods to the practical aspects of shaping and implementing development projects

Postcolonialism

- the field that studies the cultural legacies of colonialism and imperialism

collapse

- the rapid loss of a social, political, and economic order or complexity

swidden agriculture

-A farming method in tropical regions in which the farmer slashes (cuts down trees) and burns small patches of the forest to release plant nutrients into the soil. As soil fertility declines, the farmer allows the plot to regenerate the forest over a period of years

Hilly Flanks Hypothesis Braidwood's Hilly Flanks Hypothesis, in relation to domestication, sedentism, and vertical economies. Not related: Around 11,000 B.P., however, conditions became warmer and drier. Excess populations from the hilly flanks began to move into other areas that were more marginal and less productive In terms of food. Early cultivation began as an attempt to copy, in a less favorable environment, the dense stands of wheat and barley that grew on the hilly flanks. Some Naftufians attempted to maintain productivity by transferring cereals to well watered areas, where they began cultivation. This created the possibility of irrigation agriculture.

-American archeologist Robert Braidwood -first evidence of humans planting seeds for their own food comes from Fertile Crescent (ME) -beginnings of sedentary lifestyles -humans plant crops and domesticate livestock (transforming food they ate) -found that few of the plants were indigenous to the lowland plains -reasoned that the upland fringes (hilly flanks)were the habitat of those species of plants -he hypothesized that once the plants became domesticated in the uplands, their use as food spread to neighboring groups in the lowlands where population growth, cities, and states emerged -Archeologist Robert Braidwood and others proposed that climate changes at the end of the Ice Age would have created especially favorable conditions in what he called the hilly flanks about 8,000-9,000 years ago. This would have allowed for the possibility of sedentism, based on the collection of wild cereals and hunting gazelles. The location would have allowed the people, Natufians - to harvest wild cereals in three different micro-climates. This is an example of a vertical economy.

Discuss: The lives of contemporary foragers can help us to better understand early human societies and human evolution. A survey by anthropologist ... Reveals: far from being pressed to the wall by want and unavailing exertions, H/G's 1) haveafoodbasethatiswithoneexception(...) adequate and reliable (...); 2) expendminimallabortoprovidefortheirphysicalneeds(....); 3) Livetoaripeoldage,withfewsignsofanxietyorinsecurity. Although this survey is now old, and many of the people it describes are no longer able to continue their H/G lifestyles, the information it contains remains relevant and important.

-Contemporary foragers tend to inhabit extreme environments where horticulture or pastoralism are not feasible such as the desert and participate in global and regional economies and political processes Robert Netting arctic and sub-arctic, diverse ahigherdegree of leisure time and socialization

Discuss: The Maya Transformation and its main characteristics. Why not the Maya collapse?

-Escalating Warfare between rulers of city states -Out-of-control population growth leading to environmental degradation, erosion, and soil depletion -drought resulting from climatological change -inability of rulers to adapt to changing economic conditions and social conflict -Never collapsed bc never disappeared and did not have characteristics of a prototypical "collapse" like evidence of violence

Eric Wolf 1923-1999

-Europe and the people without history -argued that long distance trade and cultural integration were there before development of capitalism but the expansion of European colonialism and capitalism drew non-european people into a global market in which as producers of commodities they were to serve the cause of capital accumulation as a subordinate working class, these processes even destroyed many societies -reject "West" and "non-west" division -says people in periphery have shaped the world system because they have not responded passively to capitalist expansion

Julian Steward

-Neo-evolutionism -cultures evolve from simple to complex by harnessing nature's energy through technology and the influence of particular culture-specific processes -Anthropologist Julian Steward proposed that relationships between agriculture and state systems in ancient times were the result of what he called Multi-Linear Evolution. He contrasted this to 19th Century Theories of Unilineal Evolution, which proposed that all cultures evolve through the same stages (savagery, barbarism, civilization) and Leslie White's Ideas about Universal Evolution, which argued that all cultures evolve in basically the same way. Rather, he proposed that similar types of human social organization are likely to emerge from similar types of conditions, but that there will be a lot variation to these processes.

Natufians

-People who grew their crops in the fertile crescent part of the hilly flanks hypothesis

the Dunbar Number

-Robin Dunbar -evolution of the brain and cortex -how may people we can form meaningful relationships from a band society (we can only form about 150 people for meaningful relationships as an evolutionary perspective)

Robert Carneiro -Carneiro on the roles of warfare in the rise of complex societies

-Role of Warfare on the in the rise of complex cities -developed model called circumscription theory to explain what forces propelled societies to change and take on more social complexity -as populations grew they put pressure on the land, leading to competition and warfare, the victors would then place themselves in control of mroe resources -ever increasing need for arable land woulc continue to act as a stimulus for war and warfare and increase politcial units -Land is sparse and population is big

The Affluent Society

-Sahlins rejected the image that H/G lives were harsh (work long hours, no time to develop elaborate cultural artifacts) -only had to work a few hours a week -had more than enough food resources avaiable to them -most people in a foraging band spent many hours each day socializing, in leisure activities, or sleeping -nomadic lifestyle meant they did not need/want material goods bc they would have to carry it around -saw their environment as being able to provide for their needs and abundant -importance of Sahlin's analysis was to insist that a different cultural outlook underlies how and why foraging societies think about and relate to their natural environment. It also undermined the assumption that switching to farming and herding was an improvement in human welfare

Sydney Mintz 1922- 2015

-Sugar???

Discuss: There are important historical connections between foragers and the kinds of evolutionary ideologies that Franz Boas struggled against in his career, and in relation to "human zoos" of the 19th century.

-The Human zoo with Ota Benga where it would bolster the idea of unilineal evolution saying that they are primitive. The American and europeans view foragers as primitive and an earlier model of what Europeans used to be (they have simple technology, have a harsh life, etc)

Transhumance

-The practice of moving herds to different fields or pastures with the changing season

assemblage

-a group or collection of objects found together at an excavation or site

Esther Boserup

-agricultural economist -developed a model to explain why societies with simple economics had not taken up intensive agricultural activities even though their neighbors had -argued that nobody would spend a lot of time gardening and farming if they did not have to because it requires hard labor and she also focused on population growth as a possible motivator -argued that population growth pushed people to work harder in order to produce more food -argued that similar processes of population growth triggered technological improvements and increased labor inputs throughout recorded history -argument's relevance to the neolithic revolution: if the H/G's already understood how plants grew than even a tiny increase in the population would have motivated them to manage their food resources in modest ways and intensify food production

Discuss: Voluntourism is a kind of self-making.

-angelina jolie and how people tried to embody her and her mannerisms and the way she presented herself in the volunteer tourism -they do the same thing

Jim Yong Kim

-anthropologist -current director of the world bank

Hypercentral Supercentral Central peripheral

1 language English 13 languages (arabic, chinese, spanish) About 100 languages all the rest (98% of world's languages)

James Ferguson

-anthropology of development -applied this perspective in his rural development project -goal to alleviate poverty and increase economic output in rural villages by building roads providing fuel etc, but project failed -argued that it failed bc the planners did not understand the realities of the local people (they are not actually isolated and already involved in a modern capitalist economy for a long time

Discuss: Connections between sedentism and disease epidemics.

-both have had an effect on people's health with evolutionary consequences for our species since larger # of people living together allowed for bacteria, virus, and parasites to move from one host to another more easily -at first this would kill off big portions of the community leaving the surviving ones with immunity to it -The native Americans already had immunity to the indigenous diseases but when the europeans came over, large portions of them were killed off to things such as smallpox and measles (which the Europeans already had immunity to)

Localization

-creation and assertion of highly particular often place based identities and communities

Horticulture

-cultivation of gardens or small fields to meet the basic needs of a household

hydraulic despotism

-denotes empires built around the control of water resources by a despotic, or all-powerful, leaders

Global Voluntary Migration Patterns Discuss: The shift in patterns in global voluntary migration patterns between late European colonialism and the years following WWII. How might we account for these shifts?

-during European colonial era, europeans were motivated to migrate out of Europe bc of opportunities in the colonies -after WWII decolonization saw a reversal. in flow as non europeans and non Americans begin moving to Europe and US in search of opportunity

Finance

-financial globalization involves the reduction or elimination of tariffs to promote trade across the borders

Foraging??

-getting your food from the environment without growing it or domesticating it (scavenging, hunters and gatherers) Your textbook (p.318) - Domestication: How did raising plants and animals change the way humans lived in their environments? -refers to converting wild plants and animals to human uses by taming animals or turning them into herds that can be raised for meat or milk or making plants able to be grown for food or other uses Note from Professor Igoe: And also the influence of the environment on humans? Your textbook: Anatomically moderns humans (i.e. us) have been around for approximately 200,000 years. During 95% of that time, people ate only what they could hunt, gather, or forage from their environment.

Man the Hunter Scenario and Critiques

-held conference in Chicago on "Man the Hunter" to address anthropological knowledge about hunting and gathering ways of life -said that H/G live in patrilocal bands (small groups where men controlled resources and hunting territories -had 3 assumptions: 1.) hunting was an activity principally undertaken by men 2. Hunting was more important than gathering 3. men's subsistence activities were more significant than women's Critiques: -rejecting of male-dominated model -women's subsistence activities were the defining feature (not male hunting) -women provided more than 60% of calories people eat (fish, plant foods etc) -gave the Generalized Foraging Model

Cognitive Aspects of Domestication

-how people involved in domestication perceive and classify plant characteristics and how their perceptions and classifications change over time

Roy Rappaportgo back to this

-insider and outsider model -focus on the relationship between humans and the natural ecosystems -argues that the goal of the anthropologists is to figure out how cognized models guide behavior and how that behavior helps people adapt to specific environmental conditions

Question: In my lecture on the Balinese Rice Temples (10/10/17) I said that there are two ways for people to make agricultural systems more productive. What are they? And how do they relate to the differences between rainforest horticulture and wet rice agriculture in Bali?

-intensification -extensification -wet rice is intensification and rainforest horticulture is extensification

Migration

-key feature of the changing scale of globalization is the mobility of people -these movements of people bring larger amounts of people in contact with one another offering many possibilities for intercultural contact -migrants, immigrants, refugees, exiles

volunteer tourism

-leisure -help people -career move -put on social media

Potlatches

-opulent ceremonial feasts intended to display wealth and social status by giving away or destroying valuable possessions like carved copper plates, button blankets, and baskets of food. These were the characteristics of the communities on the Northwest coast of North America

Mesolithic Neolithic Revolution

-period from end of the last ice age until the beginning of agriculture, a number of H/G/Forager groups had established lakeside/seaside settlements that seem to have been year round sites during this period - The "new" stone age when humans had begun growing crops and raising animals for food, using a stone-tool technology

Discuss: The lives of foragers have tended to be a brutish struggle for existence.

-remote deserts, rain forests, polar regions that small bands of people practiced foraging -environments are harsh -technology is simple -ways of life as crude and brutish -these are deeply held European and American views and did not reflect the views of the groups who practiced foraging -thought these groups represent primitive societies

Mesopotamia

-shift from hunting and gathering to food production had significant consequences for the development of more sophisticated technologies, larger populations, and more complex forms of social organization -for Childe, food production was a process that set in motion -said that food production arose around oasis of Mesopotamia lowlands -Hilly Flanks Hypothesis said that Mesopotamia was one of the places where where early humans actively planted seeds for their own food

Discuss: Localization is the flip side of globalization.

-side effect of globalization -greater global integration creates opportunities for local cultures to express themselves more vividly -localization: creation and assertion of highly particular, often place-based identities and communities

complex societies

-societies in which socioeconomic differentiation, large populations, and centralized political control, are pervasive and defining features of the society

states

-societies with forms of political and economic control over a particular territory and the inhabitants of that territory

Discuss with example(s): Social complexity does not always emerge from inequality.

-some societies may have social groups organized into broad regional relationships by building on social relationships rather than relying on central authority to organize central societies -they can view each other as social equals so do not have to emerge as highly stratified societies

Discuss: Hidden costs of the hamburger.

-taxpayers pay the costs -lots of money go into the land and water to grow the grain to feed the cattle for our beef burgers

Domestication

-the converting of wild plants and animals to human uses by taming animals or turning them into herds that can be raised for meat or milk or making plants able to be grown for food or other uses

cultural landscapes

-the culturally specific images, knowledge, and concepts of the physical that help shape human relations with the landscape

Political Ecology

-the field of study that focuses on the linkages between political-economic power, social inequality, and ecological destruction

anthropology of development Discuss: The difference between development anthropology and the anthropology of development.

-the field of study within anthropology concerned with understanding cultural conditions for proper development or alternatively the negative impacts of development projects

Question: What is Potlatch? Where does it occur? What is unique about the ecology of where Potlatch occurs in relation to Hunter/Gatherer studies? ??

-the rich material culture available to this sedentary hunting and gathering community made possible by the harvest of migrating salmon that swim the same rivers each spring and summer. The surplus of salmon allowed competitive exchanges called potlatches between rivals -opulent ceremonial feasts intended to display wealth and social status by giving away or destroying valuable possessions like carved copper plates, button blankets, and baskets of food. These were the characteristics of the communities on the Northwest coast of North America -It showed that foragers had affluent lives (undermines the theory that they had crude, brutish lives)

Question: What is the key claim of Emmanuel Wallerstein's World Systems Theory?

-the theory that capitalism has expanded on the basis of unequal exchange throughout the world, creating a global market and global division of labor, dividing the world between a dominant "core" (home countries and a dependent "periphery" (rest of the world) -lens to understand global inequality -the core (winners) develops its economy by exploiting the periphery (losers) who provide the labor and raw materials for the core's consumption. result is the periphery's long term poverty, underdevelopment, and development

Discuss: An example of the anthropology of development and what kinds of insights it can provide.

-understanding the cultural conditions for proper development or alternatively the negative impacts of development projects -field of study within anthropology -advocates for people living out of the grassroots (marginalized women or small farmers)

Population Growth and Agriculture

-using evidence from agricultural communites in Asia, Boserup examined the relationship between population growth and food production -said population growth forced people to work harder to produce food -population growth triggered technological improvements and increased labor inputs throughout recorded history

Discuss: The significance of Truman's 1949 inauguration speech and the emergence of development as a global project.

-want to share the benefits scientific advances and industrial progress available to underdeveloped -said that if these countries folow in the belifes in the american dream they would not turn to communism -cold war is over but development is still with us -many euqoprean nations give aid to former colonies -contmporary inernation developmentaims to bring poeple iinto the modern word and correct what it identifiess as undesiarble like poverty -thinks advanced capitalist countries have the best resourceres and devlopment

Gerald Murray

-work on deforestation in Haiti -saw that planners misunderstood the needs of local farmers -he proposed a new plan where the USAID introduce it as a cash crop and avoid Haitian bureaucracy he was much more successful

Sedentism

-year round settlement in a particular place

The Search for Bullion: Major Global Trade Routes (1400-1800)

A huge increase in trade after the 15th Century led to the emergence of the capitalist world economy, incorporating existing regional economies. This was related to European expansion and the Industrial revolution, which led to the rise of a global state system by the end of the 19th century.

government.

An independent, centrally organized unit

Anthropologist Clifford Geertz

Anthropologist Clifford Geertz has shown that wet rice agriculture is highly resilient in terms of its ability to absorb metabolic energy in the form of human labor. In fact, it appears to be able to do this indefinitely. The more human labor put into the system, the more rice per acre it produces (e.g. hand planting as apposed to broadcasting, sprouting, transplanting). There is almost always a way to get more out of a rice terrace if you are willing to invest the energy.

multi-linear evolution Discuss: Julian Steward's model of multi-linear evolution: what it proposes, how it differs from previous models of unilinear evolution, and how does it relate to specific examples from this chapter/lecture

Anthropologist Julian Steward proposed that relationships between agriculture and state systems in ancient times were the result of what he called Multi-Linear Evolution. He contrasted this to 19th Century Theories of Unilineal Evolution, which proposed that all cultures evolve through the same stages (savagery, barbarism, civilization) and Leslie White's Ideas about Universal Evolution, which argued that all cultures evolve in basically the same way. Rather, he proposed that similar types of human social organization are likely to emerge from similar types of conditions, but that there will be a lot variation to these processes.

Political Ecology of Nature:

Applying a political ecology lens to struggles over cultural landscapes, usually imagined and related to as nature by a dominant group, and usually imagined and related to in other ways by other, non-dominant, groups. Such struggles have discernable histories and continuities in relation to the cultural landscape concept

Robert Braidwood

Archeologist Robert Braidwood and others proposed that climate changes at the end of the Ice Age would have created especially favorable conditions in what he called the hilly flanks about 8,000-9,000 years ago. This would have allowed for the possibility of sedentism, based on the collection of wild cereals and hunting gazelles. The location would have allowed the people, Natufians - to harvest wild cereals in three different micro-climates. This is an example of a vertical economy.

There are approximately 250,000 Hunter/Gatherers World Wide, which Amounts to .000005% of the Total Population. Until 10,000 years ago, however, all humans were ...

Hunter/gatherers.

In Bali the landscape is dominated by extensive rice terraces, which are associated with the arrival of Hinduism on the island about 2,000 years ago. Rice arrived first, but the organization of extensive rice terraces coincided with the emergence of Indianized Kingdoms by 1,000 years ago - compare to Maya Transformation (TEXTBOOK 365-368)

Classic Maya lasted from 1600 years ago to 1100 years ago. It was a politically centralized society - with urban centers, social heirarchies, and colossal monuments; • Between 1200 and 1100 years ago, there was escalating warfare, population growth, soil degradation, and the urban centers dissipated; • Change, not collapse or obliteration. Review the contemporary Pan-Maya Social Movement in your textbook p.48

States

Complex territorial systems that administer a territory and populace with substantial contrast with population, wealth, prestige, and power. 1) A formal central government; and 2) A division of society into classes.

ECONOMIES RUN ON ENERGY GEVER ET AL Beyond Oil

Energy Profit Ratio - Calorie Input to Calorie Output Horticulture aka Swidden - 1 produces 13 to 67 (not to mention diversity of the crop) Traditional Agriculture - 1 produces 2 to 12 Mechanized - 1 produces .67 to 3.33 (worse case net energy loss)

.Question: What are some possible connections between hunting, protein, and sharing across foraging societies (check the definition of "generalized reciprocity" on p.383 of your textbook).

Generalized reciprocity: refers to giving something without the expectation of return, at least not in the rear term. It is uninhibited and generous giving, such as that which takes place between parents and children, married couples, or close knit groups

Discuss: Compare and contrast Wallerstein's three-part world systems model to the first, second, and third world's model associated with the emergence of development as a global project in the 1950s.

I understand that the "world' systems theory" helps us understand global inequality by explaining that capitalism has expanded on the basis of unequal exchange throughout the world between the dominant (the core) and the dependent (periphery).

Imperialism versus Colonialism [Not mutually exclusive]

Imperialism: 1. The idea/policy of extending the rule of a country (city-state) or empire over foreign people and territories (nations), 2. political or economic control, either formal or informal, by one country over foreign territories. Colonialism: political, social, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended period of time, including the administration of colonized people by the colonizer.

Agricultural Intensification

Increasing total output per unit of land. This relies on increased inputs of energy, water, and nutrients.

H/G diets vary from place to place. However, work by anthropologist ... indicates that a combination of ... sources (fruits, honey) and ... (usually meat) were essential to early human brain development. Both these types of food sources are relatively rare. So while important, they are rarely the mainstay of H/G diets, which Typically revolve around a specific vegetable staple and emphasizes a diversity of food sources.

Kay Milton relatively high carbohydrate vegetable some Protein

Patterns of Culture in Bali

MATERIAL: The Environment esp. Water, Wet Rice Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Art, The Incorporation of New Technologies. SOCIAL: Kingdoms (now destroyed), Separate Order of Religious Specialists, Subaks, the State SYMBOLIC: The Three Worlds - revealed, held together, and mediated by art, performance, and ritual.

Anthropologist ... called H/G's The Original Affluent Society, defining affluence ...

Marshall Sahlins as the meeting the needs of all members of society.

Difusionists

My understanding of a "Diffusionist: refers to early twentieth century Bosian anthropologists who argued that cultural characteristics resulted from either internal historical dynamism or a diffusion of cultural attributes from other societies. And that they study the spread of a cultural items from its place of origin. -colonialism is the social, political, and cultural domination of a territory and its people from a foreign power -Diffusionist and colonialism are intertwined because colonialism has an effect on the cultural attributes of the territory and people that it conquered, which is why there is a diffusion of cultural attributes from other societies.

Question: According to my lecture (10/05/2017) what is the foundational question that Archeologists ask about the origins of agriculture? Why do they ask that question?

One of the big questions about the origins of agriculture is why did it happen at all? Growing food, in most cases, takes A lot more work and energy than hunting and gathering. It is likely that the domestication of plants by humans was a gradual response to the dying off of megafauna at the end of the pleistocene (aka the Ice Age).

HUNTING IS A HIGH RISK, LOW RETURN ACTIVITY, BUT IT PROVIDES .... WHICH IS IMPORTANT

PERFECT PROTEIN,

The cultural landscape concept (Textbook 397-400):

People have images, knowledge, and concepts of a physical landscape, which effect how they will actually Interact with that landscape - culture-environment -- dialectic

Discuss: Relationships between culture and the environment are dialectical, with (an) example(s) (SEE IF BALI WET RICE AGRICULTURE EXAMPLE IS GOOD)

Relationships between culture and the environment are dialectical. Our cultural values shape how people perceive and transform the environment, while the ways in which people transform the environment shapes their cultural values and perception.

INTEGRATION OF THE SACRED & THE MUNDANE

Sacred things -- beliefs in spiritual beings, powers and forces that cannot be perceived directly by the senses, rituals, rites of passage and religious specialists are commonly seen as special and largely separate from Mundane things -- like technology, people's relationships to the environment, social organization and social relationships. In Bali, however, they are clearly connected and integrated. Significantly this culture has historically been very successful at incorporating external influence. In fact, Balinese religion is a synthesis of indigenous Animism, Hinduism, and Buddhism

Band Society/Patrilocal Bands

Small groups of politically independent, though related, households. Bands range in size from 30-50 individuals; they move on average about three times a year.

photosynthesis

Solar energy falls on a plant causing a water molecule inside the plant to split into oxygen and hydrogen. The free hydrogen binds to carbon (carbohydrate), Becoming sugar, while the oxygen atom is released into the atmosphere, which turns out to be great for us.

Julian Stewards Theory

Stewards theory appears consistent with the emergence of early State systems in the Old World, which all appeared along major river Valleys by approximately 4000 B.P. These include Mesopotamia and Babylonia; Harrapan and Vedic, Ancient Egypt, and the Shang Dynasty. The emergence of states in the New World is more complex, but there is an association with highlands and/or rivers.

Discuss: There appears to be a lag between our physical/mental evolution and cultural change, and this lag appears connected to uniquely modern physical and psychological disorders. ??

Stone Agers in the Fast Lane: The genetic make up of humanity has changed little during the past 10,000 Years, but during that same period, our culture has been transformed to the point that there is now a mismatch between our ancient, genetically Controlled biology and certain important aspects of our daily lives. This discordance is not genetic maladaption in terms of genetic evolutionary science - it does not effect differential fertility. Rather it promotes chronic degenerative diseases that have their main clinical expression in the post reproductive period, but when taken together account for 75% of the deaths occurring in affluent western nations.

ideological and historic roots of development

That is the great chain of being, from an earlier lecture. It was theological idea that the universe exists in a natural hierarchy. It was more or less replaced by the 19th century idea of unilineal evolution. In the Development PowerPoint, there is a slide that refers to "Beings, Realms of Beings, Realm of Becoming, and Non- Being". Can you clarify how those are cultural/historical/ideological roots of development. Is it because they all follow the same evolutionary and progression pattern?

Metabolic Energy versus Fuel Energy

The capture of fuel energy from the environment allows human beings to expend more fuel energy on getting food than the food actually provides in metabolic energy. Until recently, this has not been true for H/G groups. When getting food from the environment depends exclusively on the expenditure of metabolic energy, then it is not possible to expend more energy on getting food than the food actually provides. Such a situation would result in a net energy loss, under which survival would be impossible.

Political Ecology: (textbook 410-412)

The field of study that focuses on political economic power, social inequality, and ecological relationships

Discuss: Mintz arguments about sugar and the temporality of industrial labor. (TEXTBOOK)

The first sweetened cup of hot tea to be drunk by an English worker was a significant historical event, because it prefigured the transformation of an entire society, a total making of its economic and social basis. We must struggle to understand fully the consequences of that and kindred events, for upon them was erected an entirely different conception of the relationship between producers and consumers, of the meaning of work, of the definition of self, of the nature of things.

Globalization

The integration and exclusion of people around the world into far-reaching networks of: Institutions (markets, trading companies/corporations, states, multi-laterals and IFI's, NGOs); Technology (especially, but not limited to, infrastructure and information Technology); Commodities/Services (material - sugar & petroleum -- to virtual - carbon credits, tourist experiences); Money (investment, military spending, development conservation funding); Ideas/Ideologies (religion, free markets, nature, democracy, development, carbon offsetting, investment opportunities, etc); This integration and/or exclusion is not even nor equitable, but it is pervasive and has profound effects on peoples' lives and livelihoods. It is also historically produced and reproduced.

Emmanuel Wallerstein 1930 -

The key claim of world systems theory is that an identifiable Social system, based on wealth and power differentials, extends beyond individual countries. -the theory that capitalism has expanded on the basis of unequal exchange throughout the world, creating a global market and division of labor, dividing the world between a dominant "core" and a dependent "periphery"

World Systems Theory

The key claim of world systems theory is that an identifiable Social system, based on wealth and power differentials, extends beyond individual countries. -the theory that capitalism has expanded on the basis of unequal exchange throughout the world, creating a global market and division of labor, dividing the world between a dominant "core" and a dependent "periphery"

Question: Where do Mongongo nuts grow? What is their significance to Hunter/Gatherer studies? What are some of their unique nutritional qualities? ??

The mongongo nut, because of its abundance a reliability, accounts for 50% of the vegetable diet by weight. It contains five times the calories and ten times the proteins per cooked unit that rice or maize. The average per capita consumption of 300 nuts yields about 1,260 calories and 56 grams of protein. This portion weighs 7.5 ounces, but contains the same amount of calories as 2.5 pounds of cooked rice and the same protein as 14 ounces of cooked beef. Apart from the mongongo, the San have available 84 other species of edible plant foods, including 29 species of fruits, berries, and melons, and 29 species of roots and bulbs.

Periphery

These are the poorest countries, which produce raw materials, agricultural commodities, and increasingly human labor for export to core and semi-periphery.

Discuss: According to Abram de Swaan, language is a dimension of the world system that has so far remained unnoticed. Be sure to address: his idea of world language systems and multi-lingual speakers.

These are the poorest countries, which produce raw materials, agricultural commodities, and increasingly human labor for export to core and semi-periphery. Language - [Because we are - foundationally -- meaning making animals] Abram De Swaan - The fact that humanity, divided by a multitude of Speakers, but connected by a lattice of multi-lingual speakers, also constitutes a coherent language constellation, as one more dimension of the world system, that has so far remained unnoticed.

self-making

Topic Five: International Development - That is a good example. To get to the general idea, think of all the different things people do to present a certain kind of self to the rest of the world, particularly through social media The study guide suggests that we understand how voluntoursim is a form of self-making. In class you gave the example of Angelina Jolie and how people tried to embody her and her mannerisms through replication. I think I get the idea, but wanted to know if you had a specific definition for what "self-making" refers to.

Discuss: Eric Wolf's distinction and relationship between "the search for bullion" and "colonial state making." In the process consider the differences and connections between imperialism and colonialism.

Topic Four: Colonialism and Capitalism The distinctions you make between the search for bullion and colonial state making is exactly correct With regards to the Search for Bullion and Colonial State Making, I wanted to make sure I had the right information about their significance. I know that both are phases of European Expansion and that they both had an impact on becoming a catalyst for connecting, consolidating, and intensifying existing non-European systems, but I am not really clear on what distinguishes them from one another. I thought that perhaps The search for Bullion was a form of imperialism because it seemed to be primarily based on mercantilism and trade routes (and through trade, the extension of European rule occurred) whereas Colonial State Making was a form of colonialism.( Because within this process, cultural domination of territory for an extended period of time with the operation of the colonized people by the colonizer).

The Three Worlds of Bali

Upper Gods, Growth, Life, Renewal, Cyclical, Repeating, Transforming ------------------------------------------------------------- Middle Must mediate the forces of the other two worlds, both of which influence events in the middle world, which cannot be perceived directly, and which nevertheless must be kept in balance. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Lower Demons, Decay, Death, Destruction, Linear, Ending

Harry S. Truman The Invention of International Development, Harry S. Truman's 1949 Inaugural Address

We must embark on a bold new program for making the benefits of our scientific advances and industrial progress available for the improvement and growth of underdeveloped areas. More than half the people of the world are living in conditions approaching misery. Their food is inadequate. They are victims of disease. Their economic life is primitive and stagnant. Their poverty is a handicap and a threat both to them and to more prosperous areas. For the first time in history, humanity possesses the knowledge and skill to relieve the suffering of these people. The United States is pre-eminent among nations in the development of industrial and scientific techniques. The material resources which we can afford to use for assistance of other peoples are limited. But our imponderable resources in technical knowledge are constantly growing and are inexhaustible I believe that we should make available to peace-loving peoples the benefits of our store of technical knowledge in order to help them realize their aspirations for a better life. And, in cooperation with other nations, we should foster capital investment in areas needing development.

environmental justice

a social movement addressing the linkages between racial discrimination and injustice, social inequality, and environmental quality

In order for these more complex systems to emerge, however, there had to be ..., which means increasing productivity per acre. This of course relies on increased inputs of energy, water, and nutrients. what matters is that human beings do not seem to easily move towards intensification because it requires much more work.

agriculture intensification

Wild grains, like wheat and barley would have been attractive for their high starch content and because their seeds are clumped bunches at the end of their stalks. However, they would have been inconvenient because of Their brittle axes, tough husks, and relatively small seeds. Through observations of ..., and ..., people would have bred new varieties with tough axes, brittle husks, and larger seeds.

phenotype selective breeding

The changes of the past 10,000 years almost certainly present significant challenges to our .... We have the same basic bodies and brains that humans had 10,000 years ago, but operating in very radically different contexts; Looking at contemporary H/G's may help us to understand some of these things, but it is essential that we not see contemporary H/G's as an ... of cultural evolution.

physical and mental evolution 'earlier stage'

•Most of our ... has taken place during the time when all humans were hunter/gatherers; •With the dating of AMH's to ... years ago, this would be ... of our existence as a species; •If we include the entire genus Homo, going back to ... over 2 million years ago, then we are speaking of ... of our existence as humans;

physical and mental evolution 200,000 95% Homo habilis 99.5%

CULTURAL PRODUCTION AND REPRODUCTION Culture is not merely a static product of human activity. It is more accurately conceptualized as a ... Culture is the continuous actions of all human beings producing and reproducing: 1. 2. 3. Not all people are equally positioned/capable of engaging in and/or benefitting from these processes.

process 1) material conditions; 2) social relationships; and 3) systems of meanings, values, and communication.

Horticulture succeeds by imitating .... The problem with horticulture, however, is that it cannot be .... Wet Rice Agriculture is a much more radical system in terms of environmental transformation. It cuts down all the trees and terraces the hillsides. It substitutes slow moving water for the canopy function. The slow moving water protects the soil and is full of nitrogen fixing algae. (WHAT IS CANOPY FUNCTION)

rainforest ecosystems intensified

Since the agricultural revolution 10,000 years ago there has been a radical and ever intensifying change to the global environment, caused by humans and effecting humans in all sorts of ways. ' As the article Stone Agers in the Fast Lane explains, there appears to be lags between our physical/mental evolution and this .... Today I will focus on 3 in particular: 1) Social Organization 2) Energy Use 3) Diet

rapid cultural change

domestication

refers to converting wild plants and animals to human uses by taming animals or turning them into herds that can be raised for meat or milk or making plants able to be grown for food or other uses

Optimal Foraging Strategies

suggest that foragers capture just enough calories from the environment as they (and their families) would need to survive comfortably. Any additional calories would, over time, threaten the resources in the area and the survival of the community.

artifactual landscapes

the idea that landscapes are the product of human shaping

Carrying Capacity

the population an area can support

Refined Petroleum The Material Properties of Petroleum are Precisely what make it most difficult for us to find a viable alternative. Oil, by its nature, fuels economic growth.

• Almost pure energy; • Pressurized and near the surface; • Burns hot compared to other fuel sources; • But is stable enough not to be dangerous under most circumstances; • Burns clean compared to other fuel sources; • Liquid and thus highly portable;

Result of Sugar

• An energized workforce; • Who will spend some of their wages on new kinds of drug-food to which they are now all addicted. • Producers and Consumers • A whole lifestyle becomes possible

Hamburger

• Delicious and aromatic; • High in protein (something else humans crave); • Doesn't fall apart on the grill; • Because its held together by fat; • And thus juicy and delicious; • Portable (though sometimes messy); • Amenable to mass production

Under the New System (Green Revolution)

• Everyoneplantedasoftenastheycould,meaning some fields received no water; • Moreandmoreinputshadtobepurchased (seeds, fertilizer, pesticide, machines, petrol); • Pesticidesdestroyedblue-greenalgae,creatingneed for nitrogen fertilizer; • Fertilizerpoisonedfish; • Newhabitatsforpest; • Newseedvarietiesnotpestresistant; • Pesticideaddiction; • Initialbumpinproductionfollowedbyslump

Social Organization and Symbolic Expression

• Increasingly hierarchical - (chiefdoms to states) • Long Distance Trade • Specializations - Ruling - Spiritual/Religious - Craft Guilds • War and Circumscription • Hydraulic Systems • Bureaucracies • At the symbolic level: Writing

Modern Social Organization Discuss: Compare and contrast key traits of band society with key traits of modern social organization

• Large, complex groups, in which face-to-face interactions between individuals is declining; • Characterized by networks of friends and associates that tend change over the course of an individuals life; • Characterized by a high degree of competition and heavy emphasis on individual achievement; • Characterized by a high degree of individual mobility and isolation; • Characterized by individual accumulation and a heavy emphasis on material possessions; • People work more and more to obtain these things and thus have less leisure time and less time for socializing; • Childcare and Elder Care have become a major problem.

Technology

• Neolithic (roughly 10,000 B.P.) • Metallurgy (Bronze: Copper + Arsenic) (roughly 5,000 B.P.) • Monumental Architecture (5500 B.P.) • Urban Centers (5000)

Diseases of Civilization

• Obesity:Lowenergyexpenditurewithconsumption of high energy-satiety ratios; • Diabetes:Obesityputspeopleatriskfordiabetes, physical fitness is associated with an increased number of insulin receptors and better insulin binding. • Hyper-tension:associatedwithhighsodiumdiets; • Artherosclerosis:SaturatedFatsvsPolyunsaturated • Cancer:Diet,Tobacco,andExposureto Environmental Carcinogens

The Domestication of Wild Plants

• Probably began as the result of experimentation, multiple experiments, by different people, in different contexts. • Based on their long-term interactions with particular plants in particular environments, people doubtlessly learned about seeds and also realized that with a bit of effort they could create a competitive advantage for species they preferred; • Because of the division of labor in H/G societies, it is likely that women were often the primary experimenters; • It is also likely that this became the basis of new forms of territoriality.

REFINED SUGAR IS

• Pure Energy; (1 acre of cane = 8 million calories); • Durable/Non-Perishable (does not go bad); • Malleable (it can take many shapes); • Flexible/Soluble (liquid/solid); • Delicious + Pleasurable "Mouth Feel"; • Addictive & Associated with Festive Events.

Question: What are the main traits of band society. Discuss: Compare and contrast key traits of band society with key traits of modern social organization The Main Features of Band Society Include

• Small, flexible, autonomous groups, usually somewhere from 30 to 50 individuals, an arrangement that is essential to mobility, which is essential to finding food; • Highly Egalitarian (The Headman was a Woman) • Close-knit groups of people, who stay together all their lives - stable, monogamous marriages; • But also opportunities for fission (avoidance); • High degree of cooperative activity, to the point of de- emphasizing individual achievement; • Modes of conflict resolution that restore social co-operation; • Generalized Reciprocity (adaptive); • Very little in the way of material possessions, which is also essential to mobility as well as to co-operation.

The Domestication of Animals

• The domestication of animals is likely the result of close associations between humans and particular species over time and increased interdependence between them; • Unlike plants, which were domesticated to be larger, domesticated animals were bred to be smaller and easier to control (sheep and goats grazed on the stubble of harvested wild grain); • Domesticanimalswouldhavebeenvaluablefor their labor (traction and hunting); their provision of skin, wool, and milk, as well as for meat, an important source of perfect protein.

Nature

• Thematerialworlditself, taking as including or not including human beings; • Theessentialqualityor character of something (the essence) • Theinherentforcethe directs the world, human beings, or both